Physics:Allam power cycle

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The Allam Cycle or Allam-Fetvedt Cycle is a process for converting carbonaceous fuels[1] into thermal energy, while capturing the generated carbon dioxide and water. This zero emissions cycle was validated at a 50 MWth natural gas fed test facility in La Porte, Texas in May 2018. This industrial plant is owned and operated by NET Power LLC, a privately held technology licensing company. NET Power is owned by Constellation Energy Corporation, Occidental Petroleum Corporation (Oxy) Low Carbon Ventures, Baker Hughes Company and 8 Rivers Capital, the company holding the patents for the technology. The key inventors behind the process are English engineer Rodney John Allam, American engineer Jeremy Eron Fetvedt, American scientist Dr. Miles R Palmer, and American businessperson and innovator G. William Brown, Jr.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle was recognized by MIT Technology Review on the 2018 list of 10 Breakthrough Technologies.[11]

Description

The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle operates as a recuperated, high-pressure, Brayton cycle employing a transcritical CO
2 working fluid with an oxy-fuel combustion regime. This cycle begins by burning a gaseous fuel with oxygen and a hot, high-pressure, recycled supercritical CO
2 working fluid in a combustor. The recycled CO
2 stream serves the dual purpose of lowering the combustion flame temperature to a manageable level and diluting the combustion products such that the cycle working fluid is predominantly CO
2. The pressure in the combustor can be as high as approximately 30 MPa and the combustion feedstock consists of approximately 95% recycled CO
2 by mass.  The combustor provides a high-pressure exhaust that can be supplied to a turbine expander operating at a pressure ratio between 6 and 12. The expander discharge leaves as a subcritical CO
2 mixture predominantly commingled with combustion derived water. This fluid enters an economizer heat exchanger, which cools the expander discharge down to below 65 °C against the stream of CO
2 that is being recycled to the combustor. Upon exiting the economizer heat exchanger, the expander exhaust is further cooled to near ambient temperature by a central cooling system, enabling liquid water to be removed from the working fluid and recycled for beneficial use.  

The remaining working fluid of nearly pure CO
2 then enters a compression and pumping stage. The compression system consists of a conventional inter-cooled centrifugal compressor with an inlet pressure below the CO
2 critical pressure. The CO
2 working fluid is compressed and then cooled to near ambient temperature in the compressor after-cooler. At this point, the combination of compressing and cooling the working fluid permits it to achieve a density in excess of 500 kg/m3. In this condition, the CO
2 stream can be pumped to the high combustion pressure required using a multi-stage centrifugal pump.  Finally, the high-pressure working fluid is sent back through the economizer heat exchanger to be reheated and returned to the combustor.

The net CO
2 product derived from the addition of fuel and oxygen in the combustor is removed from the high-pressure stream; at this point, the CO
2 product is high-pressure and high purity, ready for sequestration or utilization without requiring further compression.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][excessive citations]

Mass flow of the Allam cycle components for natural gas fuel (percent of total mass entering the combustion stage)
Stage of the cycle Oxygen Natural

gas

Water (H2O) Carbon dioxide (CO
2)
Combustion Inlet 4.75% 1.25% – 94% (hot, high pressure)
Turbine Inlet – – 2.75% (very hot steam) 97.25% (very hot)
Heat Exchanger Inlet (Exhaust) – – 2.75% (hot steam) 97.25% (hot, low pressure)
Heat Exchanger Outlet (Exhaust) – – 2.75% (steam condensed) 97.25% (to compressor-pump)
Compressor-Pump Outlet – – 94% (to heat exchanger) 3.25% (CCS/CCUS)
Heat Exchanger Inlet (Recycle) – – 94% (compressed)
Heat Exchanger Outlet (Recycle) – – 94% (hot, compressed, to be recycled)

In order for the system to reach a high thermal efficiency, a close temperature approach is needed on the high-temperature side of the primary heat exchanger. Due to the cooling process employed at the compression and pumping stage of the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle, a large energy imbalance would typically exist in the cycle between the cooling expander exhaust flow and the reheating CO
2 recycle flow.

The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle corrects this imbalance through the incorporation of low-grade heat at the low-temperature end of the recuperative heat exchanger.  Due to the low temperatures at the cool end of the cycle, this low-grade heat only needs to be in the range of 100 °C to 400 °C.  A convenient source of this heat is the Air Separation Unit (ASU) required for the oxy-fuel combustion regime.

This basic configuration, when burning natural gas as a fuel, has been modeled to achieve an efficiency up to 60% (LHV) as a power cycle net of all parasitic loads, including the energy-intensive ASU. Despite its novelty, the components required by this cycle are all currently commercially available, with the exception of the combustion turbine package. The turbine relies on well-proven technologies and approaches used by existing gas and steam turbine design tools.[19][20]

Applications

Construction began in March 2016 in La Porte, Texas on a 50 MWth industrial test facility that would showcase the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle, with construction completed in 2017. In 2018, the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle and supporting technologies were validated at this demonstration plant, which now serves as a test facility,[21] allowing OEMs to certify components for use with future Allam-Fetvedt Cycle plants. On November 15, 2021, at approximately 7:40 pm EST the test facility successfully synchronized to the ERCOT grid[22] proving that the Allam Fetvedt Cycle was capable of generating power at 60 Hz. This test facility is owned and operated by NET Power, which is owned by Constellation Energy Corporation, Occidental Petroleum (Oxy) Low Carbon Ventures, Baker Hughes and 8 Rivers Capital (the inventor of the technology).  In recognition of the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle test facility in La Porte, Texas, NET Power was awarded the 2018 International Excellence in Energy Breakthrough Technological Project of the Year at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (ADIPEC).[23]

Patent history

Publication Number Title Application Date Publication Date Current Assignee Legal Status & Events Inventor Name
US20100300063A1 Apparatus and Method for Combusting a Fuel at High Pressure and High Temperature, and Associated System and Device 2010-02-26 2010-12-02 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge Transfer PALMER, MILES R.; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US9416728B2 Apparatus and method for combusting a fuel at high pressure and high temperature, and associated system and device 2010-02-26 2016-08-16 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge Transfer PALMER, MILES R.; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US20110179799A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2010-08-31 2011-07-28 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US8596075B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2010-08-31 2013-12-03 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US20120067056A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a nitrogen gas working fluid 2011-09-19 2012-03-22 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge PALMER, MILES; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON
US20120067568A1 Method of using carbon dioxide in recovery of formation deposits 2011-09-19 2012-03-22 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge PALMER, MILES; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; FREED, DAVID ARTHUR; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US8869889B2 Method of using carbon dioxide in recovery of formation deposits 2011-09-19 2014-10-28 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge PALMER, MILES; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; FREED, DAVID ARTHUR; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US9410481B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a nitrogen gas working fluid 2011-09-19 2016-08-09 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge PALMER, MILES; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON
US20130205746A1 Partial oxidation reaction with closed cycle quench 2013-02-11 2013-08-15 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; PALMER, MILES R.
US8776532B2 Partial oxidation reaction with closed cycle quench 2013-02-11 2014-07-15 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; PALMER, MILES R.
US20130199195A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2013-03-14 2013-08-08 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES R.; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US9062608B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2013-03-14 2015-06-23 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES R.; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US10018115B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2013-03-15 2018-07-10 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES R.; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; FORREST, BROCK ALAN
US20130213049A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2013-03-15 2013-08-22 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES R.; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; FORREST, BROCK ALAN
US20140053529A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2013-11-04 2014-02-27 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM; PALMER, MILES R.
US8959887B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2013-11-04 2015-02-24 PALMER LABS, LLC; 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted Pledge ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM; PALMER, MILES R.
US20140290263A1 Partial oxidation reaction with closed cycle quench 2014-06-12 2014-10-02 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC; PALMER LABS, LLC Granted ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; PALMER, MILES R.
US9581082B2 Partial oxidation reaction with closed cycle quench 2014-06-12 2017-02-28 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC; PALMER LABS, LLC Granted ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; PALMER, MILES R.
US10927679B2 High efficiency power production methods, assemblies, and systems 2014-07-25 2021-02-23 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted PALMER, MILES R.; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN
US20140331687A1 High Efficiency Power Production Methods, Assemblies, and Systems 2014-07-25 2014-11-13 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted PALMER, MILES R.; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN
US10047671B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2015-01-23 2018-08-14 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM; PALMER, MILES R.
US20160215693A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2015-01-23 2016-07-28 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM; PALMER, MILES R.
US20150252724A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2015-05-20 2015-09-10 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES R.; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US9869245B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2015-05-20 2018-01-16 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES R.; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM
US20160319741A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a nitrogen gas working fluid 2016-07-14 2016-11-03 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted PALMER, MILES; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON
US9611785B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a nitrogen gas working fluid 2016-07-14 2017-04-04 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted PALMER, MILES; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON
US10054046B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a nitrogen gas working fluid 2017-03-10 2018-08-21 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted PALMER, MILES; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON
US20180016979A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a nitrogen gas working fluid 2017-03-10 2018-01-18 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted PALMER, MILES; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON
US10989113B2 System and method for power production using partial oxidation 2017-09-13 2021-04-27 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted FORREST, BROCK ALAN; LU, XIJIA; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; PALMER, MILES R.
US20180073430A1 System and method for power production using partial oxidation 2017-09-13 2018-03-15 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted FORREST, BROCK ALAN; LU, XIJIA; ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; PALMER, MILES R.
US10975766B2 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2018-06-13 2021-04-13 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES R.; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; FORREST, BROCK ALAN
US20180291805A1 System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid 2018-06-13 2018-10-11 8 RIVERS CAPITAL, LLC Granted ALLAM, RODNEY JOHN; PALMER, MILES R.; BROWN, JR., GLENN WILLIAM; FETVEDT, JEREMY ERON; FORREST, BROCK ALAN

See also

References

  1. ↑ Carbonaceous fuels include natural gas, biomass, coal, municipal solid waste, and sour gas (natural gas with a high content of sulfur dioxide).
  2. ↑ Allam; Rodney John (Wiltshire, GB), Brown, Jr.; Glenn William (Durham, NC), Palmer; Miles R. (Chapel Hill, NC),; Brown, Jr., Glenn William & Palmer, Miles R., "System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid", US patent 8959887, published 2015-02-24, issued 2013-11-04, assigned to Palmer Labs, LLCand 8 Rivers Capital, LLC
  3. ↑ Palmer; Miles R. (Chapel Hill, NC), Allam; Rodney John (Chippenham, GB), Brown, Jr.; Glenn William (Durham, NC), Fetvedt; Jeremy Eron (Raleigh, NC); Allam, Rodney John & Brown, Jr., Glenn William et al., "Apparatus for combusting a fuel at high pressure and high temperature, and associated system", US patent 8986002, published 2015-03-24, assigned to 8 Rivers Capital, LLCand Palmer Labs, LLC
  4. ↑ Allam; Rodney John (Wiltshire, GB), Palmer; Miles R. (Chapel Hill, NC), Brown, Jr.; Glenn William (Durham, NC); Palmer, Miles R. & Brown, Jr., Glenn William, "System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid", US patent 9062608, published 2015-06-23, issued 2013-03-13, assigned to Palmer Labs, LLCand 8 Rivers Capital, LLC
  5. ↑ Palmer; Miles R. (Great Falls, VA), Allam; Rodney John (Chippenham, GB), Brown, Jr.; Glenn William (Durham, NC); Allam, Rodney John & Brown, Jr., Glenn William, "Apparatus for combusting a fuel at high pressure and high temperature, and associated system", US patent 9068743, issued 2015-03-24, assigned to 8 Rivers Capital, LLCand Palmer Labs, LLC
  6. ↑ Palmer; Miles R. (Great Falls, VA), Allam; Rodney John (Chippenham, GB), Brown, Jr.; Glenn William (Durham, NC); Allam, Rodney John & Brown, Jr., Glenn William, "Apparatus and method for combusting a fuel at high pressure and high temperature, and associated system and device", US patent 9416728, issued 2016-08-16, assigned to 8 Rivers Capital, LLCand Palmer Labs, LLC
  7. ↑ Allam; Rodney John (Wiltshire, GB), Palmer; Miles R. (Chapel Hill, NC), Brown, Jr.; Glenn William (Durham, NC); Palmer, Miles R. & Brown, Jr., Glenn William, "System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid", US patent 9869245, published 2015-09-10, issued 2018-01-16, assigned to 8 Rivers Capital, LLC
  8. ↑ Palmer; Miles R. (Chapel Hill, NC), Allam; Rodney John (Chippenham, GB), Brown, Jr.; Glenn William (Durham, NC), Fetvedt; Jeremy Eron (Raleigh, NC); Allam, Rodney John & Brown, Jr., Glenn William et al., "System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid", US patent 10018115, published 2015-03-24, assigned to 8 Rivers Capital, LLC
  9. ↑ Allam; Rodney John (Wiltshire, GB), Brown, Jr.; Glenn William (Durham, NC), Palmer; Miles R. (Chapel Hill, NC),; Brown, Jr., Glenn William & Palmer, Miles R., "System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid", US patent 10047671, published 2018-08-14, issued 2015-01-23, assigned to Palmer Labs, LLCand 8 Rivers Capital, LLC
  10. ↑ "The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle and NET Power". https://8rivers.com/portfolio/allam-cycle/. 
  11. ↑ "2018" (in en). https://www.technologyreview.com/10-breakthrough-technologies/2018/. 
  12. ↑ "Breaking ground for a groundbreaker: the first Allam Cycle power plant". Modern Power Systems. 15 May 2016. http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featurebreaking-ground-for-a-groundbreaker-the-first-allam-cycle-power-plant-4893271/. 
  13. ↑ Isles, Junior (2014). "Gearing up for a new supercritical CO2 power cycle system". Gas Turbine World (Pequot Publishing) 44 (6). http://www.gasturbineworld.com/assets/nov_dec_2014.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Grant, Annalee (6 March 2015). "Exelon, NET Power confident in planned carbon capture pilot project in Texas". SNL (S&P Global). https://www.snl.com/interactiveX/Article.aspx?CdId=A-31571952-12589&FreeAccess=1. 
  15. ↑ Dodge, Edward (14 November 2014). "CCS Breakthrough: sCO2 Power Cycles Offer Improved Efficiency and Integrated Carbon Capture". Breaking Energy (Breaking Media). http://breakingenergy.com/2014/11/14/ccs-breakthrough-sco2-power-cycles-offer-improved-efficiency-and-integrated-carbon-capture/. 
  16. ↑ "The Allam Cycle and NET Power". 8 Rivers Capital. http://8rivers.com/portfolio/allam-cycle/. 
  17. ↑ "Technology". NetPower. https://netpower.com/technology/. 
  18. ↑ "NET Power's CO2 cycle: the breakthrough that CCS needs". Modern Power Systems. 10 July 2013. http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featurenet-powers-co2-cycle-the-breakthrough-that-ccs-needs. 
  19. ↑ Allam, Rodney; Martin, Scott; Forrest, Brock; Fetvedt, Jeremy; Lu, Xijia; Freed, David; Brown, G. William; Sasaki, Takashi et al. (2017-07-01). "Demonstration of the Allam Cycle: An Update on the Development Status of a High Efficiency Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Process Employing Full Carbon Capture" (in en). Energy Procedia 114: 5948–5966. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1731. ISSN 1876-6102. 
  20. ↑ Lu, Xijia; Forrest, Brock; Martin, Scott; Fetvedt, Jeremy; McGroddy, Michael; Freed, David (2016-09-20). "Integration and Optimization of Coal Gasification Systems With a Near-Zero Emissions Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle" (in en). Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 9: Oil and Gas Applications; Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles; Wind Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection. doi:10.1115/GT2016-58066. ISBN 978-0-7918-4987-3. https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings/GT2016/49873/V009T36A019/236485. 
  21. ↑ Rathi, Akshat (31 May 2018). "A US startup has lit the first fire in its zero-emissions fossil-fuel power plant" (in en). https://qz.com/1292891/net-powers-has-successfully-fired-up-its-zero-emissions-fossil-fuel-power-plant/. 
  22. ↑ "Power Engineering International". 18 November 2021. https://www.powerengineeringint.com/gas-oil-fired/project-generating-emissions-free-power-from-natural-gas-achieves-grid-sync/. 
  23. ↑ LLC, NET Power. "NET Power Demonstration Plant Wins 2018 ADIPEC Breakthrough Technological Project of the Year". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2020-10-01.

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