Company:Occidental Petroleum

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Short description: American oil company
Occidental Petroleum Corporation
TypePublic company
IndustryEnergy industry
FoundedJune 1909; 115 years ago (1909-06)
HeadquartersHouston, Texas, U.S.
Key people
  • Vicki Hollub, CEO & President
  • Cedric W. Burgher, CFO
  • Eugene L. Batchelder, Chairman
ProductsChemical substances
Production output
3,512 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (21,490,000 GJ) per day (2021)
RevenueIncrease US$26.314 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[1]
Increase US$2.790 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[1]
Increase US$2.332 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[1]
Total assetsDecrease US$75.036 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[1]
Total equityIncrease US$20.327 billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[1]
Number of employees
Decrease 11,618 (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[1]
Websiteoxy.com
Footnotes / references
[2]

Occidental Petroleum Corporation (often abbreviated Oxy in reference to its ticker symbol and logo) is an American company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in the United States, and the Middle East as well as petrochemical manufacturing in the United States , Canada , and Chile . It is organized in Delaware and headquartered in Houston. The company ranked 183rd on the 2021 Fortune 500 based on its 2020 revenues[3] and 670th on the 2021 Forbes Global 2000.[4]

History

  • 1920: Occidental Petroleum was founded in California.[5]
  • 1957: Armand Hammer was elected president and chief executive officer of the company after he acquired a controlling stake in the firm for tax reasons.[6]
  • 1961: The company discovered the Lathrop Gas Field in Lathrop, California.[7]
  • 1960s: The company expanded internationally with operations in Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia, Trinidad, and the United Kingdom .[citation needed]
  • 1965: Occidental won exploration rights in Libya[7] and operated there until all activities were suspended in 1986, after the United States imposed economic sanctions on Libya.[8]
  • 1968: The company entered the chemical business with the acquisition of Hooker Chemical Company, 26 years after the contamination at Love Canal.[9]
  • 1971: Occidental received permission to develop an oil refinery in Canvey Island in Essex, England. The company began construction but stopped in 1975 as a result of the 1970s energy crisis. The site remained derelict; the tanks and the chimney were subsequently demolished. Only some concrete foundations and the river jetty remain extant.[10]
  • 1972: The company was one of the first companies to research developing oil shale.[11]
  • April 1973: During détente in July 1972, Armand Hammer negotiated a twenty-year agreement with Brezhnev of the Soviet Union that was signed by Hammer in April 1973, in which the Hammer-controlled firms Occidental Petroleum and Tower International would export to the Soviet Union phosphate, which Occidental mined in northern Florida, in return for the Soviet Union exporting from Odessa and Ventspils through Hammer's firms natural gas that would be converted into ammonia, potash, and urea.[12][13] The total value of this trade was estimated at $20 billion. The construction of Soviet port facilities, designed by Hammer's firms, was partially financed by the Export-Import Bank as endorsed by Nixon.[14][13]
  • August 1973: Libya nationalized 51% of Oxy's assets in the country, and paid in cash.[15]
  • February 1974: Armand Hammer announced a 35-year oil exploration agreement with Libya. 81% of the oil extracted by Occidental Petroleum was to go to the Libyan government, with 19% retained by Occidental Petroleum.[15]
  • 1981: The company acquired IBP, Inc., one of largest producers of beef and pork products in the United States.[16][17]
  • 1983: The company and Ecopetrol, the Colombian state-owned oil company, discovered the giant Caño Limón oilfield in Arauca.[18]
  • 1986: The company suspends operation in Libya due to economic sanctions imposed on that country by the United States.
  • April 1988: Occidental acquired Cain Chemical for $2 billion.[19][20]
  • July 6, 1988: An explosion and subsequent inferno on the company's Piper Alpha platform in the Scottish North Sea, resulted in 167 fatalities in what remains the world's most deadly offshore disaster.[21]
  • September 1988: The company formed a joint venture with Church & Dwight, which makes Arm & Hammer products, for a potassium carbonate plant at Muscle Shoals, Alabama.[22]
  • 1990: Armand Hammer died and Ray R. Irani became chairman and chief executive officer of the company.[23][24]
  • 1991: The company sold its stake in IBP, Inc.[16]
  • 1993: Occidental sold its remaining coal operations.[25]
  • February 1996: The company announced layoffs of 450 people in its chemical division.[26]
  • July 1996: The company sold its interest in 3 oilfields in the Congo to the Congolese government for $215 million.[27]
  • 1997: Occidental paid $3.65 billion to acquire the Elk Hills Oil Field.[28]
  • 2005: The company and its partner, Liwa, won 8 out of 15 exploration spots on the EPSA-4 auction, making both companies among the first to enter the Libyan market since the United States lifted its embargo on Libya.[29]
  • October 2005: The company acquired Vintage Petroleum for $3.8 billion.[30][31]
  • 2006: The government of Ecuador seized the company's interest in block 15 of the Amazon Rainforest, forcing the company to take a $306 million after-tax charge.[32][33] In 2016, Ecuador agreed to pay $980 million in restitution to the company, down from the original award of $1.77 billion. The agreement was based on a 2012 arbitration award from the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes.[34]
  • 2007: Occidental's compensation policies came under scrutiny after it was announced that Irani received $460 million in compensation in 2006.[35]
  • 2008: The company acquired a 10% stake in Plains All American Pipeline.[36] The company also acquired assets from Plains Exploration & Production for $1.3 billion.[37]
  • February 2009: The company closed its Louisville OxyVinyl polyvinyl chloride production plant.[38]
  • October 2009: The company acquired Citigroup's controversial Phibro energy-trading business, for its net asset value of approximately $250 million.[39][40] The unit was managed by Andrew J. Hall, who received compensation of approximately $100 million per year in 2007 and 2008. After the acquisition, the division reported its first losses since the 1990s.[41] In 2016, Phibro was wound down and sold.[42]
  • December 2010: Occidental acquired shale oil properties in the Williston Basin in North Dakota for $1.4 billion.[43] These assets, as well as other assets acquired by Oxy in the Williston Basin, were sold in 2015 for $600 million.[44]
  • December 2010: The company sold its proven and probable reserves of 393 million barrels of oil equivalent (2.40×109 GJ) in Argentina to Sinopec, a subsidiary of China Petrochemical Corporation. It also acquired properties in South Texas and North Dakota for $3.2 billion.[45][46]
  • January 2011: Occidental partnered with Abu Dhabi's state oil company in developing the Shah Field, one of the largest natural gas fields in the Middle East, through a joint venture known as Al Hosn Gas.[47] Al Hosn Gas became operational in 2015.[48]
  • May 2011: Ray R. Irani retires as CEO after CalSTRS and Relational Investors, two major shareholders, objected to the company's compensation policies for top executives.[49] President Stephen I. Chazen was named CEO to replace Irani and in 2013, shareholders ousted Irani as chairman.[50] Despite his outlandish compensation, during Irani's tenure, the company grew from a collection of unrelated businesses to one that focuses on oil and gas and the market capitalization of the company went from $5.5 billion to $80 billion.[51][52]
  • 2013: Oxychem sold its investment in Unipar Carbocloro for R$550 million.[53]
  • September 2014: Occidental moved its headquarters to Houston, Texas.[54][55]
  • November 2014: The company sold its 50% interest in BridgeTex Pipeline Company, owner of a 300,000 barrel-per-day crude oil pipeline system that extends from Colorado City, Texas to Texas City, Texas, for $1.075 billion.[56][57]
  • December 2014: The company distributed 80.5% of its shares in California Resources Corporation, the largest producer of oil and natural gas on a gross-operated barrels of oil equivalent basis in California, to Occidental shareholders[58] and distributed its remaining stake to shareholders in March 2016.[59]
  • October 2015: Occidental completed the first phase of a $500 million carbon dioxide flooding project in Hobbs, New Mexico.[60]
  • January 2016: The company sold an office tower in Dallas, Texas for $95 million.[61]
  • May 2016: Vicki Hollub, who had worked at Occidental since 1981 and joined the board in 2015, became the chief executive officer of the company, the first female to serve as chief executive officer of a major U.S. oil and gas company.[62]
  • March 2017: the company and its 50/50 joint venture partner Mexichem began operations of a 1.2-billion-pound per year capacity ethylene cracker at the OxyChem plant in Ingleside, Texas, along with pipelines and storage at Markham, Texas.[63]
  • June 2017: the company sold land in the Permian Basin for $600 million and used the proceeds to acquire other assets in the area.[64]
  • January 2018: the company was found to be partially responsible for the Bayou Corne sinkhole, along with Texas Brine Company and Vulcan Materials Company[65]
  • August 2019: the company acquired Anadarko Petroleum for $57 billion, making the deal the world's fourth biggest oil and gas acquisition to date.[66]
  • August 2023: Occidental acquired all the outstanding equity of the direct air capture technology company, Carbon Engineering for $1.1 billion.[67]
  • December 2023: Occidental acquired a Permian producer, CrownRock, for $12 billion. The acquisition is expected to close in the first quarter of 2024.[68]

Operations

Oil and gas

The company's oil and gas operations are concentrated in three geographic areas: the United States, the Middle East, and Colombia. As of December 31, 2020, Occidental had 2.911 billion barrels of oil equivalent (1.781×1010 GJ) of oil equivalent net proved reserves, of which 51% was petroleum, 19% was natural gas liquids, and 30% was natural gas. In 2020, the company had production of 1,350 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (8,300,000 GJ) per day.[2]

United States

In 2020, the company's United States operations produced 1,037 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (6,340,000 GJ) per day, representing 77% of the company's worldwide production, including 575 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (3,520,000 GJ) per day in Permian Basin, where Occidental is the largest operator and oil producer. The company produced 435 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (2,660,000 GJ) per day from unconventional oil directional drilling via Permian Resources and 140 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (860,000 GJ) per day using a technique called enhanced oil recovery, whereby carbon dioxide and water are injected into underground formations to extract the oil and gas. The company also produced 293 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (1,790,000 GJ) per day in the Denver Basin.[2]

Middle East

The company's oil and gas operations in the Middle East are in Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates and are via production sharing agreements. The region produced 251 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (1,540,000 GJ) per day, representing approximately 19% of 2020 total production. The region also held 28% of the company's proved reserves in 2020.[2]

The company is the largest independent oil producer in Oman.[69] In Qatar, the company is the second-largest oil producer offshore and is a partial owner in the Dolphin Gas Project, which delivers gas to Oman and the United Arab Emirates.[70]

Colombia

In Colombia, which accounted for 32 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (200,000 GJ) per day of production, or 2% of total production in 2020, the company operates the Caño Limón oilfield.[2]

Chemical

OxyChem, a wholly-owned subsidiary, manufactures polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) used in plastics, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment chemicals. Other products manufactured by the company include caustic potash, chlorinated organics, sodium silicates, chlorinated cyanuric acid (isocyanurate), and calcium chloride. OxyChem has manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, and Chile. In a joint venture with Church & Dwight, OxyChem owns Armand Products Company, which sells potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate.[2]

Controversies

Lobbying to do business in Libya

The company began operations in Libya in 1965 and operated there until economic sanctions were imposed in 1986 by the United States.[8] The company was one of the first American companies to resume negotiations in Libya after the sanctions were lifted in 2004.[71] In 2008, the company, along with 5 other oil companies, was criticized for hiring Hogan Lovells to lobby to exempt Libya from a law written by U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) to assist American terror victims in seizing assets of countries found culpable in terror attacks, such as the Libyan bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie in 1988.[72] and to remove a provision in the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act that requires disclosure of payments to foreign governments.[73] In early 2011, the company ceased exploration activities and production operations in Libya due to the growing civil unrest in the country and U.S. sanctions. In June 2011, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and United Kingdom prosecutors requested information from the company, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips related to the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), an investment firm controlled by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, to determine if there were any violations of international bribery laws.[74][75] The Libyan Investment Authority's investments were frozen by the U.S. government in early 2011 following the Gaddafi regime's attacks on Libyan civilians.[74] In 2016, the company ceased operations in Libya.

Environmental record

In 2017, the company was ranked 55th on the Carbon Majors Report, a list of the Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015.[76]

The company has stated that its use of enhanced oil recovery for a portion of its production is one way it helps mitigate its high emissions.[2][77]

Cleanup of the Copper Basin

In 1982, the company acquired land in the Copper Basin in Tennessee , formerly the site of the Burra Burra Mine, where copper and sulfur had been mined in the 1800s. In 2016, Occidental agreed to spend $50 million to clean up the Copper Basin and restore the water quality of its creeks.[78][79]

Love Canal

An abandoned parking lot near Love Canal

Since the 1920s, several companies and the United States Armed Forces used the Love Canal as a chemical disposal site. In 1942, Occidental predecessor Hooker Chemical Company began disposing of chemical waste at the site and, in 1947, it became the sole owner and user of the land. In 1952, the site was filled to capacity and closed off. The company leased the land to the local school board in 1953. Later in the 1950s, the school board requested that the company sell the land, and threatened to use eminent domain. The school board intended to build a school on an unused area of the dump.[80]

A school was built on the site, and later a middle-class residential district was built on land adjacent to the site. The construction broke through the 4-foot (1.2 m) clay seal containing the waste. In 1968, Hooker Chemical was purchased by Occidental. In 1978, residents became concerned about unusual health issues in the region, including high rates of cancer and birth defects. This subsequently became a national news story, and in 1980, president Jimmy Carter declared a federal emergency in the area. Residents were eventually relocated, and the company paid $129 million in restitution.[81][9]

Oleum spill

On Saturday, October 11, 2008, oleum was accidentally spilled at a facility in Petrolia, Pennsylvania which belonged to Indspec, an affiliate of Occidental Chemical Corporation. Oleum is a chemical mixture of sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide. The accident contaminated the ventilation system and caused a cloud of toxic gas. Over 2,000 residents had to be evacuated for the day.[82] The spill was caused by an auxiliary pump power supply which lacked safety interlocks to prevent tank overfilling.[83][9]

Colombia

From 1992 to 2001, the company tried to drill for oil in the territory of the U'wa people, in northeast Colombia. The locals resisted, concerned about environmental degradation and fears that development would bring strangers and be a target for guerrilla warfare. There also were tribal beliefs that oil is the "blood of the earth" and should not be removed.[84][85] In 2002, after years of shareholder resolutions, legal battles, protests, and a failed test well, the company abandoned the project.[86][87] Repsol took over the project.

Caño Limón

On December 13, 1998, 17 civilians, including 7 children, were killed when the Colombian Air Force (CAF) dropped a cluster bomb in the hamlet of Santo Domingo, Colombia, after AirScan, Occidental's security contractor, misidentified it as a hostile guerrilla target. Groups such as FARC and the National Liberation Army were active in the area. Three employees of AirScan were flying the Skymaster plane from which they provided the Colombian military with the coordinates to drop the bombs. The operation had been planned by the CAF and AirScan at Occidental's complex in Caño Limón. In April 2003, Luis Alberto Galvis Mujica, a witness and survivor of the accident, sued Occidental.[88] The courts ruled that Occidental was not liable for the incident.[89][90]

Maynas Carijano v. Occidental Petroleum

On May 10, 2007, a group of 25 Achuar Peruvians, a group of Indigenous peoples, filed suit against the company, demanding environmental remediation and reparations for environmental degradation allegedly caused by the company between 1971 and 2000, when it drilled in Block 1-AB in Peru. The plaintiffs claimed that the company violated technical standards and environmental law when it dumped a total of 9 billion barrels (1.4×10^9 m3) of toxic oil by-products, such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic, in drainage basins used by the Achuar people to fish, drink, and bathe. This environmental damage was alleged to have caused premature deaths and birth defects. A 2006 study by the Ministry of Health of Peru, found that all but 2 of the 199 people tested had levels of cadmium in their blood above safe levels.[91]

The Achuar were represented by EarthRights International and the law firm Schonbrun DeSimone Seplow Harris & Hoffman LLP.[92]

On March 3, 2010, EarthRights International argued to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that the case should be litigated in Los Angeles, where the company was headquartered.[93][94] The court agreed with a trial in the United States, overturning the decision of the lower courts, and, in 2013, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear the company's appeal. In March 2015, the company made a settlement for an undisclosed amount, with the funds to be used for health, education, and nutrition projects in five Achuar communities in the Corrientes River basin.[92]

Anadarko Petroleum

In 2019, Occidental Petroleum acquired Anadarko Petroleum, inheriting a significant legacy of environmental infractions including the largest environmental contamination settlement in American history,[95] involvement with the Deepwater Horizon BP disaster[96] and fines under the Clean Water Act.[97]

The deal was clinched as investor and Berkshire Hathaway CEO Warren Buffett pledged $10 billion to finance the deal in exchange for 100,000 shares of cumulative perpetual preferred stock with a value of $100,000 per share. Buffett and Berkshire also received a warrant to purchase up to 80 million more shares at an exercise price of $62.50 a share.[98]

Political record

Contributions

Occidental has disclosed its contributions to political action committees, lobbyists, and trade associations on its website.[99]

In 2005, the company was among 53 entities which contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the Second inauguration of George W. Bush.[100][101][102]

The company also donated between $10,000 and $25,000 to the Clinton Foundation.[103]

Gore family

Former CEO Armand Hammer was a long time friend of former U.S. Senator Albert Gore, Sr. and Gore was a member of the board of directors of the company. In September 1972, after he lost an election for the United States Senate in 1970, Gore became the head of Island Creek Coal Company, an Occidental subsidiary.[104] Much of the company's coal and phosphate production was in Tennessee , the state Gore represented in the Senate, and Gore owned shares in the company.[105] The company liquidated its coal assets in 1993 after Hammer died.[25]

Former Vice President of the United States Al Gore was criticized by environmentalists when he inherited shares in the company after the death of his father in 1998; however, the shares were immediately sold.[106][107][108]

In 1998, the U.S. government sold the Elk Hills Oil Field to Occidental for $3.65 billion after an auction process that involved selling the field in segments and offering it to multiple bidders.[109] However, critics cited the Gore family's involvement with the company as evidence of graft.[106]

Safety record

In 1999, OxyChem achieved Star Status under OSHA's Voluntary Protection Programs as being among the safest work sites in the U.S.[110]

Piper Alpha

On July 6, 1988, the company's Piper Alpha offshore production platform in the North Sea was destroyed when an out of service gas condensate pump was started with its pressure safety valve removed. The subsequent gas leak, explosion and fire resulted in the deaths of 167 workers in what remains the world's deadliest offshore disaster.[21] The subsequent inquiry blamed the accident on inadequate maintenance and safety procedures by Occidental, though no charges were brought.

Greenmail

In 1984, billionaire David Murdock owned about 5% of the company and was a member of its board of directors, after the company acquired IBP, Inc., of which Murdock owned 19%. After disagreements between Murdock and then CEO Armand Hammer, the company paid greenmail to buy Murdock's shares at $40.09 each, while the market price was $28.75.[111]

See also

  • List of oil exploration and production companies

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Occidental Petroleum Corporation 2021 Annual Form 10-K Report". occidentalpetroleum.gcs-web.com. 31 December 2021. https://occidentalpetroleum.gcs-web.com/static-files/d8c06678-74ee-4f6b-a7ed-8d4439ee6f49. Retrieved 5 March 2022. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Occidental Chemical Corporation 2020 Form 10-K Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/797468/000079746821000009/oxy-20201231.htm. 
  3. ↑ "Fortune: Occidental Petroleum". https://fortune.com/fortune500/occidental-petroleum/. 
  4. ↑ "Forbes: Occidental Petroleum". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/companies/occidental-petroleum/. 
  5. ↑ "Occidental Petroleum Corporation | American company | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Occidental-Petroleum-Corporation. 
  6. ↑ Hastedt, Glenn, ed (2011). "Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations; An Encyclopedia of American Espionage: Hammer, Armand". ABC-CLIO. pp. 354–355. https://archive.org/details/SpiesWiretapsAndSecretOperations. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 McCormick, Lynde (July 3, 1980). "Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0703/070362.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 MILLER, JUDITH (January 30, 1986). "OIL OFFICIALS ARE SAID TO LEAVE LIBYA". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/30/business/oil-officials-are-said-to-leave-libya.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 WALD, MATTHEW L. (June 22, 1994). "Out-of-Court Settlement Reached Over Love Canal". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/22/nyregion/out-of-court-settlement-reached-over-love-canal.html. 
  10. ↑ "Stock Photo - The remains of the Occidental Petroleum Jetty on Canvey Island in Essex". https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-remains-of-the-occidental-petroleum-jetty-on-canvey-island-in-38011340.html. 
  11. ↑ A Preliminary Assessment of the Environmental Impacts from Oil Shale Developments. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1977. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbB-GLUUie8C. Retrieved October 23, 2017. 
  12. ↑ Smith, Hedrick (1973-04-13). "Soviet and Occidental Oil In Multibillion‐Dollar Deal" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/13/archives/soviet-and-occidental-oil-in-multibilliondollar-deall-20year-barter.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER" (in en-US). The New York Times. 1981-11-29. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html. 
  14. ↑ Smith, Hedrick (1974-06-29). "OCCIDENTAL SIGNS DEAL WITH SOVIET" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/29/archives/occidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Occidental‐Libya Exploration Pact Set" (in en-US). The New York Times. 8 February 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/08/archives/occidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 PARRISH, MICHAEL (September 5, 1991). "Occidental Will Sell Its Stake in Iowa Beef Unit". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-05-fi-2641-story.html. 
  17. ↑ "OCCIDENTAL TO ACQUIRE IOWA BEEF". The New York Times. June 2, 1981. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/02/business/occidental-to-acquire-iowa-beef.html. 
  18. ↑ "Occidental to invest $80M in Colombia". American City Business Journals. July 16, 2003. https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2003/07/14/daily31.html. 
  19. ↑ WOUTAT, DONALD (April 15, 1988). "Oxy Buys Cain Chemical; Deal Valued at $2 Billion". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-04-15-fi-1568-story.html. 
  20. ↑ HAYES, THOMAS C. (April 18, 1988). "Workers Cheer Cain's Sale, And the $100,000 Windfalls". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/18/business/workers-cheer-cain-s-sale-and-the-100000-windfalls.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Duff, Steven (June 6, 2008). "Remembering Piper Alpha disaster". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7438774.stm. 
  22. ↑ "Armand Hammer to Own Pinch of Arm &". The Washington Post. September 23, 1986. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1986/09/23/armand-hammer-to-own-pinch-of-arm-38/7b829ee6-3e53-4373-b470-de1f3519b1f9/. 
  23. ↑ PACE, ERIC (December 12, 1990). "Armand Hammer Dies at 92; Industrialist and Philanthropist Forged Soviet Links". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/obituaries/armand-hammer-dies-at-92-industrialist-and-philanthropist-forged-soviet-links.html. 
  24. ↑ "Ray Irani Officially Named Oxy Chairman". Los Angeles Times. December 14, 1990. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-14-fi-6585-story.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM SHEDS ITS LAST COAL COMPANY". The New York Times. April 16, 1993. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-sheds-its-last-coal-company.html. 
  26. ↑ "Occidental Petroleum Sells State In Oilfields To Congo". The New York Times. Bloomberg News. July 31, 1996. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/14/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-announces-layoffs.html. 
  27. ↑ "Occidental Petroleum Announces Layoffs". The New York Times. Bloomberg News. February 14, 1996. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/31/business/company-news-occidental-petroleum-sells-stake-in-oilfields-to-congo.html. 
  28. ↑ KRAUL, CHRIS (October 7, 1997). "Occidental's $3.7-Billion Bid Buys Elk Hills Field". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-07-mn-40208-story.html. 
  29. ↑ "Occidental not planning to divest assets in Oman, Abu Dhabi and Qatar: Occidental chief". Times of Oman. January 23, 2016. https://timesofoman.com/article/75987/Business/Occidental-not-planning-to-divest-assets-in-Oman-Abu-Dhabi-and-Qatar:-Occidental-chief. 
  30. ↑ "Occidental Agrees to Acquire Vintage Petroleum" (Press release). Business Wire. October 13, 2005. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019. External link in |publisher= (help)
  31. ↑ Douglass, Elizabeth (October 14, 2005). "Oxy Agrees to Acquire Vintage Petroleum". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-14-fi-oxy14-story.html. 
  32. ↑ "Ecuador Cancels an Oil Deal With Occidental Petroleum". The New York Times. Reuters. May 17, 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/business/worldbusiness/17oil.html. 
  33. ↑ "Occidental Petroleum takes $306M charge on Ecuador operations". American City Business Journals. July 5, 2006. https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2006/07/03/daily19.html. 
  34. ↑ Valenci, Alexandra (January 13, 2016). "Ecuador to pay $980 million to Occidental for asset seizure". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/ecuador-occidental/ecuador-to-pay-980-million-to-occidental-for-asset-seizure-idUSL2N14X0U420160113. 
  35. ↑ Douglas, Elizabeth (April 7, 2007). "Occidental CEO's 2006 paycheck: $460 million". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-apr-07-fi-irani7-story.html. 
  36. ↑ "Occidental Petroleum to invest in Plains All American". American City Business Journals. July 2, 2008. https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2008/06/30/daily26.html. 
  37. ↑ Peer, Melinda (September 25, 2008). "Plains Passes Assets To Occidental". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/2008/09/25/plains-exploration-closer-markets-equity-cx_mp_0925markets40.html. 
  38. ↑ "OxyChem closing Louisville PVC plant". American City Business Journals. February 4, 2009. https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2009/02/02/daily25.html. 
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Books

  • Epstein, Edward Jay. Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer. New York: Random House (1996). ISBN:978-0679448020. 418 pages.

External links



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