Physics:Heavy liquid
A heavy liquid is a solution or liquid chemical substance with a high density and a relatively low viscosity. Heavy liquids are often used for determination of density in mineralogy, for density gradient centrifugation and for separating mixtures.
Uses
Common applications of heavy liquids include:
- Density gradient centrifugation
- Separating mixtures and sink/swim analysis
- Flotation process
- Determination of density
Toxicity
The classical heavy liquids like 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane (Muthmanns solution), potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) (Thoulets solution), bromoform or diiodomethane which are used in mineralogy are very toxic. These toxic chemicals are avoided today in consideration of the fact that there are alternative water based, non-toxic heavy liquids like sodium polytungstate solutions.[1] With this relatively new heavy liquid densities up to 3.1 g·cm−3 can be adjusted . Adding parts of pulverulent Tungsten carbide increases the density to 4.6 g·cm−3.[2]
List of common heavy liquids with density > 2.0 g·cm−3
| Name | Density (g·cm−3) |
|---|---|
| 1,2-Dibromoethane | 2.180 |
| cis-1,2-Dibromoethene | 2.246 |
| trans-1,2-Dibromoethene | 2.231 |
| Dibromomethane | 2.477 |
| Bromal | 2.550 |
| Bromoform | 2.890 |
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane (Muthmanns solution) | 2.967 |
| Sodium polytungstate | 3.100 |
| Bromine | 3.1028 |
| Thoulets solution | 3.196 |
| Diiodomethane | 3.325 |
| Indium(III) iodide | 3.40[3] |
| Barium tetraiodomercurate(II) | 3.57 |
| Thallium formate + thallium malonate (Clerici solution) | 4.25 |
| Galinstan (gallium, indium, tin alloy) | 6.44 |
| Mercury | 13.6 |
Mercury is the heaviest liquid at room temperature. But the heaviest liquid irrespective of temperature is liquid Osmium (a rare metal) at its melting point (3033°C/5491.4°F), with a density of 22.59 g·cm−3, 1.65 times as heavy as Mercury.[4]
References
- ↑ Callahan J, A non-toxic heavy liquid and inexpensive filters for separation of mineral grains, in Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 57/1987, S.765-6
- ↑ CD Römpp Chemie Lexikon – Version 1.0: Schwerflüssigkeiten, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1995
- ↑ Synthetic methods of organometallic and inorganic chemistry (Herrmann/Brauer). 2: Groups 1,2, 13 and 14. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. 1996–2002. ISBN 3-13-103021-6. OCLC 33665888. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33665888.
- ↑ See: https://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/volume-to-weight/substance/liquid-blank-osmium
Literature
- Schnitzer W, Zur Problematik der Schwermineralanalyse am Beispiel triassischer Sedimentgesteine, in International Journal of Earth Sciences, 72/1983, S.67–75, ISSN 1437-3254 (Print) 1437-3262 (Online)
- Boenigk, Schwermineralanalyse, S.6–15, Stuttgart: Enke, 1983.
- Ney, Gesteinsaufbereitung im Labor, S.92–113, Stuttgart: Enke, 1986.
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