Physics:Jet (fluid)

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Short description: Stream of fluid projected into the surrounding medium
Jets from a pump-jet on a ferry.
A relativistic jet emitted from galaxy M87, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope.

A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice.[1] Jets can travel long distances[quantify] without dissipating.

Jet fluid has higher momentum compared to the surrounding fluid medium. In the case that the surrounding medium is assumed to be made up of the same fluid as the jet, and this fluid has a viscosity, the surrounding fluid is carried along with the jet in a process called entrainment.[2]

Some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion, as do rocket engines and jet engines.

Applications

Liquid jets are used in many different areas. In everyday life, you can find them for instance coming from the water tap, the showerhead, and from spray cans. In agriculture, they play a role in irrigation and in the application of crop protection products. In the field of medicine, you can find liquid jets for example in injection procedures or inhalers. Industry uses liquid jets for waterjet cutting, for coating materials or in cooling towers. Atomized liquid jets are essential for the efficiency of internal combustion engines. But they also play a crucial role in research, for example in the study of proteins,[3] phase transitions,[4] extreme states of matter,[5] laser plasmas,[6] High harmonic generation,[7] and also in particle physics experiments.[8] Also some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion. Gas jets are found in rocket engines and jet engines. Microscopic liquid jets have been studied for their potential application in noninvasive transdermal drug delivery.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Definition of JET" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jet. 
  2. ↑ Swain, Prakash Chandra (2016). "Fluid Dynamics Lecture Notes". http://www.vssut.ac.in/lecture_notes/lecture1525500163.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Frauke Bierau (2010), "Catching Proteins in Liquid Helium Droplets", Physical Review Letters 105 (13): p. 133402, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.133402, PMID 21230773, Bibcode: 2010PhRvL.105m3402B 
  4. ↑ Matthias Kühnel (2011), "Time-Resolved Study of Crystallization in Deeply Cooled Liquid Parahydrogen", Physical Review Letters 106 (24): p. 245301, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.245301, PMID 21770578, Bibcode: 2011PhRvL.106x5301K 
  5. ↑ Neumayer, P (2012), "Evidence for ultra-fast heating in intense-laser irradiated reduced-mass targets", Physics of Plasmas 19 (12): p. 122708, doi:10.1063/1.4772773, Bibcode: 2012PhPl...19l2708N 
  6. ↑ R. A. Costa Fraga (2012), "Compact cryogenic source of periodic hydrogen and argon droplet beams for relativistic laser-plasma generation", Review of Scientific Instruments 83 (2): p. 025102, doi:10.1063/1.3681940, PMID 22380120, Bibcode: 2012RScI...83b5102F 
  7. ↑ T.T. Luu; Z. Yin (2018), "Extreme–ultraviolet high–harmonic generation in liquids", Nature Communication 19 (1): p. 3723, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06040-4, PMID 30213950 
  8. ↑ Gianluigi Boca (2014), "The PANDA experiment: physics goals and experimental setup", EPJ Web of Conferences 72: p. 00002, doi:10.1051/epjconf/20147200002, Bibcode: 2014EPJWC..7200002B 
  9. ↑ "High-speed photography during ultrasound illustrates potential therapeutic applications of microbubbles". Medical Physics 32 (12): 3707–3711. 2005. doi:10.1118/1.2133718. PMID 16475770. Bibcode: 2005MedPh..32.3707P. https://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2133718. 
  • Pijush K. Kundu and Ira M. Cohen, "Fluid mechanics, Volume 10", Elsevier, Burlington, MA,USA (2008), ISBN:978-0-12-373735-9
  • Falkovich, G. (2011). Fluid Mechanics, a short course for physicists. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00575-4. 

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