Physics:Nitrogen-15 tracing
Nitrogen-15 (15N) tracing is a technique to study the nitrogen cycle using the heavier, stable nitrogen isotope 15N. Despite the different weights, 15N is involved in the same chemical reactions as the more abundant 14N and is therefore used to trace and quantify conversions of one nitrogen compound to another. 15N tracing is applied in biogeochemistry, soil science, environmental science, environmental microbiology and small molecule activation research.
Applications
15N tracing allows researchers to distinguish specific nitrogen conversions from a network of simultaneous reactions;[1] e.g. ammonium can at the same time be oxidised by autotrophic microorganisms, produced by mineralisation of organic matter, produced by dissimilatory nitrate reduction and assimilated by microbes and plants. In this case, quantifying the absolute amounts of ammonium does not explain how it is produced or consumed. However, the conversion of one 15N labelled compound to another can directly be linked through the isotopic signature.
15N tracing has been applied to quantify rates of nitrogen transformations in soil and to distinguish the sources of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide under different environmental conditions.[2]
Methodical approaches
The two main approaches are natural abundance and enrichment techniques.[3]
Natural abundance techniques
Natural abundance techniques can be applied without artificial disturbance. The natural 15N abundances are expressed in delta (δ) notation relative to the 15N concentration in the air. Due to enzymatic discrimination, natural 15N abundances change slightly in microbially mediated reactions in soil. Apart from δ values, the site preference of 15N and 14N (isotopomers) for the inner or outer position within the nitrous oxide molecule has been used to determine its sources (nitrification or denitrification).[4]
Enrichment techniques
When nitrogen substrates are artificially enriched (labeled) with 15N, the product of a reaction can directly be linked to its substrate.[5] In contrast to natural abundance techniques, 15N labeling allows to precisely calculate reaction rates. The amendment of additional nitrogen can also be a bias by changing natural nitrogen transformations. In agricultural soil, however, application of 15N enriched tracers, such as ammonium and nitrate, resembles conventional fertilisation practise.
A way to calculate nitrogen transformation rates in soil can be achieved by numerical approximation that takes different, simultaneous nitrogen transformations into account.[6] A numerical tool to study the nitrogen cycle is the Ntrace model based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation.[7]
References
- ↑ Hart, Stephen C.; Myrold, David D. (1996). "15N Tracer Studies of Soil Nitrogen Transformations". Mass Spectrometry of Soils.
- ↑ Bateman, E. J.; Baggs, E. M. (2005-03-23). "Contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from soils at different water-filled pore space" (in en). Biology and Fertility of Soils 41 (6): 379–388. doi:10.1007/s00374-005-0858-3. ISSN 0178-2762.
- ↑ Müller, Christoph; Laughlin, Ronnie J.; Spott, Oliver; Rütting, Tobias (2014-05-01). "Quantification of N2O emission pathways via a 15N tracing model". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 72: 44–54. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.013.
- ↑ Köster, Jan Reent; Cárdenas, Laura; Senbayram, Mehmet; Bol, Roland; Well, Reinhard; Butler, Mark; Mühling, Karl Hermann; Dittert, Klaus (2011-08-01). "Rapid shift from denitrification to nitrification in soil after biogas residue application as indicated by nitrous oxide isotopomers". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43 (8): 1671–1677. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.004.
- ↑ Baggs, E. M. (2008-06-15). "A review of stable isotope techniques for N2O source partitioning in soils: recent progress, remaining challenges and future considerations" (in en). Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22 (11): 1664–1672. doi:10.1002/rcm.3456. ISSN 1097-0231. PMID 18435506. Bibcode: 2008RCMS...22.1664B.
- ↑ Rütting, T.; Müller, C. (2008-04-01). "Process-specific analysis of nitrite dynamics in a permanent grassland soil by using a Monte Carlo sampling technique" (in en). European Journal of Soil Science 59 (2): 208–215. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00976.x. ISSN 1365-2389.
- ↑ Müller, Christoph; Laughlin, Ronnie J.; Spott, Oliver; Rütting, Tobias (2014-05-01). "Quantification of N2O emission pathways via a 15N tracing model". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 72: 44–54. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.013.
 |  |
