Physics:Thermoelectric acclimatization

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Thermoelectric effect
Thermoelectric Seebeck power module.jpg
Principles
Applications

Thermoelectric acclimatization depends on the possibility of a Peltier cell of absorbing heat on one side and rejecting heat on the other side.[1] Consequently, it is possible to use them for heating[2] on one side and cooling on the other[3] and as a temperature control system.[4]

Figure 1. Energy balance of a Peltier cell based heat pump

Peltier cell heat pump

A typical Peltier cell based heat pump can be used by coupling the thermoelectric generators with photovoltaic air cooled panels as defined in the PhD thesis of Alexandra Thedeby.[5] Considering the system with an air plant that ensures the possibility of heating on one side and cooling on the other.[6] By changing the configuration it allows both winter and summer acclimatization.[7] These elements are expected to be an effective element for zero-energy buildings, if coupled with solar thermal energy and photovoltaic[8] with particular reference to create radiant heat pumps on the walls of a building.[9]

It must be remarked that this acclimatization method ensures the ideal efficiency during summer cooling if coupled with a photovoltaic generator. The air circulation could be also used for cooling the temperature of PV modules.

The most important engineering requirement is the accurate design of heat sinks[10] to optimize the heat exchange and minimize the fluiddynamic losses.

Thermodynamic parameters

The efficiency can be determined by the following relation:

[math]\displaystyle{ \eta= \frac{T_C - T_H}{T_C} }[/math]

where [math]\displaystyle{ T_C }[/math]is the temperature of the cooling surface and [math]\displaystyle{ T_H }[/math]is the temperature of the heating surface.

The key energy phenomena and the reason of defining a specific use of thermoelectric elements (Figure 1) as heat pump resides in the energy fluxes that those elements allow realizing:[11][12]

  • Conductive power [math]\displaystyle{ \dot{Q}_L }[/math]: [math]\displaystyle{ \dot{Q}_L= \frac{L}{d}S(T_H-T_C) }[/math]
  • Heat flux on the cold side [math]\displaystyle{ \dot{Q}_C }[/math]: [math]\displaystyle{ \dot{Q}_C=\alpha I T_C - \frac{I^2 R}{2} - \frac{k}{d}A \Delta T }[/math]
  • Heat flux on the hot side [math]\displaystyle{ \dot{Q}_H }[/math]: [math]\displaystyle{ \dot{Q}_H=\alpha I T_C + \frac{I^2 R}{2} - \frac{k}{d}S \Delta T }[/math]
  • Electric power [math]\displaystyle{ \dot{E}_{EL} }[/math]: [math]\displaystyle{ \dot{E}_{EL}=\alpha I T_C + I^2 R }[/math]

Where the following terms are used: [math]\displaystyle{ \Delta T = T_H-T_C }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ I }[/math]electric current; α Seebeck coefficient; R electric resistance, S surface area, d cell thickness, and k thermal conductivity.

The efficiencies of the system are:

  1. Cooling efficiency: [math]\displaystyle{ \eta _C = \frac{\dot{Q _C}}{\dot{E}_{EL}} }[/math]
  2. Heating efficiency: [math]\displaystyle{ \eta _H = \frac{\dot{Q _H}}{\dot{E}_{EL}} }[/math]

COP can be calculated according to Cannistraro.[13]

Final uses

Thermoelectric heat pumps can be easily used for both local acclimatization for removing local discomfort situations.[14] For example, thermoelectric ceilings are today in an advanced research stage[15] with the aim of increasing indoor comfort conditions according to Fanger,[16] such as the ones that may appear in presence of large glassed surfaces, and for small building acclimatization if coupled with solar systems.[17][18]

Those systems have the key importance in the direction of new zero emissions passive building because of a very high COP value[19] and the following high performances by an accurate exergy optimization of the system.[20]

At industrial level thermoelectric acclimatization appliances are actually under development[21]

References

  1. ↑ L. E. (2008). Cooling, heating, generating power, and recovering waste heat with thermoelectric systems. Science, 321(5895), 1457-1461. http://engin1000.pbworks.com/f/TE_rev.pdf
  2. ↑ "Peltier for Heating, yes, HEATING! - Overclocking". http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/forum/213341-29-peltier-heating-heating. 
  3. ↑ Nemati, A., Nami, H., Yari, M., Ranjbar, F., & Kolvir, H. R. (2016). Development of an exergoeconomic model for analysis and multi-objective optimization of a thermoelectric heat pump. Energy Conversion and Management, 130, 1-13. [1]
  4. ↑ Mannella GA, La Carrubba V, Brucato V. (2014). Peltier cells as temperature control elements: Experimental characterization and modeling. Applied thermal engineering 63(1): 234-245. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.10.069
  5. ↑ Alexandra Thedeby, Heating and Cooling with Solar Powered Peltier Elements, Ms. Thesis, Department of Energy Planning, Division of Efficient Energy Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University http://www.ees.energy.lth.se/fileadmin/ees/Publikationer/2014/Ex5308-AlexandraThedeby-HeatingAndCoolingWithSolarPoweredPeltierElements....pdf
  6. ↑ Martín-Gómez, C., Ibáñez-Puy, M., Bermejo-Busto, J., Sacristán Fernández, J. A., Ramos, J. C., & Rivas, A. (2016). Thermoelectric cooling heating unit prototype. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 37(4), 431-449. [2]
  7. ↑ Yilmazoglu, M. Z. (2016). Experimental and numerical investigation of a prototype thermoelectric heating and cooling unit. Energy and Buildings, 113, 51-60. [3]
  8. ↑ Liu, Z., Zhang, L., Gong, G., Li, H., & Tang, G. (2015). Review of solar thermoelectric cooling technologies for use in zero energy buildings. Energy and Buildings, 102, 207-216. [4]
  9. ↑ Khire, R. A., Messac, A., & Van Dessel, S. (2005). Design of thermoelectric heat pump unit for active building envelope systems. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48(19-20), 4028-4040. https://messac.expressions.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Messac_2005_JHMT_ABE.pdf
  10. ↑ Trancossi, M., Pascoa, J. (2020). Design of ventilated cross flow heat sinks. Modelling, Measurement and Control C, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 90-97. https://doi.org/10.18280/mmc_c.790305
  11. ↑ Jugsujinda, S., Voraud, A., & Seetawan, T. (2011). Analyzing of thermoelectric refrigerator performance. Procedia Engineering, 8, 154-159. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251716178_Analyzing_of_Thermoelectric_Refrigerator_Performance
  12. ↑ Goldsmid, H. J. (2016). Theory of Thermoelectric Refrigeration and Generation. In Introduction to Thermoelectricity (pp. 9-24). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  13. ↑ Cannistraro M. and Trancossi M., (2018) Indoor comfort in presence radiant exchanges with insolated glassed walls and local acclimatization to increase indoor comfort conditions, Italian Journal of Engineering Science: Tecnica Italiana, Vol. 61+1, pp. 27-35.[5]
  14. ↑ Cannistraro G, Cannistraro M, Restivo R. (2015). The local media radiant temperature for the calculation of comfort in areas characterized by radiant surfaces. IJHT 33: 115-122. http://iieta.org/sites/default/files/Journals/IJHT/33.2_13.pdf
  15. ↑ Lertsatitthanakorn, C., Wiset, L., & Atthajariyakul, S. (2009). Evaluation of the thermal comfort of a thermoelectric ceiling cooling panel (TE-CCP) system. Journal of electronic materials, 38(7), 1472-1477. [6]
  16. ↑ P.O. Fanger, Thermal Comfort Analysis and Application in Environmental Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972) https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19722700268
  17. ↑ Le Pierrès N, Cosnier M, Luo L, Fraisse G. (2008).Coupling of thermoelectric modules with a photovoltaic panel for air pre‐heating and pre‐cooling application; an annual simulation. International Journal of Energy Research 32(14): 1316-1328. [7]
  18. ↑ Trancossi M., Kay J., Cannistraro M., (2018) Peltier cells based acclimatization system for a container passive building, Italian Journal of Engineering Science: Tecnica Italiana Vol. 61+1, No. 2, December, 2018, pp. 90-96 http://iieta.org/sites/default/files/Journals/IJES/61+1.02_06.pdf
  19. ↑ Zhang, X., & Zhao, L. D. (2015). Thermoelectric materials: Energy conversion between heat and electricity. Journal of Materiomics, 1(2), 92-105. [8]
  20. ↑ Trancossi, M., Cannistraro, G., & Pascoa, J. (2020). Thermoelectric and solar heat pump use toward self sufficient buildings: The case of a container house. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 18, 100509. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339429358_Thermoelectric_and_solar_heat_pump_use_toward_self_sufficient_buildings_The_case_of_a_container_house
  21. ↑ Marlow - PRIMARY USES FOR THERMOELECTRIC MODULES https://www.marlow.com/resources/thermoelectric-technology-guide/ii-tem-primary-uses



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