Pirate Party

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Short description: Type of political party
Pirate Party
IdeologyPirate politics

Pirate Party is a label adopted by political parties around the world.[1] Pirate parties support civil rights, direct democracy (including e-democracy) or alternatively participation in government, reform of copyright and patent laws to make them more flexible and open to encourage innovation and creativity, use of free and open-source software, free sharing of knowledge (open content and open access), information privacy, transparency, freedom of information, free speech, anti-corruption, net neutrality and oppose mass surveillance, censorship and Big Tech.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Their libertarian philosophy is based on the idea that the Internet is a public space and that everyone should have the right to access it equally, they argue that interference by governments and IT big business violates the right to live as one wishes, without fear or coercion, and that the citizens should have the right to express their opinions freely and without restraint, even if those opinions are controversial or unpopular.

The Pirate Party's focus on these ideas aligns well with the principles of civil libertarianism and cyberlibertarianism,[8] making it a strong ally in the fight for individual freedoms.

While the name pirate party originally alluded to online piracy, members have made concerted efforts to connect pirate parties to all forms of piracy, from pirate radio to the Golden Age of Pirates.

Pirate parties are often considered outside of the economic left-right spectrum or to have context-dependent appeal.[9]

History

The first Pirate Party to be established was the Pirate Party of Sweden (Swedish: Piratpartiet), whose website was launched on 1 January 2006 by Rick Falkvinge. Falkvinge was inspired to found the party after he found that Swedish politicians were generally unresponsive to Sweden's debate over changes to copyright law in 2005.[10]

The United States Pirate Party was founded on 6 June 2006 by University of Georgia graduate student Brent Allison. The party's concerns were abolishing the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, reducing the length of copyrights from 95 years after publication or 70 years after the author's death to 14 years, and the expiry of patents that do not result in significant progress after four years, as opposed to 20 years. However, Allison stepped down as leader three days after founding the party.[11]

The Pirate Party of Austria (German: Piratenpartei Österreichs) was founded in July 2006 in the run-up to the 2006 Austrian legislative election by Florian Hufsky and Jürgen "Juxi" Leitner.[12]

The Pirate Party of Finland was founded in 2008 and entered the official registry of Finnish political parties in 2009.

The Pirate Party of the Czech Republic (Czech: Česká pirátská strana) was founded on 19 April 2009 by Jiří Kadeřávek.

The 2009 European Parliament election took place between the 4 and 7 June 2009, and various Pirate Parties stood candidates. The most success was had in Sweden, where the Pirate Party of Sweden won 7.1% of the vote, and had Christian Engström elected as the first ever Pirate Party Member of European Parliament (MEP).[13][14] Following the introduction of the Treaty of Lisbon, the Pirate Party of Sweden were afforded another MEP in 2011, that being Amelia Andersdotter.

On 30 July 2009, the Pirate Party UK was registered with the Electoral Commission. Its first party leader was Andrew Robinson, and its treasurer was Eric Priezkalns.[15][16][17]

In April 2010, an international organisation to encourage cooperation and unity between Pirate Parties, Pirate Parties International, was founded in Belgium.[18]

In the 2011 Berlin state election to the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin, the Pirate Party of Berlin (a state chapter of Pirate Party Germany) won 8.9% of the vote, which corresponded to winning 15 seats.[19][20] John Naughton, writing for The Guardian , argued that the Pirate Party of Berlin's success could not be replicated by the Pirate Party UK, as the UK does not use a proportional representation electoral system.[21]

In the 2013 Icelandic parliamentary election, the Icelandic Pirate Party won 5.1% of the vote, returning three Pirate Party Members of Parliament. Those were Birgitta Jónsdóttir for the Southwest Constituency, Helgi Hrafn Gunnarsson for Reykjavik Constituency North and Jón Þór Ólafsson for Reykjavik Constituency South.[22][23] Birgitta had previously been an MP for the Citizens' Movement (from 2009 to 2013), representing Reykjavik Constituency South. (As of 2015), it was the largest political party in Iceland, with 23.9% of the vote.[24]

The 2014 European Parliament election took place between the 22 and 24 May. Felix Reda was at the top of the list for Pirate Party Germany, and was subsequently elected as the party received 1.5% of the vote. Other notable results include the Czech Pirate Party, who received 4.8% of the vote, meaning they were 0.2% off getting elected, the Pirate Party of Luxembourg, who received 4.2% of the vote, and the Pirate Party of Sweden, who received 2.2% of the vote, but lost both their MEPs.[25]

Reda had previously worked as an assistant in the office of former Pirate Party MEP Amelia Andersdotter.[26] On 11 June 2014, Reda was elected vice-president of the Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament.[27] Reda was given the job of copyright reform rapporteur.[28]

The Icelandic Pirate Party was leading the national polls in March 2015, with 23.9%. The Independence Party polled 23.4%, only 0.5% behind the Pirate Party. According to the poll, the Pirate Party would win 16 seats in the Althing.[29][30] In April 2016, in the wake of the Panama Papers scandal, polls showed the Icelandic Pirate Party at 43% and the Independence Party at 21.6%,[31] although the Pirate Party eventually won 15% of the vote and 10 seats in the 29 October 2016 parliamentary election.

In April 2017, a group of students at University of California, Berkeley formed a Pirate Party to participate in the Associated Students of the University of California senate elections, winning the only third-party seat.[32]

Czech Pirate Party entered the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament for the first time after the election held on 20 and 21 October 2017 with 10.8%.

Czech Pirate Party, after finishing at the second place at the 2018 Prague municipal election, held on 5 and 6 October 2018, with 17.1%, formed a coalition with Prague Together and United Forces for Prague (TOP 09, Mayors and Independents, KDU-ČSL, Liberal-Environmental Party and SNK European Democrats). The representative of the Czech Pirate Party, Zdeněk Hřib, was selected as a Mayor of Prague. It is probably for the first time, when any pirate party has a mayor in one of the major cities of the world.

At the 2019 European Parliament election, three Czech Pirate MEPs and one German Pirate MEP were voted in and joined the Greens–European Free Alliance, the aforementioned group in the European Parliament that has previously included Swedish Pirate MEPs and German Julia Reda.

Common policies

While parties vary insofar as specific policies go, common themes of the Pirate movement include:

  1. Defend the freedom of expression, communication, education; respect the privacy of citizens and civil rights in general.
  2. Defend the free flow of ideas, knowledge and culture.
  3. Support politically the reform of copyright and patent laws.
  4. Have a commitment to work collaboratively, and participate with maximum transparency.
  5. Do not support actions that involve violence.
  6. Use free software and open-source software and hardware, DIY and open protocols whenever possible.
  7. Politically defend an open, participative and collaborative construction of any public policy.
  8. Direct democracy/E-democracy
  9. Open access
  10. Open data
  11. Crowdfunding and crowdsourcing[citation needed][33]

Copyright and censorship

Some campaigns have included demands for the reform of copyright and patent laws.[34] In 2010, Swedish MEP Christian Engström called for supporters of amendments to the Data Retention Directive to withdraw their signatures, citing a misleading campaign.[35]

International organizations

  Elected in EU Parliament
  Elected nationally
  Elected locally
  Registered for elections
  Registered in some administrative regions
  Unregistered but active
  Status unknown

Pirate Parties International

Main page: Organization:Pirate Parties International

Pirate Parties International (PPI) is the umbrella organization of the national Pirate Parties. Since 2006, the organization has existed as a loose union[36] of the national parties. Since October 2009, Pirate Parties International has had the status of a non-governmental organization (Feitelijke vereniging) based in Belgium. The organization was officially founded at a conference from 16 to 18 April 2010 in Brussels, when the organization's statutes were adopted by the 22 national pirate parties represented at the event.[37]

European Pirate Party

Main page: Organization:European Pirate Party

The European Pirate Party (PPEU) is a European political party founded in March 2014 which consists of various pirate parties within European countries.[38]

Pirates without Borders

Pirates Without Borders is an international association of pirates. Unlike Pirate Parties International (which accepts only parties as voting members and organizations as observing members), Pirates Without Borders accept individuals as members. The PWB see themselves as a basis for international projects. Through global cooperation, they strive to reveal the impact of multinational trade agreements on all people on Earth, and foster freedom and democracy.[39] PWB originates from an independent committee for the coordination of Pirate parties in German-speaking countries, known as DACHLuke (DACHL = Germany-Austria-Switzerland-Luxembourg).

Since the Pirate Parties International Conference 2011 on 12 and 13 March 2011, PWB is an "observing member" of Pirate Parties International. The previously independent project "pirate streaming" has become a part of Pirates without Borders since 3 May 2011[citation needed].[40]

Parti Pirate Francophone

In Parti Pirate Francophone, the French-speaking Pirate Parties are organized. Current members are the pirates parties in Belgium, Côte d'Ivoire, France, Canada, and Switzerland.[41]

European Parliament elections

2009

State Date % Seats
Sweden 2009 7.1 2
Germany 2009 0.9 0

2013

State Date % Seats
Croatia* 2013 1.1 0

*Held in 2013 due to Croatia's entry into EU

2014

State Date % Seats
United Kingdom1 2014 0.5 0
Netherlands 2014 0.9 0
Austria2 2014 2.1 0
Croatia 2014 0.4 0
Czech Republic 2014 4.8 0
Finland 2014 0.7 0
France 2014 0.3 0
Germany 2014 1.5 1
Greece3 2014 0.9 0
Estonia4 2014 1.8 0
Luxembourg 2014 4.2 0
Poland 2014 <0.1 0
Slovenia 2014 2.6 0
Spain 2014 0.2 0
Sweden 2014 2.2 0

1Party only participated in North West England constituency
2PPAT is in alliance with two other parties: The Austrian Communist Party and Der Wandel. The alliance is called "Europa Anders" and also includes some independents in their lists
3with Ecological Greens
4PPEE are campaigning for an independent candidate (Silver Meikar) who supports the pirate program

2019

State Date Votes % Seats
Czech Republic 2019 330,844 4.8 3
Finland 2019 12,579 0.7 0
France 2019 30,105 0.1 0
Germany 2019 243,302 0.7 1
Italy 2019 60,809 0.2 0
Luxembourg 2019 96,579 7.7 0
Spain 2019 16,755 0.1 0
Sweden 2019 26,526 0.6 0

National elections

Country Date % Seats
Sweden 2006 0.6 0/349
Germany 2009 2.0 0/622
Sweden 2010 0.7 0/349
United Kingdom 2010 0.4 0/650
Netherlands 2010 0.1 0
Finland 2011 0.5 0
Canada 2011 <0.1 0
Switzerland 2011 0.5 0
Spain 2011 0.1 0
Greece 2012 0.5 0
Greece 2012 0.2 0
Netherlands 2017 0.3 0
Israel 2013 0.1 0
Iceland 2013 5.1 3/63
Iceland 2016 14.5 10/63
Iceland 2017 9.2 6/63
Iceland 2021 8.6 6/63
Australia 2013 0.3 0
Australia 2016 <0.1 0
Australia 2019 TBA 0
Australia (as Fusion Party) 2022 TBA 0
Norway 2013 0.3 0
Germany 2013 2.2 0
Austria 2013 0.8 0
Luxembourg 2013 2.9 0
Slovenia 2014 1.3 0
Sweden 2014 0.4 0
Israel 2015 <0.1 0
Finland 2015 0.9 0
United Kingdom 2015 <0.1 0
Germany 2017 0.4 0
Czech Republic 2017 10.8 22/200
Iceland 2017 9.2 6/63
Slovenia 2018 2.2 0
Sweden 2018 0.1 0
Luxembourg 2018 6.5 2/60
Israel 2019 <0.1 0
Finland 2019 0.6 0
Belgium 2019 0.1 0
Czech Republic 2021 15.68 (in coalition with Mayors and Independents 4

Elected representatives

Representatives of the Pirate Party movement that have been elected to a national or supranational legislature.

Pirate Party of Sweden

  • Christian Engström, MEP for Sweden from 2009 to 2014
  • Amelia Andersdotter, MEP for Sweden from 2011 to 2014

Czech Pirate Party

Czech Pirate Party MPs in 2019

Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic

Since the 2021 Czech legislative election, only the following 4 MP are in office:

  • Jakub Michálek, MP for Prague since 2017
  • Olga Richterová, MP for Prague since 2017
  • Ivan Bartoš, MP for Central Bohemia from 2017 to 2021, MP for Ústí nad Labem since 2021, Leader of the Czech Pirate Party and Minister of Regional Development since 2021
  • Klára Kocmanová, MP for Central Bohemia since 2021

The following served as MPs from 2017 to 2021

  • Dana Balcarová, MP for Prague
  • Ondřej Profant, MP for Prague
  • Jan Lipavský, MP for Prague
  • Lenka Kozlová, MP for Central Bohemia
  • František Kopřiva, MP for Central Bohemia
  • Lukáš Kolařík, MP for South Bohemia
  • Lukáš Bartoň, MP for Plzeň
  • Petr Třešnák, MP for Karlovy Vary
  • František Navrkal, MP for Ústí nad Labem from 2019[42]
  • Tomáš Martínek, MP for Liberec
  • Martin Jiránek, MP for Hradec Králové
  • Mikuláš Ferjenčík, MP for Pardubice
  • Jan Pošvář, MP for Vysočina
  • Radek Holomčík, MP for South Moravia[43][44]
  • Tomáš Vymazal, MP for South Moravia[45][46]
  • Vojtěch Pikal, MP for Olomouc
  • František Elfmark, MP for Zlín
  • Lukáš Černohorský, MP for Moravian-Silesian
  • Ondřej Polanský, MP for Moravian-Silesian
  • Mikuláš Peksa, MP for Ústí nad Labem from 2017 to 2019, then elected to European Parliament

Senate of the Czech Republic (in office)

  • Lukáš Wagenknecht, Senator for Prague 8 since 2018
  • Adéla Šípová, Senator for Kladno since 2020

European Parliament

  • Marcel Kolaja, MEP for Czech Republic since 2019
  • Markéta Gregorová, MEP for Czech Republic since 2019
  • Mikuláš Peksa, MEP for Czech Republic since 2019

Former representatives

  • Libor Michálek, Senator for Prague 2 from 2012 to 2018
  • Mikuláš Peksa, MP for Ústí nad Labem from 2017 to 2019[47]

Pirate Party Germany

  • Patrick Breyer, MEP for Germany since 2019

Former representatives

  • Felix Reda, MEP for Germany from 2014 to 2019

Pirate Party Iceland

  • Andrés Ingi Jónsson, MP for Reykjavík North from 2016, originally as a member of the Left-Green Movement, member of the Pirate Party since 2021
  • Arndís Anna Kristínardóttir Gunnarsdóttir, MP for Reykjavík South since 2021
  • Björn Leví Gunnarsson, MP for Reykjavík North from 2016 to 2017 and for Reykjavík South since 2017
  • Gísli Rafn Ólafsson, MP for Southwest since 2021
  • Halldóra Mogensen, MP for Reykjavík North since 2016
  • Þórhildur Sunna Ævarsdóttir, MP for Southwest from 2016 to 2017, for Reykjavík South from 2017 to 2021, and for Southwest from 2021

Former representatives (Iceland)

  • Birgitta Jónsdóttir, MP for Reykjavík South from 2009 to 2013, and for Southwest from 2013 to 2017
  • Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir, MP for Reykjavík South from 2015 to 2017
  • Einar Brynjólfsson, MP for Northeast from 2016 to 2017
  • Eva Pandóra Baldursdóttir, MP for Northwest from 2016 to 2017
  • Gunnar Hrafn Jónsson, MP for Reykjavík South from 2016 to 2017
  • Helgi Hrafn Gunnarsson, MP for Reykjavík North from 2013 to 2016 and again from 2017 to 2021
  • Jón Þór Ólafsson, MP for Reykjavík South from 2013 to 2015 and for Southwest from 2016 to 2021
  • Smári McCarthy, MP for Southwest since 2016 to 2021

Pirate Party Luxembourg

  • Sven Clement, MP for Centre
  • Marc Goergen, MP for Sud

National parties

Main page: Organization:List of Pirate Parties

Outside Sweden, pirate parties have been started in over 40 countries,[48] inspired by the Swedish initiative.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Fredriksson, Martin (2015). "Piracy & Social Change| The Pirate Party and the Politics of Communication". International Journal of Communication 9: 909–924. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3742. 
  2. ↑ "About the PPI". http://pp-international.net/about. 
  3. ↑ Gerbaudo, Paolo (2019). The Digital Party: Political Organisation and Online Democracy. Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745335797. https://www.plutobooks.com/9780745335797/the-digital-party/. 
  4. ↑ Beyer, Jessica L. (2014). "The Emergence of a Freedom of Information Movement: Anonymous, WikiLeaks, the Pirate Party, and Iceland". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 (2): 141–154. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12050. 
  5. ↑ Hartleb, Florian (2013). "Anti-elitist cyber parties?". Journal of Public Affairs 13 (4): 355–369. doi:10.1002/pa.1480. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pa.1480.  closed access
  6. ↑ Fredriksson, Martin; Arvanitakis, James (2015). "Piracy, Property and the Crisis of Democracy". eJournal of EDemocracy and Open Government 7 (1): 134–150. doi:10.29379/jedem.v7i1.365. https://jedem.org/index.php/jedem/article/view/365. 
  7. ↑ Fredriksson, Martin (2015). "Piracy & Social Change| The Pirate Party and the Politics of Communication". International Journal of Communication 9: 909–924. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3742. 
  8. ↑ Dahlberg, Lincoln (2017). "Cyberlibertarianism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.70. ISBN 978-0-19-022861-3. https://oxfordre.com/communication/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-70.  closed access
  9. ↑ Simon, Otjes (22nd January 2019). All on the same boat? Voting for pirate parties in comparative perspective. Political Studies Association, 2020, Vol. 40(1) no. 38–53 SAGE Publishing. Page 49: "This indicates that instead of not appealing along left-right lines at all, pirate party's left-right appeal is context-dependent. Moreover, it is more closely related to sympathy for these parties than to party choice".
  10. ↑ Anderson, Nate (26 February 2009). "Political pirates: A history of Sweden's Piratpartiet". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/02/rick-falkvinge-is-the-face/. 
  11. ↑ Downie, James (24 January 2011). "What is the Pirate Party – and why is it helping Wikileaks?". New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/world/81963/pirate-party-wikileaks. Retrieved 7 August 2015. 
  12. ↑ Igler, Nadja (19 September 2006). "Österreichs Piraten sehen grün" (in de). Future Zone. http://www.fuzo-archiv.at/artikel/137321v2. 
  13. ↑ "European elections 2009: Sweden's Pirate Party wins a seat in parliament". The Telegraph. 8 June 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5472520/European-elections-2009-Swedens-Pirate-Party-wins-a-seat-in-parliamentpps.html. 
  14. ↑ Edwards, Chris (11 June 2009). "Sweden's Pirate party sails to success in European elections". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jun/11/pirate-party-sweden. 
  15. ↑ Harris, Mark (11 August 2009). "Pirate Party UK sets sail". techradar. http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/pirate-party-uk-sets-sail-624848. 
  16. ↑ "Pirate Party launches UK poll bid". BBC News. 13 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8199143.stm. 
  17. ↑ Barnett, Emma (11 August 2009). "Pirate Party UK now registered by the Electoral Commission". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/6011356/Pirate-Party-UK-now-registered-by-the-Electoral-Commission.html. 
  18. ↑ "Pirate Parties: From digital rights to political power". BBC News. 18 October 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15288907. 
  19. ↑ Dowling, Siobhan (18 September 2011). "Pirate party snatches seats in Berlin state election". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/18/pirate-party-germany-berlin-election. 
  20. ↑ Kulish, Nicholas (19 September 2011). "Pirates' Strong Showing in Berlin Elections Surprises Even Them". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/world/europe/in-berlin-pirates-win-8-9-percent-of-vote-in-regional-races.html?_r=1. 
  21. ↑ Naughton, John (20 September 2011). "Could the Pirate party's German success be repeated in Britain?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/20/pirate-party-german-berlin-elections?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487. 
  22. ↑ "Iceland vote: Centre-right opposition wins election". BBC News. 28 April 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22320282. 
  23. ↑ Penny, Laurie (8 May 2013). "Laurie Penny on Iceland's elections: A shattered fairy tale". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/05/icelands-elections-shattered-fairy-tale. 
  24. ↑ Edick, Cole (2015). "The Golden Age of Piracy". Harvard International Review 36 (4): 7–9. 
  25. ↑ Collentine, Josef Ohlsson (26 May 2014). "All Pirate Party votes in the EU election". Pirate Times. http://piratetimes.net/all-pirate-party-votes-in-the-eu-election-800-000-votes/. 
  26. ↑ Nordenfur, Anton (6 January 2014). "Julia Reda tops German list to European Parliament". Pirate Times. http://piratetimes.net/julia-reda-tops-german-list-to-european-parliament/. 
  27. ↑ Reda, Felix. "Election as Vice-President of the Greens/EFA Group". Felix Reda. https://juliareda.eu/2014/06/election-as-vice-president-of-the-greensefa-group/. 
  28. ↑ Steadman, Ian (29 January 2015). "The Pirate Party's lone MEP might just fix copyright across the EU". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/future-proof/2015/01/pirate-partys-lone-mep-might-just-fix-copyright-across-eu. 
  29. ↑ Hudson, Alex (19 March 2015). "The Pirates becomes the most popular political party in Iceland". Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/pirates-becomes-most-popular-political-5364061. 
  30. ↑ "The Pirate Party is now measured as the biggest political party in Iceland". Vísir. 19 March 2015. http://www.visir.is/the-pirate-party-is-now-measured-as-the-biggest-political-party-in-iceland/article/2015150318848. 
  31. ↑ Björnsson, Anna Margrét (6 April 2016). "Almost half of Icelandic nation now want the Pirate Party". Iceland Monitor. http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/04/06/almost_half_of_icelandic_nation_now_want_the_pirate/. 
  32. ↑ Andrea Platten | Senior Staff (14 April 2017). "Executive seats split between CalSERVE, Student Action in 2017 ASUC elections". http://www.dailycal.org/2017/04/14/executive-seats-split-calserve-student-action-2017-asuc-elections/. 
  33. ↑ Khutkyy, Dmytro. "Pirate Parties: the social movements of electronic democracy". Journal of Comparative Politics. 
  34. ↑ Copley, Caroline (20 September 2009). "Germany's 'Pirate Party' hopes for election surprise". Reuters blog (Reuters). http://blogs.reuters.com/global/2009/09/20/germanys-pirate-party-hopes-for-election-surprise/. 
  35. ↑ Engström, Christian (2 June 2010). "Urging MEPs to withdraw their Written Declaration 29 signatures". Christian Engström blog. WordPress.com. http://christianengstrom.wordpress.com/2010/06/02/urging-meps-to-withdraw-their-written-declaration-29-signatures/. 
  36. ↑ Pirate Parties International in the wiki of Pirate Parties International, retrieved 21 January 2011
  37. ↑ "22 Pirate Parties from all over the world officially founded the Pirate Parties International". Pirate Parties International. 21 April 2010. http://pp-international.net/node/471. 
  38. ↑ "Here comes the European Pirate Party". PirateTimes. 30 March 2020. http://piratetimes.net/here-comes-the-european-pirate-party/. 
  39. ↑ "Pirates without Borders Wiki". Pirates without Borders. http://wiki.pirates-without-borders.org/Main_Page. 
  40. ↑ "PPI Conference 2011: all Pirates and interested persons are welcome!". https://www.facebook.com/notes/pirate-parties-international/ppi-conference-2011-all-pirates-and-interested-persons-are-welcome/199828993376836/. 
  41. ↑ "Pirate Party - Telecommunication Systems - 2729 - stkip-sera.download-soalujian.com". http://stkip-sera.download-soalujian.com/IT/en/article-2619/Pirate-Parties_20896_stkip-sera-download-soalujian.html. 
  42. ↑ "Bc. Frantisek Navrkal". https://public.psp.cz/en/sqw/detail.sqw?id=6624. 
  43. ↑ "Mgr. Radek Holomcik". https://public.psp.cz/en/sqw/detail.sqw?id=6454. 
  44. ↑ "Bc. Frantisek Navrkal". https://public.psp.cz/en/sqw/detail.sqw?id=6624. [verification needed]
  45. ↑ "Tomas Vymazal". https://public.psp.cz/en/sqw/detail.sqw?id=6489. 
  46. ↑ "Mgr. Radek Holomcik". https://public.psp.cz/en/sqw/detail.sqw?id=6454. [verification needed]
  47. ↑ "Pirát Peksa zvolený do europarlamentu se vzdal mandátu v české sněmovně. Nahradí ho analytik Navrkal". 6 June 2019. https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/mikulas-peska-pirati-evropsky-parlament-snemovna-radka-maxova-veronika_1906061346_nkr. 
  48. ↑ "Piratenpartij presenteert verkiezingsprogramma" (in nl). 3VOOR12 NL. 20 May 2010. http://3voor12.vpro.nl/artikelen/artikel/43501086. 

External links



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