Place:Biqulzar

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Biqulzar (Harari: ቡቁልዘር) also spelled as Baqulzar or Bequl zar was a historical region located in eastern Ethiopia.[1][2][3] According to Taddesse Tamrat, the state was positioned east of the Awash River however historian Hussein Ahmed, proposes it was a general term for districts east of Amhara region in the fourteenth century.[4][5]

Etymology

Biqulzar originates from the Harari language meaning “verdure along a stream.”[6] According to British historian George Huntingford, sixteenth century Adalite writer Arab Faqīh in his text Conquest of Abyssinia describes Biqulzar as "a river full of water."[7]

History

According to fourteenth century Arab historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari, Biqulzar was one of Ifat's ancient metropolises or regions alongside Kwelgora, Hubat, Gidaya, Hargaya and Fedis.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

In the fourteenth century, Ethiopian emperor Amda Seyon fought the Wargar or Warjih people in Biqulzar.[14][15][16] According to Salvatore Tsdeschi, in 1332 Amda Seyon had summoned his vassal ruler of Ifat, Jamal ad-Din I in Biqulzar however Manfred Kropp believes Amda Seyon met with a distinct ruler of Biqulzar.[17][18]

References

  1. ↑ Cerulli, Enrico (1941). "Il Sultanato Dello Scioa Nel Secolo Xiii Secondo Un Nuovo Documento Storico". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici (Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino) 1 (1): 39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41460159. 
  2. ↑ Gelgelo, Surafel. HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN. Ministry of Science and Higher education. p. 49. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/89124/1/HISTORY%20Module%20(Revised).pdf. 
  3. ↑ Feto, Jemal. A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ISLAMIZATION OF ARSI OROMO: WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON GADAB AREA, 1935-2000. Haramaya University. p. 11. http://ir.haramaya.edu.et/hru/bitstream/handle/123456789/907/JEMAL%20KEDIR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  4. ↑ Tamrat, Taddesse. Review: The Chronicle of 'Amde-Siyon. Cambridge University Press. p. 513. https://www.jstor.org/stable/180118. 
  5. ↑ Ahmed, Hussein (October 2021). Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia Revival, Reform and Reaction. Brill. p. 6. ISBN 9789004492288. https://books.google.com/books?id=zM1GEAAAQBAJ&dq=bequlzar&pg=PA6. 
  6. ↑ Gidaya. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. https://en.sewasew.com/p/gidaya-(%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AB). 
  7. ↑ Huntingford ·, George (1989). The Historical Geography of Ethiopia From the First Century AD to 1704. British Academy. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-19-726055-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=kpIiAAAAMAAJ&q=The%20Historical%20Geography%20of%20Ethiopia:%20From%20the%20First%20Century%20AD%20to%201704. 
  8. ↑ TUFFA, TSEGAYE. THE DYNAMICS OF TULAMA OROMO IN THE HISTORY OF CONTINUITY AND CHANGE, CA. 1700-1880S. University of Toronto. p. 43. https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/28940/thesis_tsegaye%20zeleke%20tuffa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  9. ↑ Braukamper, Ulrich (1977). "Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part 1)". Ethiopianist Notes (Michigan State University Press) 1 (1): 23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42731359. 
  10. ↑ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. ISBN 9781136970221. https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&dq=baqul-zar&pg=PA75. 
  11. ↑ Fauvelle, François-Xavier (22 November 2017). "The Sultanate of Awfāt, its capital and the necropolis of the Walasmaʿ". Annales Islamologiques (Institut français d'archéologie orientale) (51): 239–295. doi:10.4000/anisl.4054. https://journals.openedition.org/anisl/4054?lang=en. 
  12. ↑ Hirsch, Bertrand (2020). "The account of the wars of King ʿAmda Ṣeyon against the Islamic sultanates, epic fiction of the fifteenth century". Médiévales (Presses universitaires de Vincennes) 79 (2): 91–116. doi:10.4000/medievales.11072. https://www.cairn.info/revue-medievales-2020-2-page-91.htm. 
  13. ↑ Kwelgora. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. https://en.sewasew.com/p/kwe-lgora-(%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%AB). 
  14. ↑ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 9781136970221. https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&dq=wargar+adal&pg=PA72. 
  15. ↑ Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and state. University of London. p. 156. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28644/1/10672804.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). Ethiopian borderlands. Red Sea Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780932415196. https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&dq=the+emperor+followed+up+this+victory+by+sending+his+army+further+into+all+the+lands+of+the+muslims&pg=PA41. 
  17. ↑ TEDESCHI, SALVATORE (1978). "LE GESTA DI 'AMDA-ṢEYON NELLA CRONOLOGIA E NELLA STORIA". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici (Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino) 27: 144. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299651. 
  18. ↑ Jamal Ad-din Mansur. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. https://en.sewasew.com/p/gamaladdin-ii-b-dalhuy-b-mansur. 




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