Place:Caracas

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Short description: Capital and largest city of Venezuela
Caracas
Capital city
Santiago de León de Caracas
(From top, left to right) Plaza Venezuela; Plaza Francia; Parque Cristal in Los Palos Grandes; Nuestra Señora de Lourdes Church; Parque Central Complex
Flag of Caracas
Flag
Coat of arms of Caracas
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
La Sucursal del Cielo
La Ciudad de la Eterna Primavera
La Odalisca del Ávila
La Sultana del Ávila
Motto(s): 
Seguid El Ejemplo Que Caracas Dio. (Then Follow the Example that Caracas Gave.)
Caracas is located in Venezuela
Caracas
Caracas
Location in Venezuela and South America
Coordinates: [ ⚑ ] : 10°28′50″N 66°54′13″W / 10.48056°N 66.90361°W / 10.48056; -66.90361
CountryVenezuela
StateCapital District
Founded25 July 1567
Founded byDiego de Losada
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyGovernment of the Capital District
 • Chief of GovernmentJacqueline Faría
Area
 • Capital city433 km2 (167 sq mi)
 • Metro
4,715.1 km2 (1,820.5 sq mi)
Elevation
900 m (3,000 ft)
Highest elevation
1,400 m (4,600 ft)
Lowest elevation
870 m (2,850 ft)
Population
 (2022)
 • Capital city3,242,000
 • Metro
8,956,813
DemonymsCaraquenian (Spanish: caraqueño (m), caraqueña (f))
Time zoneUTC−4 (VET)
Postal codes[1]
1000–1090, 1209
Area code212
ISO 3166 codeVE-A
Websitewww.caracas.gob.ve
The area and population figures are the sum of the figures of the five municipalities (listed above) that make up the Distrito Metropolitano.

Caracas (/kəˈrækəs, -ˈrɑːk-/, Spanish: [kaˈɾakas]), officially Santiago de León de Caracas (CCS), is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas).[2] Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the northern part of the country, within the Caracas Valley of the Venezuelan coastal mountain range (Cordillera de la Costa). The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2,200-meter-high (7,200 ft) mountain range, Cerro El Ávila; to the south there are more hills and mountains. The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an estimated population of almost 5 million inhabitants.

The center of the city is Catedral, located near Bolívar Square,[3] though some consider the center to be Plaza Venezuela, located in the Los Caobos area.[2][4][5] Businesses in the city include service companies, banks, and malls. Caracas has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area.[6] The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) are headquartered in Caracas. Empresas Polar is the largest private company in Venezuela. Caracas is also Venezuela's cultural capital, with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and shopping centers. Caracas has some of the tallest skyscrapers in Latin America,[7] such as the Parque Central Towers.[8] The Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas is one of the most important in South America.[9]

History

Diego de Losada by Antonio Herrera Toro

Before the city was founded in 1567,[10] the valley of Caracas was populated by indigenous peoples. Francisco Fajardo, the son of a Spanish captain and a Guaiqueri cacica, who came from Margarita, began establishing settlements in the area of La Guaira and the Caracas valley between 1555 and 1560. Fajardo attempted to establish a plantation in the valley in 1562 after these unsuccessful coastal towns, but it did not last long: it was destroyed by natives of the region led by Terepaima and Guaicaipuro.[11][12] Fajardo's 1560 settlement was known as Hato de San Francisco, and another attempt in 1561 by Juan Rodríguez de Suárez was called Villa de San Francisco, and was also destroyed by the same native people.[13] The eventual settlers of Caracas came from Coro, the German capital of their Klein-Venedig colony around the present-day coastal Colombia–Venezuela border; from the 1540s, the colony had been de facto controlled by Spaniards. Moving eastward from Coro, groups of Spanish settlers founded inland towns including Barquisimeto and Valencia before reaching the Caracas valley.[11]

On 25 July 1567, Captain Diego de Losada laid the foundations of the city of Santiago de León de Caracas.[10] De Losada had been commissioned to capture the valley, and was successful by splitting the natives into different groups to work with, then fighting and defeating each of them.[13] The town was the closest to the coast of these new settlements, and the colonists retained a native workforce, which allowed a trade network to develop between Caracas, the interior, and Margarita; the towns further inland produced ample cotton products and beeswax, and Margarita was a rich source of pearls. The Caracas valley had a good environment for both agricultural and arable farming, which contributed to the system of commerce but meant that the town's population was initially sparse, as it was only large enough to support a few farms.[11]

In 1577, Caracas became the capital of the Spanish Empire's Venezuela Province[14] under the province's new governor, Juan de Pimentel (1576–1583).[13] In the 1580s, Caraqueños started selling food to the Spanish soldiers in Cartagena, who often docked in the coastal city when collecting products from the empire in South America. Wheat was growing increasingly expensive in the Iberian Peninsula, and the Spanish profited from buying it from Caracas farmers. This cemented the city in the empire's trade circuit.[11]

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the coast of Venezuela was frequently raided by pirates. With the coastal mountains of the Central Range as a barrier, Caracas was relatively immune to such attacks, compared to other Caribbean coastal settlements,[11] but in 1595 the Preston–Somers expedition landed and around 200 English Privateers, including George Somers and Amyas Preston, crossed the mountains through a little-used pass while the town's defenders were guarding the more frequently used one. Encountering little resistance, the invaders sacked and set fire to the town after a failed ransom negotiation.[15][16] The city managed to rebuild, using wheat profits and "a lot of sacrifice".[13] In the 1620s, farmers in Caracas discovered that Cacao beans could be sold, first selling them to native people of Mexico and quickly growing across the Caribbean. The city became important in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, as well as moving from largely native slave labor to African slaves, the first of the Spanish colonies to become part of the slave trade. The city was successful and operated on cacao and slave trade until the 1650s, when an alhorra blight, the Mexican Inquisition of many of their Portuguese traders, and increased cacao production in Guayaquil greatly affected the market. This and the destructive 1641 earthquake put the city into decline, and they likely began illegally trading with the Dutch Empire, which Caraqueños later proved sympathetic to; by the 1670s, Caracas had a trading route through Curaçao.[11]

Caracas in 1839

In 1728, the Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas was founded by the king, and the cacao business grew in importance. Caracas was made one of the three provinces of Nueva Granada, corresponding to Venezuela, in 1739. Over the next three decades the Viceroyalty was variously split, with Caracas province becoming the Venezuela province. Luis de Unzaga created the Captaincy General of Venezuela in the summer of 1777, with Caracas as the capital.[13] Venezuela then attempted to become independent, first with the 1797 Gual and España conspiracy, based in Caracas,[17] and then the successful 1811 Venezuelan Declaration of Independence.[13] Caracas then came under worse luck: in 1812, an earthquake destroyed Caracas, a quarter of its population migrated in 1814, and the Venezuelan War of Independence continued until 24 June 1821, when Simón Bolívar defeated royalists in the Battle of Carabobo.[13][18] Urban reforms only took place towards the end of the 19th century, under Antonio Guzmán Blanco: some landmarks were built, but the city remained distinctly colonial until the 1930s.[13]

Caracas in 1950.

Caracas grew in size, population, and economic importance during Venezuela's oil boom in the early 20th century. In the 1950s, the metropolitan area of Gran Caracas was developed, and the city began an intensive modernization program, funding public buildings, which continued throughout the 1960s and early 1970s.[13] Cultural landmarks, like the University City of Caracas, designed by modernist architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000;[19] the Caracas Museum of Contemporary Art; and the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex were built, as well as the Caracas Metro and a developed downtown area. Urban development was rapid, leading to the growth of slums on the hillsides surrounding the new city. Much of the city development also fell into disrepair come the end of the 20th century, with the 1980s oil glut and political instability like the Caracazo, meaning maintenance can not be sustained. The economic and social problems persist throughout the capital and country, characterized as the Crisis in Venezuela. By 2017, Caracas was the most violent city in the world.[13]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms was adopted in 1591. Simón de Bolívar, an ancestor of Venezuelan liberator Simón Bolívar,[20] had been named the first procurator general of the Venezuelan province in 1589. He served as the representative of Venezuela to the Spanish Crown, and vice versa.[21] In 1591, de Bolívar introduced a petition to King Philip II for a coat of arms, which he granted by Royal Cedula on 4 September that year in San Lorenzo. The coat of arms represents the city's name with the red Santiago (St. James') cross. It originally depicted "a brown bear rampant on a field of silver, holding between its paws a golden shell with the red cross of Santiago; and its seal is a crown with five golden points".[22] In the same act, the king declared Caracas as "The Most Noble and Very Loyal City of Santiago de León de Caracas".[23]

The anthem of the city is the Marcha a Caracas, written by the composer Tiero Pezzuti de Matteis with the lyrics by José Enrique Sarabia and approved in 1984.[24]

In the center, the (colonial) coat of arms of Caracas. On its left, a shield representing 'Justice', and on the right, 'Vigilance'. c. 1775, by Joseph Carlos de Aguero. General Archive of the Indies, Seville.

Geography

View of Ávila from Parque del Este

Caracas is contained entirely within a valley of the Venezuelan Central Range, and is separated from the Caribbean coast by a roughly 15-kilometer (9 mi) expanse of El Ávila National Park. The valley is relatively small and quite irregular, and the altitude varies from between 870 and 1,043 meters (2,854 and 3,422 ft) above sea level; the historic center lies at about 900 meters (3,000 feet) above sea level.[25] This, along with the rapid population growth, has profoundly influenced the urban development of the city.[26] The most elevated point of the Capital District, wherein the city is located, is the Pico El Ávila, which rises to 2,159 meters (7,083 feet).[25]

The main body of water in Caracas is the Guaire River, which flows across the city and empties into the Tuy River, which is also fed by the El Valle and San Pedro rivers, in addition to numerous streams which descend from El Ávila. The La Mariposa and Camatagua reservoir (es) reservoirs provide water to the city.[27][28][29][30] The city is occasionally subject to earthquakes – notably in 1641 and 1967.

Geologically, Caracas was formed in the Late Cretaceous period, with much of the rest of the Caribbean, and sits on what is mostly metamorphic rock. Deformation of the land in this period formed the region.[31]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Caracas has a tropical savanna climate (Aw), but also exhibits traits of a subtropical highland climate (Cfb) due to its elevated location within the Venezuelan Coastal Range (Maritime Andes). Caracas precipitation varies between 900 and 1,300 millimeters (35 and 51 inches) (annual), in the city proper to 2,000 millimeters (79 inches) in some parts of the Mountain range. While Caracas is within the tropics, due to its altitude temperatures are cooler compared to other locations with a typical tropical savanna climate. The annual average temperature is approximately 23.4 °C (74 °F), with the average of the coldest month (January) 21.7 °C (71 °F) and the average of the warmest month (May) 24.5 °C (76 °F), which gives a small annual thermal amplitude of 2.8 °C (5.0 °F).[32]

In the months of December and January abundant fog may appear, in addition to a sudden nightly drop in temperature, until reaching 8 °C (46 °F).[32] This peculiar weather is known by the natives of Caracas as the Pacheco. In addition, nightly temperatures at any time of the year are much (7 to 11 °C) lower than daytime highs and usually do not remain above 24 °C (75 °F), resulting in very pleasant evening temperatures. Hailstorms appear in Caracas, although only on rare occasions. Electrical storms are much more frequent, especially between June and October, due to the city being in a closed valley and the orographic action of Cerro El Ávila.[33]

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Hydrography

The hydrographic network of the city of Caracas is made up of the Guaire river basin which is a sub-basin of the Tuy river. This basin crosses the valley where the city is located from West to East (Las Adjuntas – Petare). It covers about 655 square kilometers, about 45 km. long and about 15 km. wide, has a rectangular shape. The basin is formed by the Caracas Valley, which is relatively high, narrow and long, surrounded by the high and steep Cordillera de la Costa, which runs parallel to the Litoral.

Among the characteristics of the hydrographic network associated with the city of Caracas is the high degree of contamination that the entire network presents in its lower part due to the fact that the courses of rivers and tributaries of the Guaire River have been used as collectors of the water system. sewers and sewers since its creation in 1874 during the government of Antonio Guzmán Blanco until today. The level of contamination is such that it does not allow the maintenance of the life of the species that once populated the basin, and it has become extinct or has been restricted to the highest areas of the basin, mainly within the boundaries of the national park. Avila. Awareness for the recovery of the basin has recently begun, however, much remains to be done before results can be observed.

Among the main rivers and streams that make up the basin are in its northern slope: San Pedro River, Macarao River, Quebrada Caroata, Catuche River, Anauco River, Chacaito River, Tocome River, Caurimare River; on its southern slope we find that among the main tributaries are: El Valle river, Quebrada Baruta and Quebrada La Guairita. In the upper part of the basin there are two reservoirs with the purpose of supplying water to the western part of the city; These are the Macarao Dam and the La Mariposa Reservoir.

Urbanism

View of Caracas from the Avila National Park

Caracas shares commonalities with many Latin American cities: densely populated and with limited space because it is surrounded by mountains. Because of this, the city has grown vertically. A very striking aspect is the number of people living in substandard housing built on the mountain slopes surrounding the city. This type of housing is called ranchos, built improvised, without any official planning, with deficiencies and inadequate materials, marking a difference between those who live in the valley proper, 45% of the population in 25% of the urban area lives in these settlements.

The city center, developed around a small historic center, represents less than a quarter of the total area of the city, which has spread along the valley and has also been connected in recent years with satellite cities in the states of Miranda and La Guaira, creating a major metropolitan area known as Gran Caracas. The city's rapid population growth has resulted in increasing traffic congestion. To this end, the subway transportation system (Metro de Caracas) has been progressively expanded and is currently linked to the Los Teques Metro and, in the future, to the Guarenas-Guatire Metro system. The "Ezequiel Zamora" Central Railway System also links the communities of Charallave and Cúa de los Valles del Tuy with the subway transportation of the capital city.

Some areas of the city have a grid layout, either inherited from the colony or developed during the urban projects of the 20th century. Other areas, built on the mountain slopes, do not follow this pattern, but adapt to the irregularities of the terrain. These elevated areas enjoy a temperate temperature throughout the year.

Demographics

Bolivar Avenue

According to the population census of 2011 the Caracas proper (Distrito Capital) is over 1.9 million inhabitants,[36] while that of the Metropolitan District of Caracas is estimated at 2.9 million (As of 2011). The majority of the population is mixed-race, typically with varying degrees of European, Indigenous, African and occasional Asian ancestry. There is a noteworthy Afro-Venezuelan community. Additionally, the city has a large number of both European Venezuelans and Asian Venezuelans who descend from the massive influx of various immigrants Venezuela received from all across Eurasia during the 20th century; in particular are descendants of Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Serbs, Chinese, Colombians, Germans, Syrians and Lebanese people.[36][37] In 2020, the poorest 55% of the Caracas population lived on about a third of its land, in poorly-planned slums that are generally dangerous to live in and access.[38]

Caracas has exceeded the administrative limits of its perimeter due to accelerated population growth, so that its most suitable demographic study territory is the Metropolitan District or AMC. According to 2011 calculations by the National Institute of Statistics, the metropolitan city had a population for the 2011 census of 2,923,959 inhabitants. The Metropolitan District represents less than 1% of the national territory and is home to one-fifteenth of the total population of the country. In percentage numbers, 9.2% of the nation's total population lives in the five capital municipalities, out of the 335 municipalities that comprise the country.[citation needed]

The region is called Greater Caracas or Metropolitan Region of Caracas (RMC) satellite cities or adjacent bedrooms: the Altos Mirandinos, the Central Coast of La Guaira, Guarenas, Guatire and the Valles del Tuy. This agglomeration had an estimated population of 4.3 million inhabitants in 2011.

In the 20th century, an exodus of the peasantry to the capital and other cities intensified, motivated by a search for improvements in their quality of life. This led to depopulation of the rural areas of the country and the demographic saturation of the centers. This saturation caused the expansion of marginal areas on the outskirts of the city; however, the lowest unemployment rates in the entire country correspond precisely to the metropolitan area of Caracas. In 1936, the total population of Venezuela had been equal to the estimated population of Greater Caracas for the year 2000: almost 4 million inhabitants. From 1936 to 1990, Caracas multiplied its population, although far less than any other major city in the country, such as Valencia, which in the same period of time multiplied its population almost 25 times.[citation needed]

Between the 1940s and 1950s, after the Second World War, a growing wave of European immigrants began, mostly Spanish, Portuguese and Italians and in other magnitudes, communities of Germans (Colonia Tovar), French, English, Serbs and Jews were established.[citation needed] New developments in Caracas were populated mainly by these European immigrants, such as La Florida and Altamira. During the 1960s, President Rómulo Betancourt followed the same policy as the Marcos Pérez Jiménez government: promoting immigration, especially from Latin America and from other parts of the world. These policies were maintained until the late 1980s, with a notable influx of Argentines, Uruguayans, Chileans, Cubans, Peruvians, Ecuadorians, Chinese, and Arabs. Towards the beginning of the 1980s, immigration was marked by a strong exodus of Colombians.[citation needed]

The multiethnic, cultural and racial mix has marked the city throughout history. Its ethnic composition is very diverse.

Crime

Venezuela and its capital, Caracas, have been reported to both have among the highest per capita murder rates in the world.[39][40][41][42][43][44] In 2010 Caracas had the highest murder rate in the world,[45] having more deaths than Baghdad during the Iraq War,[46] and in 2012 there were 13,080 murders in Venezuela, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.[47] By 2019, Caracas was the city with the sixth highest homicide rate in the world outside of a warzone, with a rate of around 76 murders per 100,000 people. In 2023 it was the nineteenth, with a rate of around 52 murders per 100,000 people.[48] Most murders and other violent crimes go unsolved, with estimates of the number of unresolved crimes as high as 98%.[49][50][51] The U.S. Department of State and British Foreign and Commonwealth Office have issued travel warnings for Venezuela due to high rates of crime.[52][53]

Economy

The Sabana Grande area

Businesses that are located in Caracas include service companies, banks, and malls, among others. It has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area.[6] The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) are headquartered here. PDVSA, a state-run organization, is the largest company in Venezuela,[54] and negotiates all the international agreements for the distribution and export of petroleum.[55] When it existed, the airline Viasa had its headquarters in the Torre Viasa.[56][57]

Several international companies and embassies are located in El Rosal and Las Mercedes, in the Caracas area. The city also serves as a hub for communication and transportation infrastructure between the metropolitan area and the rest of the country. Important industries in Caracas include chemicals, textiles, leather, food, iron, and wood products. There are also rubber and cement factories.[58] Its nominal GDP is US$70 billion and the GDP (PPP) per capita is US$24,000.[59]

A 2009 United Nations survey reported that the cost of living in Caracas was 89% of that of the survey's baseline city, New York.[60] However, this statistic is based upon a fixed currency-exchange-rate of 2003 and might not be completely realistic, due to the elevated inflation rates of the last several years.[61]

Tourism

Historic center of Caracas

In 2013, the World Economic Forum evaluated countries in terms of how successful they were in advertising campaigns to attract foreign visitors. Out of the 140 countries evaluated, Venezuela came last. A major factor that has contributed to the lack of foreign visitors has been poor transport for tourists. Venezuela has limited railway systems and airlines. High crime rates and the negative attitude of the Venezuelan population towards tourism also contributed to the poor evaluation.[62]

In an attempt to attract more foreign visitors, the Venezuelan Ministry of Tourism invested in multiple hotel infrastructures. The largest hotel investment has been in the Hotel Alba Caracas. The cost for the general maintenance of the north and south towers of the hotel is approximately 231.5 million Venezuelan bolivars. Although the Venezuelan Ministry of Tourism has taken the initiative to recognize the importance of the tourism industry, the Venezuelan government has not placed the tourism industry as an economic priority. In 2013, the budget for the Ministry of Tourism was only 173.8 million bolivars, while the Ministry of the Youth received approximately 724.6 million bolivars.[62] The tourism industry in Venezuela contributes approximately 3.8 percent of the country GDP. The World Economic Forum predicts Venezuela's GDP to rise to 4.2 percent by 2022.[63]

Government

On 8 March 2000, the year after a new constitution was introduced in Venezuela, it was decreed in Gaceta Official N° 36,906 that the Metropolitan District of Caracas would be created and that some of the powers of the Libertador, Chacao, Baruta, Sucre, and El Hatillo municipalities would be delegated to the Alcaldía Mayor, physically located in the large Libertador municipality, in the center of the city.[64] The Metropolitan District of Caracas was suppressed on 20 December 2017 by the Constituent National Assembly of Venezuela.[65]

Capital District

In the case of the Libertador Municipality of Caracas, the only member of the Capital District, the executive authority rests with the Head of Government of the Capital District, a position designated by the President of the Republic.

According to Article 3 of the Capital District Law, the legislative function is exercised directly by the Republic through the National Assembly of Venezuela.

Article 3. The special regime of the Capital District is a government system constituted by an executive body exercised by a Head of Government, and the legislative function will be in charge of the National Assembly.

Before the creation of the Metropolitan District, the Federal District (current Capital District) had a governor appointed by the President of the Republic, while the Caracas municipalities of the State of Miranda governed with their respective mayors in isolation, without any coordinating entity. In April 2009, the National Assembly reformed the Capital District Law, legalizing the constitution of a Head of Government or Governor for the Libertador municipality designated by the National Executive.

Using as an argument what is established in article 156 of the constitution:

Article 156. It is the competence of the National Public Power: 10. The organization and regime of the Capital District and federal dependencies.

Metropolitan District

Federal Legislative Palace, Seat of the National Parliament

The city of Caracas occupies the entirety of the Libertador municipality of the Capital District and part of the state of Miranda, specifically the municipalities of Baruta, Chacao, El Hatillo and Sucre, which until 2011 formed the Metropolitan District of Caracas, which enjoyed legal personality and autonomy within the limits of the Constitution and the law.

Until that year, the Metropolitan Mayor was the first civil, political and administrative authority of the city of Caracas, as well as the municipal mayors in each of the municipalities comprising it. The Metropolitan District of Caracas was organized in a system of municipal government at two levels: the metropolitan or district and the municipalities.

Landmarks

Media

  • Correo del Orinoco (2009)
  • El Nacional (Venezuela)
  • El Universal (Caracas)
  • Diario VEA
  • Diario 2001
  • Tal Cual
  • Diario Meridiano
  • TVes
  • Venevisión
  • Vale TV
  • Venezolana de Televisión
  • Televen
  • RCTV
  • ViVe
  • Globovisión
  • Avila TV
  • Telesur
  • Canal i
  • TV Familia
  • Catia TVe
  • Meridiano Televisión
  • Asamblea Nacional Televisión
  • Ve Plus TV


Culture

Municipal Theatre of Caracas

Caracas is Venezuela's cultural capital, with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and shopping centers. The city is home to many immigrants from Spain, Italy, Portugal, the Middle East, Germany, China, and other Latin American countries.[66][67][68][69]

Music

The Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra is based in Caracas. Originally a youth orchestra, it is connected with the Fundación Musical Simón Bolívar (FMSB), known colloquially as El Sistema, Venezuela's social action music programme. The Guardian wrote that the orchestra represented "a message of social inclusion and the manifest power of music to bring communities together".[70]

Sports

Professional sports teams in the city include the football clubs Caracas Fútbol Club, Deportivo Petare, Atlético Venezuela, SD Centro Italo Venezolano, Estrella Roja FC and Deportivo La Guaira. Deportivo Petare has reached the semi-finals of international tournaments, such as the Copa Libertadores, while the Caracas Fútbol Club has reached the quarterfinals.[citation needed] Baseball teams Tiburones de La Guaira and Leones del Caracas play at University Stadium, with a capacity of nearly 26,000 spectators.[71]

The football stadiums in the city include the Olympic Stadium, home to Caracas Fútbol Club and Deportivo La Guaira, with a capacity of 30,000 spectators, and the Brígido Iriarte Stadium, home to Atlético Venezuela, with a capacity of 12,000 spectators. In basketball, the Cocodrilos de Caracas play their games in the Poliedro de Caracas in the El Paraíso neighborhood.[citation needed]

Caracas is the seat of the National Institute of Sports and of the Venezuelan Olympic Committee. The city hosted the 1983 Pan American Games.[72]

Education

Simón Bolívar University, Caracas

Central University of Venezuela

Main page: Organization:Central University of Venezuela

The Central University of Venezuela (Universidad Central de Venezuela, UCV) is a public university founded in 1721: it is the oldest university in Venezuela.[73] The university campus was designed by architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva and declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.[74]

Simón Bolívar University

The Simón Bolívar University (Universidad Simón Bolívar, USB) is a public institution in Caracas that focuses on science and technology.

Other universities

  • Bolivarian Military University of Venezuela (Main Campus)
  • Universidad Católica Andrés Bello
  • Universidad Nacional Experimental de la Gran Caracas
  • Universidad Metropolitana
  • Universidad Nacional Experimental de las Artes (es) (UNEARTE)[75]
  • Universidad Monteávila
  • Universidad Nueva Esparta
  • Universidad Santa Maria
  • Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt
  • Universidad Nacional Experimental de las Fuerzas Armadas
  • Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez
  • Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela
  • Universidad José María Vargas
  • Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador
  • Universidad Experimental Politécnica Antonio José de Sucre

International schools

  • British School of Caracas
  • Colegio Internacional de Caracas
  • Escuela Campo Alegre
  • International Christian School
  • Tomchei Tmimim
  • Lycée Français de Caracas – Colegio Francia

Transport

Railway Caracas – Cúa

The Caracas Metro has been in operation since 27 March 1983. With 4 lines, 47 stations and about 10 more to be constructed. It covers a great part of the city and also has an integrated ticket system that combines the route of the Metro with those offered by the Metrobús, a bus service of the Caracas Metro. In 2010, the first segment of a new aerial cable car system opened, Metrocable[76] which feeds into the larger metro system.

Buses are the main means of mass transportation. There are two bus systems: the traditional system and the Metrobús. Other transportation services include the IFE train to and from the Tuy Valley cities of Charallave and Cúa; the Simón Bolívar International Airport, the biggest and most important in the country; the metro additional services Caracas Aerial Tramway and Los Teques Metro (connecting Caracas with the suburban city of Los Teques); and the Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda Air Base used by military aviation and government airplanes.[citation needed]

Highways and main roads

The largest concentration of road networks in the country is in the Caracas region and its surroundings, with a large network of highways and avenues in the Metropolitan District and urban, suburban and interurban roads. The road network has become a great crossroads between the West, the East and the Center of the country. Not very advantageous role for a city saturated with population and vehicles of all kinds, both from the same city and from its immediate area of influence (La Guaira State, Valles del Tuy, Guarenas-Guatire, Altos Mirandinos) and from other areas of the country.[citation needed]

Currently, a link is being built that will connect the Central Regional highway (at km 31) with the Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho highway (Kempis sector), in order to serve as a spillway to the city of Caracas and neighboring Guarenas and Guatire, so that vehicles that go from east to west or center, and vice versa, do not have the need to enter Caracas. The route of this highway would be from the vicinity of the Charallave airport, passing through Santa Lucía and going up to the Kempis area (between Guatire and Caucagua).[citation needed]

Traffic in the Caracas Region is very congested, since it is the city with the largest number of cars in the country, causing traffic jams at any time in the city and being over-saturated at peak hours, where Caracas residents last up to 3 hours to get out of congestion.[citation needed]

Caracas metro

Coche Station, Caracas Metro

It is one of the most important means of transportation in the city, since its 47 operating stations transport about 2 million people, according to official figures83 The Caracas Metro system covers the central area of the city from east to west, with lines that connect the southwest and with other surface systems of the Metro system (BusCaracas, MetroCable San Agustín) as well as the southeast (Cabletrén de Petare, Metrocable Mariche), Metrobús feeder routes in most of the stations, in addition to the expansion of lines existing stations (La Rinconada terminal station of line 3 and intermediate stations of the extension; interconnection of the Plaza Venezuela and Capuchinos stations – extension of line 2, better known as line 4, as well as the future interconnection with the Metro Guarenas Guatire system, which began with the Bello Monte station) and an appendix that extends to the city of Los Teques (capital of the Miranda state). The three stations that comprise this last line make up the Los Teques Metro System86. Both systems are operated by the company C. A. Metro de Caracas (Cametro)

The system inaugurated in 1983 has 71 km and with five lines, being one of the longest in Latin America and expansions of it are being built towards the towns of Guarenas and Guatire. The expansion plans also include the extension to the Baruta and Hatillo municipalities, as well as other metrocable systems in the city center.

BusCaracas

BusCaracas is a mass transit system that connects some areas of the Libertador municipality of Caracas. It began operations in October 201290, taking as a model other means of transportation such as the Trolemérida, and Transbarca. The work was undertaken by the Government of Venezuela through the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPVI), the company in charge of the construction was VIALPA, until its contract was cancelled and replaced by PILPERCA in 2010, and inaugurated on 3 October 2012. Also known as Line 7 of the Caracas subway has 11 stations with two connections to the subway system at La Hoyada and La bandera, lines 1 and 3 respectively.

Metrocable

Caracas Metrocable

The Caracas Metrocable is a cable car system integrated into the Caracas Metro, conceived in such a way that residents of Caracas neighborhoods usually located in mountainous areas can travel faster and safer to the city center. It works like a feeder route in the style of the metrobus.

In 2011, a new metrocable system was built in the Parroquia de San Agustín del Sur, where people can freely go and enjoy a view of a large part of Caracas.

Rail system

There is a national railway project, which aims to connect Caracas with the central area of the country. Currently, the Caracas-Cúa train service is operating, belonging to the Central Railway System of Venezuela "Ezequiel Zamora I". Inaugurated in 2006, it is the only railway section currently operating in Venezuela, according to the Instituto de Ferrocarriles del Estado (IFE). This commuter train line connects the city of Caracas with the towns of the Valles del Tuy (Charallave, Santa Lucía, Ocumare, Santa Teresa, Yare and Cúa) and runs for 41.4 kilometers.

The network begins its journey at the Libertador Simón Bolivar station in Caracas, located in La Rinconada and connected to line 3 of the Caracas metro. From the city it communicates with three other stations: Charallave Norte Francisco de Miranda and Charallave Sur Don Simón Rodríguez; both in the town of Charallave and ends at the Cúa General Ezequiel Zamora station (Cúa, Miranda).

Notable people

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Caracas is twinned with:


Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities

Caracas is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities from 12 October 1982.

See also

  • Greater Caracas
  • Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
  • List of metropolitan areas of Venezuela
  • Venezuela 60-day state of emergency

Notes and references

  1. ↑ "Postal Codes in Caracas". Páginas Amarillas Cantv. http://www.pac.com.ve/codigospostales/codigopostal.php?e=caracas. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Caracas, Presente y Futuro: Ideas para Transformar una Ciudad". Alcaldía de Caracas. 1995. 
  3. ↑ Martín Frechilla, Juan José (2004). Diálogos reconstruidos para una historia de la Caracas moderna. Caracas, Venezuela: CDCH UCV. 
  4. ↑ "Plaza Venezuela (Caracas) – Ciberturista" (in es-ES). Ciberturista. 2 January 2010. https://ciberturista.com/caracas/plaza-venezuela/. 
  5. ↑ Rodríguez, Verónica; Valero, Carla. "Una rayuela que se borra y se vuelve a dibujar cada día. Semblanza de lugar sobre la transformación urbanística y cultural de Sabana Grande.". Tesis de Grado. http://biblioteca2.ucab.edu.ve/anexos/biblioteca/marc/texto/AAS3970.pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Caracas". Caracas.eluniversal.com. http://caracas.eluniversal.com/2008/09/03/ccs_art_el-apagon-dejo-sus-s_1027497.shtml. 
  7. ↑ "The Skyscraper Center". http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/compare-data/submit?type%5B%5D=building&status%5B%5D=COM&status%5B%5D=UC&status%5B%5D=UCT&status%5B%5D=STO&status%5B%5D=OH&status%5B%5D=NC&status%5B%5D=PRO&status%5B%5D=VIS&status%5B%5D=DEM&base_region=0&base_country=0&base_city=1734&base_height_range=0&base_company=All&base_min_year=1900&base_max_year=9999&comp_region=0&comp_country=0&comp_city=0&comp_height_range=3&comp_company=All&comp_min_year=1960&comp_max_year=2019&skip_comparison=on&output%5B%5D=list&dataSubmit=Show+Results. 
  8. ↑ "Caracas The Skyscraper Center". http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/caracas. 
  9. ↑ Valentina Quintero. 1998. Venezuela. Corporación Venezolana de Turismo. Caracas. 118p.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Carácas". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Ferry, Robert J. (1989). The colonial elite of early Caracas: formation & crisis, 1567–1767. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0-585-28540-3. OCLC 45728929. 
  12. ↑ Layrisse, Miguel; Wilbert, Johannes; Arends, Tulio (1958). "Frequency of blood group antigens in the descendants of Guayquerí Indians". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 16 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330160304. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 13649899. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 Straka, Tomás; Guzmán Mirabal, Guillermo; Cáceres, Alejandro E. (2017). Historical dictionary of Venezuela. Rudolph, Donna Keyse (Third ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0949-6. OCLC 993810331. 
  14. ↑ McCudden, Mary Rose (May 2014). Britannica Student Encyclopedia : an A to Z Encyclopedia. [Chicago, Illinois]. pp. 36. ISBN 978-1-62513-172-0. OCLC 882262198. 
  15. ↑ John Lombardi, Venezuela, Oxford, England, 1982, p. 72.
  16. ↑ "George Somers, Amyas Preston and the Burning of Caracas". The Bermudian. http://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/1055-the-burning-of-caracas. 
  17. ↑ "The Connection between the United States Independence and the Hispanic American Independence Movement, and the Role Played by Some Key Books Published at the Beginning of the XIX Century". http://allanbrewercarias.net/Content/449725d9-f1cb-474b-8ab2-41efb849fea2/Content/I,%201,%201045.%20Brewer.%20THE%20ROLE%20OF%20SOME%20KEY%20BOOKS%20IN%20THE%20CONECTION%20BETWEEN%20THE%20U.S.%20INDEPENDENCE%20AND%20THE%20SPANISH.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Maurice Wiesenthal, The History and Geography of a Valley, 1981.
  19. ↑ "Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas". UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/986. 
  20. ↑ Sánchez, George Isidore (1963). The Development of Education in Venezuela. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. pp. 13. https://books.google.com/books?id=DiRO1cEYklgC. Retrieved 17 May 2020. 
  21. ↑ de Oviedo y Baños, José (2018). CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF VENEZUELA.. University of California Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-0-520-30135-1. OCLC 1031451450. 
  22. ↑ de Oviedo y Baños, José (1987). The conquest and settlement of Venezuela. Varner, Jeannette Johnson. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0-520-05851-8. OCLC 14240336. 
  23. ↑ Rowe, John Carlos (2000). Literary culture and U.S. imperialism : from the Revolution to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 413. ISBN 978-0-19-535123-1. OCLC 71801841. 
  24. ↑ "Himno a Caracas". https://htr.noticierodigital.com/2013/08/himno-a-caracas/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Parsons, James J. (1982). "The Northern Andean Environment". Mountain Research and Development 2 (3): 253–264. doi:10.2307/3673089. 
  26. ↑ Morris, A.S. (1978). "Urban Growth Patterns in Latin America with Illustrations from Caracas". Urban Studies 15 (3): 299–312. doi:10.1080/713702382. ISSN 0042-0980. 
  27. ↑ "Guaire River" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/place/Guaire-River. 
  28. ↑ Jaffe, Rudolf; Leal, Ivan; Alvarado, Jose; Gardinali, Piero; Sericano, José (1 December 1995). "Pollution effects of the Tuy River on the central Venezuelan coast: Anthropogenic organic compounds and heavy metals in Tivela mactroidea" (in en). Marine Pollution Bulletin 30 (12): 820–825. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(95)00087-4. ISSN 0025-326X. Bibcode: 1995MarPB..30..820J. 
  29. ↑ Aloui, Fethi; Dinçer, İbrahim (22 August 2018). Exergy for a better environment and improved sustainability. 2, Applications. Cham, Switzerland. p. 716. ISBN 978-3-319-62575-1. OCLC 1049802575. 
  30. ↑ Steward, Julian Haynes (1946). Handbook of South American Indians. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 475. https://books.google.com/books?id=oZgOAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 17 May 2020. 
  31. ↑ Dengo, Gabriel (1 January 1953). "Geology of the Caracas Region, Venezuela" (in en). GSA Bulletin 64 (1): 7–40. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[7:GOTCRV2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 1953GSAB...64....7D. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article-abstract/64/1/7/4533/GEOLOGY-OF-THE-CARACAS-REGION-VENEZUELA. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Weather Base – World Weather – Average Conditions – Caracas". BBC. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=61408&cityname=Caracas%2C+Venezuela&set=metric. 
  33. ↑ ""Llegó Pacheco" con su historia y origen" (in es-VE). 1 December 2017. http://www.televen.com/elnoticiero/llego-el-pacheco-con-su-historia-y-origen/. 
  34. ↑ "Caracas-La Carlota Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Venezuela/CSV/CaracasLaCalota_80416.csv. 
  35. ↑ "Caracas-La Carlota Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REGIII/VN/80416.TXT. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Archived copy". http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/distrito_capital.pdf. 
  37. ↑ Censo Nacional Deciembre 2014
  38. ↑ Hernández, Felipe; Kellett, Peter William; Allen, Lea K. (2010). Rethinking the informal city : critical perspectives from Latin America. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-84545-972-7. OCLC 647933862. 
  39. ↑ "List of cities by murder rate". seguridadjusticiaypaz.org.mx. http://www.seguridadjusticiaypaz.org.mx/biblioteca/prensa/send/6-prensa/231-caracas-venezuela-the-most-violent-city-in-the-world. 
  40. ↑ "Most Dangerous Cities in the World". 3 December 2021. http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-dangerous-cities-in-the-world.html. 
  41. ↑ Tait, Robert (28 January 2016). "Caracas, Venezuela named as the world's most violent city". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/12126593/Caracas-named-as-the-worlds-most-violent-city.html. 
  42. ↑ Grillo, Ioan. "Venezuela's Murder Epidemic Rages on Amid State of Emergency". Time (magazine). http://time.com/4341450/venezuela-state-of-emergency-murder-caracas/. Retrieved 22 April 2017. 
  43. ↑ Tegel, Simeon. "Venezuela's capital is world's most murderous city". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/01/29/venezuelas-capital-worlds-most-murderous-city/79508586/. 
  44. ↑ "Caracas World's Most Violent City: Report". 27 March 2017. http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/caracas-most-violent-city-in-the-world-2015-report. 
  45. ↑ Ramírez Miranda, Deivis (25 August 2010). "Caracas has become the deadliest city in the world". El Universal. http://english.eluniversal.com/2010/08/25/en_pol_esp_caracas-has-become-t_25A4380891.shtml. 
  46. ↑ "Los muertos que esconde Chávez" (in es). 2010-08-22. https://www.larazon.es/historico/1978-los-muertos-que-esconde-chavez-NLLA_RAZON_304563/. 
  47. ↑ "United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) – Murder rates (most recent year) – spreadsheet". http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/Homicide_statistics2012.xls. 
  48. ↑ "Most Dangerous Cities in the World". 27 September 2023. http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-dangerous-cities-in-the-world.html. 
  49. ↑ Woody, Christopher. "Venezuela admits homicides soared to 60 a day in 2016, making it one of the most violent countries in the world". http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/r-venezuela-says-murders-soared-to-60-per-day-in-2016-2017-3-1001887702. 
  50. ↑ "'98% Impunity Rate in Venezuela': Opposition". http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/venezuela-impunity-rate-at-98-percent. 
  51. ↑ Mendoza, Samuel. "Impunity and insecurity go hand in hand in Venezuela". http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/impunity-and-insecurity-hand-hand-venezuela_638461. 
  52. ↑ "Venezuela travel advice" (in en). 23 August 2023. https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/venezuela. 
  53. ↑ "Venezuela International Travel Information". 17 July 2023. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/Venezuela.html. 
  54. ↑ "Sitio Web PDVSA". Pdvsa.com. http://www.pdvsa.com/index.php?tpl=interface.en/design/biblioteca/publicaciones.tpl.html&newsid_temas=53. 
  55. ↑ "Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.". PDVSA. http://www.pdvsa.com/. 
  56. ↑ "World Airline Directory". Flight International. 30 March 1985. p. 130. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200990.html. 
  57. ↑ "World Airline Directory". Flight International. 26 March 1988. p. 125. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%200813.html?search=%22Virgin%20Atlantic%22. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}].
  58. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/. 
  59. ↑ "The Online Journal of McKinsey & Company". McKinsey Quarterly. http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/wrapper.aspx?ar=2758&story=true&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.mckinseyquarterly.com%2fCities_the_next_frontier_for_global_growth_2758%3fpagenum%3d1%23interactive&pgn=cine11_exhibit. 
  60. ↑ "Cost of Living Survey Report". http://icsc.un.org/resources/pdfs/2009/pp/Venezuela-09.pdf. 
  61. ↑ En_eco_art_venezuela With The H_13A884453 – 2007 – El Universal
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Blanke, Jennifer; Chiesa, Thea (2013). "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013". World Economic Forum. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf. 
  63. ↑ MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ, M. (2013). Venezuela: un destino nada chévere. Debates IESA, 18(4), 73–75.
  64. ↑ Goldfrank, Benjamin (2011) (in en). Deepening Local Democracy in Latin America: Participation, Decentralization, and the Left. Penn State Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-271-07451-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=_AqJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT190. Retrieved 6 June 2017. 
  65. ↑ "ANC aprobó supresión y liquidación del Área Metropolitana de Caracas" (in es). El Nacional. 20 December 2017. http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/gobierno/anc-aprobo-supresion-liquidacion-del-area-metropolitana-caracas_216247. 
  66. ↑ Ingham, James (20 April 2007). "Americas | Airships to tackle Caracas crime". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6576413.stm. 
  67. ↑ "Venezuela". Travel.state.gov. https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1059.html. 
  68. ↑ "Venezuela Warnings or Dangers – Travel Guide". VirtualTourist.com. http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/South_America/Venezuela/Warnings_or_Dangers-Venezuela-BR-1.html. 
  69. ↑ Feinman, Sacha (27 November 2006). "Crime and class in Caracas". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2154426. 
  70. ↑ MacLeod, Murdo; Tilden, Imogen (25 August 2023). "The Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra at the Edinburgh festival – in pictures". https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2023/aug/25/the-simon-bolivar-symphony-orchestra-at-the-edinburgh-festival-in-pictures. 
  71. ↑ "Estadio Universitario". http://www.ucv.ve/organizacion/fundaciones-asociaciones-y-centros/fundacionucv/instalaciones/estadio-universitario.html. 
  72. ↑ Litsky, Frank (14 August 1983). "Pan Am Games Open Today in Caracas". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/14/sports/pan-am-games-open-today-in-caracas.html. 
  73. ↑ Abner J. Colmenares, "Urban and Real Estate Development of the Central University of Venezuela's Rental Zone", in Wim Wiewel and David C. Perry, eds., Global Universities and Urban Development: Case Studies and Analysis (Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 181. ISBN:9780765638922
  74. ↑ "Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas" (in en). Unesco. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/986/. 
  75. ↑ "UNEARTE". http://www.unearte.edu.ve/. 
  76. ↑ "Caracas Metro Cable". http://www.urbanrail.net/am/cara/pix/caracas-gallery5.htm. 
  77. ↑ "La gran familia de A Coruña: la ciudad está hermanada con siete lugares por todo el mundo" (in es). El Español. https://www.elespanol.com/quincemil/articulos/actualidad/la-gran-familia-de-a-coruna-la-ciudad-esta-hermanada-con-siete-lugares-por-todo-el-mundo. 
  78. ↑ "Hermanamientos" (in es). Adeje. https://www.adeje.es/alcalde/hermanamientos. 
  79. ↑ "City policy resolutions". City and County of Honolulu. August 2017. p. 10. https://www.honolulu.gov/rep/site/ocs/ocs_docs/170802_2017_Feb-June_POLICY_RESOS_INDEX.pdf. 
  80. ↑ "Agreements with cities". Madrid. https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437. 
  81. ↑ "Extracto de los acuerdos adoptados por el consejo de gobierno en sesión ejecutiva extraordinaria celebrada el día 5 de febrero de 2007" (in es). Melilla. 5 February 2007. https://www.melilla.es/melillaportal/RecursosWeb/DOCUMENTOS/1/0_908_1.pdf. 
  82. ↑ "New Orleans becomes sister city with namesake". KPLC News. 8 January 2018. https://www.kplctv.com/story/37219911/new-orleans-becomes-sister-cities-with-namesake/. 
  83. ↑ "Alcaldía de Panamá firma Acuerdo de Hermanamiento con Alcaldía de Caracas" (in es). 7 April 2015. https://runrun.es/nacional/inbox/196597/alcaldia-de-panama-firma-acuerdo-de-hermanamiento-con-alcaldia-de-caracas/. 
  84. ↑ "Relaciones con otras ciudades" (in es). Rosario. https://www.rosario.gob.ar/inicio/relaciones-con-otras-ciudades. 
  85. ↑ "Lei Nº 5919 DE 17/07/2015" (in pt). Legisweb. 19 May 2017. https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=287203. 
  86. ↑ "La alcaldesa de Santa Cruz recibe a la Reina del Hogar Canario Venezolano" (in es). Santa Cruz de Tenerife. 21 February 2020. https://www.santacruzdetenerife.es/web/noticias-y-agenda/noticias/detalle-noticia/la-alcaldesa-de-santa-cruz-recibe-a-la-reina-del-hogar-canario-venezolano. 
  87. ↑ "Breve que te quiero breve" (in es). El Nacional. 13 April 2015. https://elnacional.com.do/breve-que-te-quiero-breve-645/. 
  88. ↑ "گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا" (in fa). Iranian Students' News Agency. 21 March 2018. https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7. 
  89. ↑ "Vigo y el museo Julio Verne" (in es). Vigo E. 14 February 2018. https://www.vigoe.es/viajes/internacional/vigo-y-el-museo-julio-verne/. 

Further reading

External links

  • Caracas travel guide from Wikivoyage



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