Religion:Date of birth of Jesus

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Short description: Hypothetical date of birth of Jesus

The date of birth of Jesus is not stated in the gospels or in any historical reference, but most biblical scholars assume a year of birth between 6 and 4 BC.[1] The historical evidence is too incomplete to allow a definitive dating,[2] but the year is estimated through three different approaches: (A) by analyzing references to known historical events mentioned in the nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew, (B) by working backward from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus,[3][4] and (C) astrological or astronomical alignments.[5] The common Christian traditional dating of the birthdate of Jesus was 25 December, a date first asserted officially by Pope Julius I in 350 AD, although this claim is dubious or otherwise unfounded.[6] The day or season has been estimated by various methods, including the description of shepherds watching over their sheep.[4]

Year of birth

Nativity accounts

The nativity accounts in the New Testament gospels of Matthew and Luke do not mention a date or time of year for the birth of Jesus.[lower-alpha 1] Karl Rahner states that the authors of the gospels generally focused on theological elements rather than historical chronologies.[7]

Both Luke and Matthew associate Jesus' birth with the time of Herod the Great.[7] Matthew 2:1 states that "Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king". He also implies that Jesus could have been as much as two years old at the time of the visit of the Magi, because Herod ordered the murder of all boys up to the age of two years, "in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi". Matthew 2:16[8] In addition, if the phrase "about 30" in Luke 3:23 is interpreted to mean 32 years old, this could fit a date of birth just within the reign of Herod, who died in 4 BC.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

Luke 1:5 mentions the reign of Herod shortly before the birth of Jesus,[4] and places the birth during the Census of Quirinius, which the Jewish historian Josephus described as taking place circa AD 6 in his book Antiquities of the Jews (written c. AD 93),[7] by indicating that Cyrenius/Quirinius' governorship of Syria began in AD 6 and a census took place during his tenure sometime between AD 6–7.[lower-alpha 2][15][16][lower-alpha 3] Since Herod died many years before this census, most scholars discount the census and generally accept a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC, the year in which Herod died.[1][4][7] Tertullian believed, some two centuries later, that a number of censuses were performed throughout the Roman world under Sentius Saturninus at the same time.[16][15][17] Some biblical scholars and commentators believe the two accounts can be harmonized,[18][19] arguing that the text in Luke can be read as "registration before Quirinius was governor of Syria", i.e., that Luke was actually referring to a completely different census.[lower-alpha 4]

Other gospel evidence

Dispute of Jesus and the Pharisees, by James Tissot, c. 1890

Another approach to estimating the year of birth is based on an attempt to work backwards from the point when Jesus began preaching, using the statement in Luke 3:23 that he was "about 30 years of age" at that time.[20] Jesus began to preach after being baptized by John the Baptist, and based on Luke's gospel John only began baptizing people in "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" (Luke 3:1–2), which scholars estimate would place the year at about AD 28–29.[20][21][22][23][24] By working backwards from this, it would appear that Jesus was probably born no later than 1 BC.[3][20][23] Another theory is that Herod's death was as late as after the January eclipse of 1 BC[25] or even AD 1[26] after the eclipse that occurred in 1 December BC.[27]

This date is independently confirmed by John's reference in John 2:20 to the Temple being in its 46th year of construction when Jesus began his ministry during Passover, which corresponds to around 27–29 AD according to scholarly estimates.[28]

Theories based on the Star of Bethlehem

Most scholars regard the Star of Bethlehem account to be a pious fiction, of literary and theological value, rather than historical. Nonetheless, attempts have been made to interpret it as an astronomical event, which might then help date Jesus' birth through the use of ancient astronomical records, or modern astronomical calculations. The first such attempt was made by Johannes Kepler who interpreted the account to describe a Great Conjunction of the planets Jupiter and Saturn.

University of Cambridge Professor Colin Humphreys has argued in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society that a comet in the early 5 BC was likely the "Star of Bethlehem", putting Jesus' birth in or near April, 5 BC.[29]

Other astronomical events have been considered, including a close planetary conjunction between Venus and Jupiter in 2 BC.[30]

Day and season

Despite the modern celebration of Christmas in December, neither the Gospel of Luke nor Gospel of Matthew mention a season for Jesus' birth. Scholarly arguments have been made regarding whether shepherds would have been grazing their flock during the winter, with some scholars challenging a winter birth for Jesus[31] and some defending the idea by citing the mildness of winters in Judea and rabbinic rules regarding sheep near Bethlehem before February.[4][32][33]

Alexander Murray of History Today argues that the celebration of Christmas as the birth day of Jesus is based on a date of a pagan feast rather than historical analysis.[34] Saturnalia, the Roman feast for Saturn, was associated with the winter solstice. But Saturnalia was held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities only up through 23 December. The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn and in the Roman Forum, as well as a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms. The Roman festival of Natalis Solis Invicti has also been suggested, since it was celebrated on 25 December and was associated with some prominent emperors.[35] It is likely that such a Christian feast was chosen for Christ's marked contrast and triumph over paganism; indeed, new converts who attempted to introduce pagan elements into the Christian celebrations were sharply rebuked.[36]

Alternatively, 25 December may have been selected owing to its proximity to the winter solstice because of its symbolic theological significance. After the solstice, the days begin to lengthen with longer hours of sunlight, which Christians see as representing the Light of Christ entering the world. This symbolism applies equally to the celebration of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist on 24 June, near the summer solstice, based on John's remark about Jesus "He must increase; I must decrease." John 3:30 NRSV.[37]

In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the Lord's Day (Sunday) was the earliest Christian celebration and included a number of theological themes. In the 2nd century, the Resurrection of Jesus became a separate feast (now called Easter) and in the same century Epiphany began to be celebrated in the Eastern Churches on 6 January.[38] The festival of the Nativity which later turned into Christmas was a 4th-century feast in the Western Church notably in Rome and North Africa, although it is uncertain exactly where and when it was first celebrated.[39]

The earliest source stating 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus is likely a book by Hippolytus of Rome, written in the early 3rd century.[40] He based his view on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the Spring equinox which Hippolytus placed on 25 March, and then added nine months to calculate the date of birth. That date was then used for the Christmas celebration.[41] 25 March would also roughly be the date of his crucifixion, which ancient Christians would have seen as confirming the date of his birth, since many people of that era held the belief that the great prophets were conceived into the afterlife on the same date they were conceived into the world.[citation needed] Ignacio L. Götz suggests that Jesus could have been born "in the late spring of the year because pregnancies began in the fall after the harvests were in and there was enough money for a wedding feast."[42] John Chrysostom argued for a 25 December date in the late 4th century, basing his argument on the assumption that the offering of incense mentioned in Luke 1:8–11 refers to the offering of incense by a high priest on Yom Kippur (early October), and, as above, counting fifteen months forward. However, this was very likely a retrospective justification of a choice already made rather than a genuine attempt to derive the correct birth date.[43] John Chrysostom also writes in his homily on the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ (Εἰς τὸ γενέθλιον τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡµῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ) that the date of 25 December was well known from the beginning among Westerners.[44]

Other sources stating 25 December as the date of Jesus are:

  • Evodius in an epistle reported in part by Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos in his Ecclesiastical History II, 3[lower-alpha 5]
  • Saint Jerome described a commentary by Victorinus of Pettau on papers by Alexander of Jerusalem:[45]
    We have found, among the papers of Alexander, who was Bishop in Jerusalem, what he transcribed in his own hand from apostolic documents: on the eighth day before the calends of January Our Lord Jesus Christ was born, during the consulate of Sulpicius and Camerinus [sic: Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus was consul in AD 9]
  • Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea, as reported in Historia Ecclesiae Christi (or Centuriae Magdeburgenses, cent. II. chapter VI[lower-alpha 6]

Lastly, 25 December might be a reference to the date of the Feast of Dedication, which occurs on 25 Kislev of the Jewish calendar. This would require that early Christians simply translated Kislev directly to December.[citation needed]

Research done by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints generally places the birth of Jesus at some point in early to mid April,[46] whereas September or late March have been suggested by theologian, biblical scholar and author Ian Paul.[47]

Shia view

In the Shia hadith compilation Tuhaf al-Uqul the sixth imam, Jafar As Sadiq says the following when approached about the birth of Christ during Christmas,

"They have lied. Rather, it was in the middle of June. The day and night become even in the middle of March".

This statement of his does not literally mean it was on June 15th but it is in reference to a day near the Spring Equinox.[48]

See also


References

Notes

  1. ↑ Rahner 1975, p. 731 states that the gospels do not, in general, provide enough details of dates to satisfy the demands of modern historians. Most mainline scholars do not see the Luke and Matthew nativity stories as historically factual; Marcus Borg in Borg & Wright 2009, p. 179 states "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual." Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998, p. 499 state, "There is very little in the two infancy narratives that reflects historical reminiscence." For this reason, they do not consider them a reliable method for determining Jesus' date of birth. See also Sanders 1993, pp. 85-88
  2. ↑ Josephus 1854, Book 18, Chapters 1–2 indicates that the census under Cyrenius (another form of the name "Quirinius") occurred in the 37th year after Octavian's (i.e., Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus') victory over Marcus Antonius at the Battle of Actium, which secular historical records date to 2 September 31 BC. Therefore 31 BC + 37 years which is AD 6–7. Most scholars therefore believe Luke made an error when referring to the census.(Archer 1982)
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MoreScholars
  4. ↑ In the words of Vermes 2006, pp. 28–30 these arguments have been rejected by the mainstream as "exegetical acrobatics", springing from the assumption that the Bible is inerrant,(Novak 2001) and most scholars have concluded that Luke's account is an error.(Brown 1978)
  5. ↑ Translation: He [Evodius] says the period from the nativity of Christ unto the passing of the mother of God was forty-four years; but the whole of her life, fifty-nine years. This sum obtains if it was in fact the case that she was presented at the temple when she was three years old and there in the holy precincts spent eleven years. Then, by the priest’s hands was placed in the custody of Joseph, with whom she resided four months when she received the joyful announcement from the angel Gabriel. However, she gave birth to the Light of this World, the twenty-fifth day of the month of December, being fifteen years of age.
  6. ↑ ut Theophilus indicat: Quid nobis necesse est ad lunae computum cum Iudaeis Pascha facere? Quin sicut Domini natalem, quocunque die VIII Calendarum Ianuarii venerit; ita et VIII Calendarum Aprilis, quando resurrectio accidit, Christi debemus Pascha celebrare.

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dunn 2003, p. 344.
  2. ↑ Doggett 2006, p. 579.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Maier 1989, pp. 113–129.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Niswonger 1992, p. 121–124.
  5. ↑ Molnar 1999, p. 104.
  6. ↑ Pearse 2018.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Rahner 1975, p. 731.
  8. ↑ Freed 2001, p. 119.
  9. ↑ Barnes 1968, pp. 204–209.
  10. ↑ Bernegger 1983, pp. 526–531.
  11. ↑ Gelb 2013, p. 140.
  12. ↑ Martin 1989, pp. 93–94.
  13. ↑ Schürer, Vermès & Millar 1973, p. 328.
  14. ↑ Steinmann 2009, pp. 1–29.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kokkinos 1989, pp. 133-165.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Evans 1973, pp. 24-39.
  17. ↑ Rhees 2007, Section 54.
  18. ↑ Archer 1982, p. 366.
  19. ↑ Bruce 1984, pp. 87–88.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009, p. 114.
  21. ↑ Freedman & Myers 2000, p. 249.
  22. ↑ Evans 2003, pp. 67–69.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Novak 2001, pp. 302–303.
  24. ↑ Hoehner 1977, pp. 29–37.
  25. ↑ Revillo, Juan, & Keyser, John. "Did Herod the 'Great' Really Die in 4 BC?". http://www.hope-of-israel.org/herodsdeath.html. 
  26. ↑ "Where Was Jesus Born?". http://www.khouse.org/enews_article/2005/1008/print/. 
  27. ↑ Pratt, John. "Yet Another Eclipse for Herod". http://www.ips-planetarium.org/?page=a_pratt1990. 
  28. ↑ Scarola 1998, pp. 61-81.
  29. ↑ Humphreys 1991, pp. 389-407.
  30. ↑ Mosley, J. (1981). "Common Errors in 'Star of Bethlehem' Planetarium Shows". The Planetarian (Third Quarter). https://www.ips-planetarium.org/general/custom.asp?page=a_mosley1981. 
  31. ↑ "When was Jesus born? | Bibleinfo.com" (in en). http://www.bibleinfo.com/en/questions/when-was-jesus-born. 
  32. ↑ Morris 1988, p. 93.
  33. ↑ Freed 2001, pp. 136-137.
  34. ↑ Murray, Alexander, "Medieval Christmas", History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
  35. ↑ Bishop Jacob Bar-Salabi (cited in Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, Ramsay MacMullen. Yale:1997, p. 155)
  36. ↑ Talley 1991, p. 88-91.
  37. ↑ "Why do we celebrate Jesus' birth on December 25? - Catholic Answers". https://www.catholic.com/qa/why-do-we-celebrate-jesus-birth-on-december-25. 
  38. ↑ Espín & Nickoloff 2007, p. 237.
  39. ↑ Vischer 2003, pp. 400–401.
  40. ↑ Schmidt, T. C. (2010). Hippolytus of Rome: Commentary on Daniel.
  41. ↑ Mills, Bullard & McKnight 1990, p. 142.
  42. ↑ Castro, Joseph; published, Jessica Leggett (19 November 2021). "When Was Jesus Born?" (in en). https://www.livescience.com/42976-when-was-jesus-born.html. 
  43. ↑ Beckwith 2001, p. 72.
  44. ↑ "On the Day of the Birth of Our Savior Jesus Christ" by St. John Chrysostom. 1, para. 1
  45. ↑ Chapman 1907, p. 591.
  46. ↑ "Dating the Birth of Christ" (in en). https://byustudies.byu.edu/article/dating-the-birth-of-christ/. 
  47. ↑ "When Was Jesus Really Born? Not Dec. 25" (in en). 2021-12-23. https://people.howstuffworks.com/when-was-jesus-born.htm. 
  48. ↑ Berkeley Institute,A Green Christmas: Jesus’ Birthdate In The Islamic Tradition, Bilal Muhammad, January 16, 2020, Retrieved June 22, 2022

Sources


Further reading

External links



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