Religion:List of new religious movements
A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern[clarification needed] origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.[1]:29[2][3]
A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.[4] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.[5]:17 Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.[1]:vii–xv
List
Name | Founder | Founded | Type | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
3HO | Harbhajan Singh Khalsa | 1969 |
Sikh | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:131 |
Adidam, previously Free Daist Communion, Dawn Horse Fellowship, etc. | Adi Da | 1972 |
Neo-Hindu-inspired | [Clarke 2006]:2–3 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:6–7 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:146, 6–7 [Lewis 1998]:25–28 |
Adonai-Shomo | Frederick T. Howland | 1861 |
Adventist Communal |
[Melton 2003]:707 [Lewis 1998]:28 |
Adonism | Franz Sättler | 1925 |
Modern Pagan | [6]:4 |
Adventures in Enlightenment, A Foundation | Terry Cole-Whittaker | 1985 |
Religious Science | [Lewis 1998]:28–29 |
The African Church | Jacob Kehinde Coker | 1901 |
Anglican | [Chryssides 2001]:26[7] |
African initiated churches | Multiple | 1800s |
Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous | [Chryssides 2001]:26–27 |
African Theological Archministry, previously Order of Damballah Hwedo Ancestor Priests, Shango Temple, and Yoruba Temple | Walter Eugene King | 1973 |
Afro-American Voodoo |
[Melton 2003]:934 [Lewis 1998]:31 |
Agasha Temple of Wisdom | Richard Zenor | 1943 |
Spiritualism | [Melton 2003]:764 [Lewis 1998]:32 |
Agni Yoga (Roerichism) | Helena Roerich, Nicholas Roerich | 1920 |
Neo-Theosophical | [Melton 2003]:876 [Lewis 1998]:32 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:16–17 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:6 |
Ahmadiyya | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad | 1889 |
Messianic Islam | [Lewis 1998]:32–33 [Chryssides 2001]:27–28 [Melton 2003]:985 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:6 |
Aiyy Faith, previously Kut-Siur:62 | Lazar Afanasyev alias Téris | 1990 |
Modern Pagan Neo-Tengrist |
[8]:62[8]:57 |
Aladura | Josiah Ositelu | 1930 |
Pentecostal | [Melton 2003][Chryssides 2001]:28–29, 517 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:7 |
Alamo Christian Foundation, a.k.a. Alamo Christian Church, Consecrated, Alamo Christian Ministries, and Music Square Church | Tony Alamo; Susan Alamo | 1969 |
Fundamentalist Communal |
[Lewis 1998]:33–34 [Chryssides 2001]:29 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:13 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:7 |
Altruria | Edward Biron Payne | 1894 |
Christian Communal |
[Melton 2003]:707 [Lewis 1998]:34–35 |
American Buddhist Movement | 1980 |
Western Buddhism | [Melton 2003]:1116 [Lewis 1998]:35–36 | |
American Buddhist Society and Fellowship, Inc. | Robert Ernest Dickhoff | 1945 |
Tibetan Buddhism | [Melton 2003]:1102 [Lewis 1998]:36 |
American World Patriarchs | Uladyslau Ryzy-Ryski | 1972 |
Eastern Orthodox | [Melton 2003]:309 [Lewis 1998]:37–38 |
Amica Temple of Radiance | Ivah Berg Whitten | 1932 |
Neo-Theosophical | [Melton 2003]:876 [Lewis 1998]:38 |
Ananda Ashrama | Paramananda | 1923 |
Neo-Hindu Neo-Vedanta |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]:29–30 |
Ananda movement, incl. Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies and Ananda Church of Self-Realization | Kriyananda | 1968 |
Neo-Hindu Self-Realization Fellowship |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]:33–34 |
Anandamayee Sangha, officially, Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha | Anandamayi Ma | 1920s |
Neo-Hindu | [Jones & Ryan 2007]:32 |
Ancient British Church in North America | Jonathan V. Zotique | 1976 |
Homosexually oriented Christian | [Melton 2003]:1142 [Lewis 1998]:43 |
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis | H. Spencer Lewis | 1915 |
Rosicrucianism | [Lewis 1998]:42–43 [Chryssides 2001]:31 [Melton 2003]:841 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:11 |
Ancient Teachings of the Masters (ATOM) | Darwin Gross | 1983 |
Sant Mat Eckankar |
[Melton 2003]:1054 [Clarke 2006]:32–33, 508 [Lewis 1998]:43 |
Anglo-Saxon Federation of America | Howard B. Rand | 1928 |
British Israelism | [Melton 2003]:651 [Lewis 1998]:43–44 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:13 |
Ansaaru Allah Community | As Siddid Al Imaan Al Haahi Al Mahdi | 1960s, late |
Black Islam | [Melton 2003]:986–987, 986–987 [Lewis 1998]:44 |
Ant Hill Kids, a.k.a. Holy Moses Mountain Family | Roch Thériault | 1977 |
Seventh-day Adventist | [9][10] |
Antiochian Catholic Church in America | Gordon Mar Peter | 1980s |
Independent Catholic Monophysite |
[Melton 2003]:241 [Lewis 1998]:47 |
Antoinism | Louis-Joseph Antoine | 1910 |
Christian Healing | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992] |
Apostles of Infinite Love, a.k.a. The Order of Magnificat of the Mother of God | Michel Collin, Jean-Gaston Tremblay |
1961 |
Catholic | [11] |
Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean) | Samuel Heinrich Froehlich | 1906 |
European Free-Church | [Melton 2003]:548 [Lewis 1998]:47–48 |
Apostolic Christian Church of America | Samuel Heinrich Froehlich | 1830 |
European Free-Church | [Melton 2003]:548 [Lewis 1998]:47–48 |
Apostolic Church | Daniel Powell Williams | 1916 |
Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:23 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:15 |
Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal) | Johnnie Draft; Wallace Snow | 1969 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:464 [Lewis 1998]:48 |
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God | William Thomas Phillips | 1920 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:465 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:16 |
Arcane School | Alice and Foster Bailey | 1937 |
Neo-Theosophical | [Melton 2003]:857 [Chryssides 2001]:38 |
Arica School | Oscar Ichazo | 1968 |
Sufism | [Melton 2003]:971 [Chryssides 2001]:38–39 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:17 |
Art of Living Foundation, a.k.a. Association for Inner Growth and 'Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Preeth' | Ravi Shankar | 1981/1982 |
Neo-Hindu | [Jones & Ryan 2007]:45–46 [Melton 2003]:1004 |
Arya Samaj | Dayananda Saraswati | 1875 |
Neo-Hindu | [Melton 2003]:1004 [Chryssides 2001]:40–41 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:45–46 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:18 |
Aryan Nations, a.k.a. Church of Jesus Christ Christian | Wesley Swift | 1940s, late |
British Israelism | [Melton 2003]:654 [Chryssides 2001]:91 |
Ásatrú Folk Assembly | Stephen McNallen | 1970s |
Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Heathenry |
[12] |
Assemblies of God | merger | 1914 |
Pentecostal | [13]:106 [Chryssides 2001]:41–42 [Clarke 2006]:48[13]:106 |
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ | merger | 1952 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:466 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:18 |
Assembly of Christian Soldiers | Jessie L. Thrift | 1971 |
Christian Identity Ku Klux Klan |
[Melton 2003]:1131 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:21 |
Assembly of Man | Franklin Merrell-Wolff | 1928 |
Eastern and Western esotericism | [14] |
Association for Research and Enlightenment | Edgar Cayce | 1931 |
Occult | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:31 [Chryssides 2001]:42–43 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:21 |
Association of Vineyard Churches, a.k.a. Vineyard Movement | John Wimber | 1982 |
Neo-charismatic Trinitarian Pentecostal |
[Melton 2003]:446 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:316 |
Aumism | Gilbert Bourdin | 1969 |
Syncretistic Esoteric-Hinduism | [15]:217[15]:222, 218[15]:215 |
Aum Shinrikyo, a.k.a. Aleph | Shoko Asahara | 1987 |
Japanese Japanese Buddhism |
[Melton 2003]:1073[16] [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:23 [Chryssides 2001]:44–45[17] |
Ausar Auset Society | R.A. Straughn | 1970s, mid |
Rosicrucianism | [Melton 2003]:842 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:24 |
Azali or Azali Babi | Subh-i-Azal | 1863 |
Babism | [18]:246 |
Baháʼí Faith | Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-'Alí Nuri) | 1863 |
Babism-Millenarian | [Chryssides 2001]:48–49 [Clarke 2006]:58–56 [Melton 2003]:992[19] [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:25–26 [Miller 1995]:243–248 |
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship | Bawa Muhaiyaddeen | 1971 |
Sufism | [Melton 2003]:972 [Chryssides 2001]:50–51 |
Bethel Ministerial Association | Albert Franklin Varnell | 1934 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:466 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:32 |
Bible Presbyterian Church | Carl McIntire | 1938 |
Reformed Presbyterian | [Melton 2003]:370 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:33 |
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ | schism | 1957 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:466 [Lewis 1998]:77 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:34 |
Biosophy | Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler, F. W. J. Schelling | 1806 |
[20][21] | |
Blackburn Cult, a.k.a. Divine Order of the Royal Arms of the Great Eleven | May Otis Blackburn | 1922 |
Modern Pagan New Thought |
[22]:1[22]:35 |
Brahma Kumaris | Dada Lekhraj | 1936/1937 |
Neo-Hindu | [Chryssides 2001]:56–57[23] [Melton 2003]:1006 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:89–91 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:37 |
Brahmo Samaj, a.k.a. Adi Dharm | Ram Mohan Roy | 1828 |
Neo-Hindu Unitarian Universal |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]:92–93[24]:1:1028–30, 93[25] |
Brahmoism (Brahmo Dharma) | Debendranath Tagore | 1848/1850 |
Neo-Hindu Unitarian Universal |
[25]:43–57 |
Branch Davidians | Benjamin Roden | 1930 |
Seventh-day Adventist Shepherd's Rod |
[Melton 2003]:617 [Chryssides 2001]:59 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:38 |
Branhamism | William M. Branham | 1951 |
Pentecostal | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:37–40 |
Breatharians a.k.a. Inedia | Wiley Brooks | 1970s |
Hindu-influenced | [Chryssides 2001]:60–61[26]:30 |
The Brethren (Jim Roberts group), a.k.a. The Body of Christ and The Garbage Eaters | Jimmie T. Roberts | 1970, circa |
Unclassified Christian Churches | [Melton 2003]:1131–1132 |
British Israelism, a.k.a. Anglo-Israelism | 1870s |
[Chryssides 2001]:61–62 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:39–40 | ||
Bruderhof, a.k.a. the Hutterian Brethren and Hutterian Society of Brothers | Eberhard Arnold | 1920, circa |
Communal | [Melton 2003]:709 [Chryssides 2001]:63–64[27]:709 |
Brunstad Christian Church | Johan Oscar Smith | 1905 |
Evangelical Non-denominational Christian |
[28] [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:269–270[28] |
Builders of the Adytum | Paul Foster Case | 1922 |
Ritual magic | [Melton 2003]:891 [Chryssides 2001]:67–68 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:41–42 |
Burkhanism or Ak Jang | Chet Chelpan; Chugul Sarok Chandyk | 1904 |
Altaian Millenarian-Indigenist Tengrist |
[29] |
Cao Dai, a.k.a. Dai Dao Tam Ky Pho Do | Ngô Văn Chiêu, Lê Văn Trung | 1919 |
Syncretistic Vietnamese Millenarian |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:61 [Chryssides 2001]:69–70 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:44 |
Cargo cults | 1885 |
Syncretistic Millenarian-Indigenist |
[Chryssides 2001]:70 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:62 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:45 | |
Carlebach movement | Shlomo Carlebach | 1960s, late |
Neo-Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism | [24]:7:4868–74 |
Celestial Church of Christ | Samuel Oshoffa | 1947 |
Indigenist Pentecostal |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:64 [Chryssides 2001]:73 |
The Centers Network | 1981 | [Chryssides 2001]:73–74 | ||
Chabad, a.k.a. Chabad-Lubavitch | Shneur Zalman of Liadi | 1775 |
Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism | [Chryssides 2001]:70 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:206,368 |
Charismatic Movement, a.k.a. neo-Pentecostalism | 1950s/1960s |
Charismatic Christian | [Clarke 2006]:106–108[30] [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:70 [Chryssides 2001]:78 | |
Chen Tao, a.k.a. God's Salvation Church and God Saves the Earth Flying Saucer Foundation | Hon-Ming Chen | 1955 |
UFO religion | [Chryssides 2001]:78–79[31] |
Cheondoism, a.k.a. Chendogyo | Choe Je-u | 1905 |
[Chryssides 2001]:80–81 | |
Cherubim and Seraphim, a.k.a. Sacred Cherubim and Seraphim Society and Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim | Moses Orimolade Tunolase | 1925, circa |
African Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:65 [Chryssides 2001]:79 |
Children of Thunder | Glenn Taylor Helzer | 2000 |
Latter-day Saint Movement | [32] |
Christ Apostolic Church | Joseph Ayo Babalola | 1941 |
Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:479 [Chryssides 2001]:82–83 |
Christadelphians, a.k.a. Thomasites | John Thomas | 1844 |
Baptist family Restorationism |
[Chryssides 2001]:81–82 [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:48 [Melton 2003]:107 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:50 |
The Christian Community, a.k.a. the Christian Community Church and Christengemeinschaft | Rudolf Steiner Friedrich Rittelmeyer |
1922 |
Anthroposophy | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:70 [Chryssides 2001]:83 |
Christian Reformed Church in North America | Gijsbert Haan | 1857 |
Reformed Presbyterian | [Melton 2003]:365 [Chryssides 2001]:86 |
Christian Science | Mary Baker Eddy | 1876 |
Christian Faith healing New Thought |
[Chryssides 2001]:86–87. [Melton 2003]:741[33] |
Christian World Liberation Front, a.k.a. the Spiritual Counterfeits Project | Jack Sparks, Fred Dyson, Pat Matrisciana |
1969 |
Christian Fundamentalist-Millenarian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:76 [Chryssides 2001]:87–88 |
Church of All Worlds | Tim Zell, Lance Christie |
1962 |
Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]:909 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:58 [Chryssides 2001]:88–89 |
Church of Aphrodite (defunct) | Gleb Botkin | 1939 |
Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]:911 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:58 |
Church of Bible Understanding | Stewart Traill | 1971 |
Adventist Fundamentalist |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:79 [Chryssides 2001]:89–90 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:59 |
Church of Euthanasia | Chris Korda, Robert Kimberk |
1992 |
Parody Religion | [34] |
Church of Daniel's Band | 1893 |
Non-Episcopal Methodism | [Melton 2003]:395 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:61 | |
Church of Divine Science | Malinda Cramer | 1888 |
New Thought Faith healing |
[Miller 1995]:326 |
Church of God in Christ | Charles H. Mason | 1908 |
Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:85 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:62 |
The Church of God (Jerusalem Acres) | Grady R. Kent | 1957 |
White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:437 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:62 |
Church of God Mountain Assembly | J.H. Parks, Steve N. Bryant, Tom Moses, and William O. Douglas |
1906 |
White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:437 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:63, 65 |
Church of God of Prophecy | Ambrose Tomlinson | 1903 |
White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:438 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:62–63 |
Church of God with Signs Following | George Went Hensley | 1920s |
Holiness Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:489 [Chryssides 2006]:300–301 |
Church of Israel | Dan Gayman | 1974 |
British Israelism | [Melton 2003]:653 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:65 |
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Joseph Smith | 1830 |
Latter-day Saint Movement-Millenarian | |
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) | Joseph Smith James Strang |
1844 |
Latter-day Saint Movement | [35] |
Church of Satan | Anton LaVey | 1966 |
Satanism | [Clarke 2006]:508–509 [Chryssides 2001]:91–92 [Miller 1995]:401–410 |
Church of the SubGenius | J.R. "Bob" Dobbs | 1979 |
Parody | |
Church of the Creator | Rev. Dr. Grace Marama URI | 1969 |
Liberal family | [Melton 2003]:668 |
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism | Bobby Henderson | 2005 |
Parody | [36][37] |
Church of the Living Word, also known as The Walk | John Robert Stevens | 1954 |
Fundamentalist Occult |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:386 [Chryssides 2001]:92–93 |
Church of the Lord (Aladura) | Josiah Ositelu | 1930 |
Pentecostal Family | [Melton 2003]:517 [Chryssides 2001]:93 |
Church of World Messianity | Mokichi Okada | 1934 |
Shinto Faith healing |
[Melton 2003]:1120 [Chryssides 2001]:94 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:94, 371 |
Church Universal and Triumphant | Mark Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (Wolf) Prophet |
1958 |
Theosophical Occult |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:97 [Chryssides 2001]:94–95 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:281 |
Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles, also known as CARP | Sun Myung Moon | 1955 |
Unification Church | [38] [Chryssides 2001]:71[39] |
Commandment Keepers: Holy Church of the Living God | Arnold Josiah Ford | 1924 |
Black Judaism | [Melton 2003]:951 [Lewis 1998]:180 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:74 |
Community Chapel and Bible Training Center | Donald Lee Barnett | 1967 |
Latter Rain Pentecostal |
[Melton 2003]:496 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:75 |
Concerned Christians | Monte Kim Miller | 1980s |
[Chryssides 2001]:96[40] | |
Conservative Judaism | Sabato Morais, Marcus Jastrow, H. Pereira Mendes |
1887 |
Rabbinic Judaism | [Melton 2003]:943 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:76 [Chryssides 2001]:97 |
Core Shamanism, The Foundation for Shamanic Studies | Michael Harner | 1980 |
Neoshamanism | [Clarke 2006]:580[41] |
Covenant of the Goddess | merger | 1975 |
Goddess Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]:915 [Chryssides 2001]:48–49 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:98 |
Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans | Margot Adler | 1987 |
Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]:915 [Chryssides 2001]:99 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:99 |
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord | James D. Ellison | 1970s, mid |
British Israelism | [Chryssides 2001]:99–100 [Melton 2003]:654 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:78 |
Creativity | Ben Klassen | 1970s, early |
Pantheism Agnostic Atheism White Racialism. |
[42] |
Crossroads Movement | 1970s |
[Chryssides 2006]:100 [Chryssides 2001]:100 | ||
Cyberchurches | 2000s, early |
Non-denominational Christian | [Chryssides 2001]:103 | |
Dalit Buddhist Movement, also known as the Neo-Buddhist movement or Navayana Buddhist movement | B. R. Ambedkar | 1956 |
Neo-Buddhism (Navayana) | |
Dances of Universal Peace | Samuel L. Lewis | 1968 |
[43] | |
Dianic Wicca | merger | 1971 |
Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]:916 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:84 |
Discordianism | Greg Hill, Kerry Wendell Thornley | 1963 |
Absurdism, Greek Mythology | [44] |
Eastern Lightning, a.k.a. the Church of Almighty God | Yang Xiangbin, Zhao Weishan |
1991 |
Chinese house churches | [45]:97[46]:71[47]:96[45][46]:1 |
Eckankar or ECK | Paul Twitchell | 1965/1971 |
Derived from Radha Soami but denies connection | [Clarke 2006]:178–79 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:144–146, 384 [Melton 2003]:1056, 144, 384, 144, 508 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:91 |
Efficacious Spirit Teachings, a.k.a. Spirit Church and The Lingling Sect | Hua Xuehe | 1986 |
Pentecostalism | [48]:43[49]:123[48]:42[50]:43 |
Emin | Raymond Armin | 1971 |
New Age | |
End Time Survivors Jesus Christians | David McKay | 1981 | Fundamentalist Millennialism | [51][52] |
Esoteric Nazism | 1940s, late |
Occult Western esotericism |
[53][54]:17 | |
Evangelical Association of the Israelite Mission of the New Universal Covenant | Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal | 1968 |
Syncretistic Messianic Judaism-Indigenous | [55] |
Evangelical Methodist Church | J.H. Hamblen | 1946 |
Non-Episcopal Methodist | [Melton 2003]:396 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:97 |
Falun Gong | Li Hongzhi | 1992 |
Qigong movement | [Melton 2003]:1126[56] |
Family International, previously the Children of God, the Family of Love and the Family | David Berg | 1968 |
Fundamentalist, Jesus movement countercultural evangelical |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:133 [Clarke 2006]:185[57][23]:126[57] |
Fellowship of Isis | Olivia Robertson | 1976 |
Modern Pagan Goddess |
[Melton 2003]:888 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:103 |
Fellowships of the Remnant | Denver Snuffer Jr. | 2013 |
Latter-day Saint Movement | |
Feraferia | Frederick Adams | 1967 |
Modern Pagan Goddess |
[58] |
Findhorn Foundation | Eileen Caddy, Peter Caddy, Alexis Edwards, Roger Benson |
1963 |
Christian-Anthroposophistical-Rosicrucian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:138 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:104 |
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas | W.E. Fuller | 1898 |
Black Trinitarian Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:482 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:104 |
Followers of Christ | Marion Reece (or Riess) | 1800s, late |
Unclassified Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:1137[59] |
Fourth Way | George Gurdjieff | 1913–1916 |
Esoteric Esoteric Sufism |
[Clarke 2006]:245–47[53]:42 [Miller 1995]:259–266 |
Fraternitas Rosae Crucis | Paschal Beverly Randolph | 1858 |
Rosicrucianism | [Melton 2003]:843 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:108 |
Fraternity of the Inner Light | Dion Fortune | 1924 |
neo-Hermeticism Esoteric Christianity |
[Clarke 2006]:217–219 |
Freedomites | 1902 |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:272 | ||
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO), now a.k.a. Triratna Buddhist Community | Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) | 1967 |
Neo-Buddhism | [60] |
Fundamentalist Christianity | 1800s, late |
Christian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:113–114 | |
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | Lorin C. Woolley | 1929 |
Latter-day Saint Movement | [61] |
General Church of the New Jerusalem | schism | 1890 |
Swedenborgianism | [Melton 2003]:763 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:117 |
The Genesis II Church of Health and Healing | Jim Humble | 2009/2010 |
UFO-New Age inspired Pseudoscience |
[62][63][64][65] |
Gentle Wind Project | John "Tubby" Miller and Mary "Moe" Miller | 1980 |
Spiritualism | [66] |
Ghost Dance | 1889 |
Native American religion | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:119 | |
Global Peace Foundation | Hyun Jin Moon | 2007 |
Unification Church | [67][68] |
Godianism, a.k.a. Chiism | K. O. K. Onyioha | 1949 |
African Indigenist Modern Pagan | [Clarke 2006]:242–43 |
Grail Movement | Oskar Ernst Bernhardt | 1924 |
Syncretistic Christian New Age Channeling |
[Melton 2003]:786 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:122–123 |
Hanuman Foundation | Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) | 1974/1980 |
Neo-Hindu | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:51 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:178 [Melton 2003]:1013 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:129 |
Heaven's Gate formerly Human Individual Metamorphosis and Total Overcomers Anonymous | Marshall Herff Applewhite, Bonnie Lu Nettles |
1973 |
Syncretistic Christian New Age UFO religion |
[69][70]:17[69][71]:71 |
Hikari no Wa | Fumihiro Joyu | 2007 |
Aum Shinrikyo | [72]:29 |
Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy | Swami Rama | 1971 |
Hindu | [Melton 2003]:1014 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:183–184 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:133 |
House of Israel | David Hill a.k.a. Rabbi Edward Washington | 1972 |
Black Hebrew Israelites | [73] |
Humanistic Judaism | Sherwin Wine | 1965 |
Nontheistic Rabbinic Judaism | [Clarke 2006]:288–89 |
Human Sacrifices Sect of Nacozari | Silvia Meraz | 2009 |
Santa Muerte | [74] |
Huna | Max Freedom Long | 1936 |
New Thought New Age Hawaiian religion |
[Lewis 1998]:406–407 |
I AM Activity | Guy Ballard, Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard | 1930s, early |
Neo-Theosophical | [Melton 2003]:873 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:138 |
Iglesia ni Cristo | Felix Manalo | 1913, formally 1914 |
Restorationism Nontrinitarian Fundamentalist |
[Clarke 2006]:292–93 |
Isha Foundation | Jaggi Vasudev | 1992 |
Hindu | [75] |
Indian Shaker Church | John and Marry Slocum | 1881 |
Native American and Christian | |
Independent Fundamental Churches of America | R. Lee Kirkland | 1922 |
Unaffiliated Fundamentalist | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:179 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:142 |
Insight Meditation Society | Jack Kornfield, Sharon Salzberg, Joseph Goldstein |
1976 |
Theravada Buddhism | [Melton 2003]:1067 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:143 |
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), a.k.a. Hare Krishna movement | A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada | 1966 |
Hindu | [Jones & Ryan 2007]:199 |
International House of Prayer, a.k.a. IHOP or IHOPKC | Mike Bickle | 1999 |
Charismatic Movement Post-tribulational Historic premillennialism |
|
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel | Aimee Semple McPherson | 1923 |
White Trinitarian Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:451 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:108 |
International Community of Christ, a.k.a. Church of the Second Advent (CSA) and Jamilians | Eugene Douglas Savoy | 1972 |
New Age | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:139 |
Iriadamant | Pierre Doris Maltais | 1973 |
Animism Native American religions Spiritual ecology |
[76] |
ISKCON Revival Movement (IRM) | ? | 2000 |
Neo-Hindu ISKCON |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]:199–200, 78 |
Ivanovism (the Ivanovites) | Porfiry Ivanov | 1933 |
Syncretistic Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith |
[77]:128–145 |
Jehovah's Witnesses | Charles Taze Russell | 1870 |
Adventist Bible Students Nontrinitarian |
[Melton 2003]:637 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:150, 152–153 |
Jesus Army, a.k.a. "Jesus Fellowship Church" and "Bugbrooke Jesus Fellowship" | Noel Stanton | 1977 |
Fundamentalist Communal |
[78]:149–163 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:153 |
Jesus Movement | 1960s, late |
Fundamentalist | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:196 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:153[79] | |
Jewish Renewal | Zalman Schachter-Shalomi | 1970s, mid |
Neo-Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism Syncretistic |
[24]:7:4868–74 |
Jews for Jesus | Moishe Rosen | 1970 |
Fundamentalist Messianic Judaism |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:197 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:155 |
John Frum | 1936 |
Syncretistic Millenarian |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:197 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:155 | |
Joy of Satan Ministries | Andrea Maxine Dietrich | 2002 |
Satanism Theism |
[80]:448 |
Kabbalah Centre | Philip Berg | 1970s |
Kabbalist New Age |
[Clarke 2006]:322–23 |
Kalki cult, a.k.a. Oneness Movement and Oneness University | Kalki Bhagawan (Vijay Kumar Naidu) | 1989 |
Indian religions-inspired New Age Neo-Hindu 2012 phenomenon-inspired |
[81][82] |
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra | the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa | 1976 |
Tibetan Buddhism | [Melton 2003]:1108 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:157–158. |
Kemetic Orthodoxy | Tamara Siuda | 1988 |
Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Kemetic |
[83] |
Kerista | John Presmont | 1956 |
Communal—After 1960 | [Melton 2003]:730 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:158 |
Kopimism | Isak Gerson | 2012 |
Internet religion | |
Konkokyo | Bunjirō Kawate (ja) | 1859 |
Japanese Shinto |
[Melton 2003]:1122 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:161 |
Krishnamurti Foundations | Jiddu Krishnamurti | 1928 |
Neo-Theosophical Universalism |
[84] |
Kripalu Center (Kirpalu) | Amrit Desai | 1966 |
Hindu | [Melton 2003]:1019 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:161 |
Lama Foundation | Steve Durkee | 1967 |
Communal | [Melton 2003]:731 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:164 |
Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism) | Joseph Smith | 1830 |
Christian restorationism | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:187 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:190, 192 |
Latter Rain Movement | George Hawtin, Percy Hunt |
1946 |
Millenarian Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:209 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:165 |
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement | Paul S. L. Johnson | 1920, circa |
Adventist Bible Students |
[Melton 2003]:639 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:165 |
Lectorium Rosicrucianum | Jan van Rijckenborgh; Zwier Willem Leene; Catharose de Petri | 1924 |
Rosicrucianism | [Clarke 2006]:338–339 [Melton 2003]:844 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:165–166 |
The Living Word Fellowship | John Robert Stevens | 1951 |
Latter Rain Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:506[85] |
Local Church movement | Ni Shu-tsu (Watchman Nee) | 1920s |
Independent Fundamentalist Other Bible Students |
[Melton 2003]:609–610 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:169, 171 |
Love Family, a.k.a. the Church of Jesus Christ at Armageddon and Love Israel | Paul Erdman | 1969 |
Communal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:216 [Chryssides 2001]:90–91 |
Love Has Won | Amy Carlson | 2005, circa |
New Age | [86][87] |
Lucis Trust | Alice A. Bailey | 1923 |
Neo-Theosophical | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:217 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:172–173 |
Lumpa Church | Alice Lenshina | 1953 |
African initiated church | [88] |
Mahikari | Kotama Okada | 1959 |
Shinto | [Melton 2003]:1123 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:176 |
Makasol (Wind Nation), a.k.a. Paliau movement | Paliau Maloat | 1970s, circa |
Papuan Indigenist Millenarian countercultural |
[Clarke 2006]:482–85 |
Manson Family | Charles Manson | 1967 |
Millenarianism | [89] |
Maranatha Campus Ministries | Bob Weiner | 1972 |
Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:223 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:178 |
Martinus' Spiritual Science | Martinus Thomsen | 1932 |
Esoteric | [90][91][92] |
Mata Amritanandamayi Math | Mata Amritanandamayi | 1981 |
Neo-Hindu | [Clarke 2006]:31–32 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:26–27 |
Mazdaznan | Otoman Zar-Adusht Ha'nish | 1902 |
Zoroastrianism | [Melton 2003]:991 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:181 |
Meher Baba followers | Merwan Sheriar Irani | 1921 |
Hindu-inspired | [Melton 2003]:991[93] |
Messianic Judaism | 1960s |
Judeo-Christian | [Clarke 2006]:397–99, 399 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:184 | |
Million Man March | Louis Farrakhan | 1995 |
Nation of Islam | [94]:245 |
Mita Congregation | Juanita García Peraza | 1940 |
Deliverance Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:462 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:186 |
Modekngei (Ngara Modekngei) | Tamadad from Chol | 1915, circa |
Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous | [95] |
Monastic Order of Avallon | Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han | 1972 |
Modern Pagan | [96] |
Moody Church | Dwight L. Moody | 1864 |
Fundamentalist Evangelical |
[Melton 2003]:602 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:186 |
Moorish Science Temple of America | Timothy Drew | 1925 |
Black Islam | [Melton 2003]:988 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:186, 188 |
Moral Re-Armament | Frank N. D. Buchman | 1921 |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:233 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:188, 190 | |
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God | Credonia Mwerinde, Joseph Kibweteere |
1989 |
Catholicism | [97]:209[97]:203[97]:213, 206 |
Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness | John-Roger Hinkins | 1971 |
Syncretistic Sant Mat and Eckankar-influenced |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]:384 [Clarke 2006]:412, 412–14 [Melton 2003]:1054 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:194 |
Namdhari | Balak Singh | 1800s, mid |
Sikh | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:243 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:196 |
Narcosatánicos | Adolfo Constanzo | 1985 |
Palo | [98] |
Nation of Islam | Elijah Muhammad | 1930s, mid |
Black Islam UFO religion |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:245[99] |
Nation of Yahweh | Hulon Mitchell, Jr. | 1970s |
Black Judaism | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:200 [Melton 2003]:952–953[100]:217 |
National Spiritualist Association of Churches | Harrison D Barrett, James M. Peebles, Cora L. Richmond | 1893 |
Spiritualism | [Melton 2003]:772 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:197 |
Native American Church, a.k.a. Peyotism | 1906 |
Native American religion Indigenist Entheogen Groups | [Melton 2003]:809 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:202 | |
Native Ukrainian National Faith, a.k.a. RUNVira or Sylenkoism | Lev Sylenko | 1960s, mid |
Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith |
[77]:130 |
Neo-charismatic movement | 1980s, early |
Charismatic Christian Nondenominational Christian |
[30]:286–87 | |
Neo-Hinduism or Reform Hinduism | 1830, circa |
Hindu | [Clarke 2006]:435–36 | |
New Apostolic Church | Heinrich Geyer | 1863 |
Catholic Apostolic Church Unclassified Christian Churches |
[Melton 2003]:1139 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:205 |
The New Message from God | Marshall Vian Summers | 1992 |
UFO religion | [101][102] |
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn | 1969 |
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]:923 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:207 | |
New Thought | Phineas Parkhurst Quimby | 1800s, mid |
Metaphysical Faith healing |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:258 [Miller 1995]:325–330 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:208 |
Nuwaubian Nation or United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors | Dwight York | 1967 | UFO religion, New Age, Christian, Jewish, Black supremacist | [103][104] |
Oahspe Faithists | John Ballou Newbrough | 1882 |
UFO religion | [105] |
Odinism | Orestes Brownson | 1848 |
Modern Pagan | [106] |
Oneida Community | John Humphrey Noyes | 1848 |
Perfectionism | [107] |
Oomoto | Mrs. Nao Deguchi | 1899 |
Japanese Shinto-Millenarian |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:266 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:216 |
Open Bible Standard Churches | merger | 1935 |
White Trinitarian Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:454 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:217 |
Opus Dei:251 | Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer | 1928 |
Roman Catholic | [108][109]:251[110][111]:3, 122–123 [Clarke 2006]:427–428[23]:126, 470–71[112] |
Order of the Solar Temple | Joseph Di Mambro, Luc Jouret |
1984 |
Rosicrucian | [97]:130[97]:125[97] |
Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) | Carl Kellner;Theodor Reuss | 1895/1906 |
Western esotericism Neo-Hermetism Thelema |
[Clarke 2006]:430 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:270 |
Pentecostal Church of God | 1919 |
Pentecostal | [30][13]:109 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:225 | |
Pentecostalism | 1900s |
Charismatic Christian | [30] [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:224–25 | |
People Unlimited, also known as Eternal Flame Foundation, People Forever, and CBJ | Charles Paul Brown, Bernadeane Brown, James Russell Strole | 1982 |
Immortalism, Christianity | [Lewis 1998]:95–96[113] |
Peoples Temple | Jim Jones | 1955 |
Psychic-New Age | [Melton 2003]:832 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:226[114] |
Philosophical Research Society | Manly Palmer Hall | 1934 |
Occult | [Melton 2003]:849 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:228 |
Pilgrims of Arès | Michel Potay | 1974 |
[115] | |
Plymouth Brethren | John Nelson Darby | 1830 |
evangelical Millenarian |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:281 [Chryssides 2001]:61 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:228–229 |
Potter's House also known as Christian Fellowship Ministries (CFM), The Door, Victory Chapel, Christian Center, Crossroads Chapel, etc. | Wayman Mitchell | 1970 |
Pentecostal | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:51–52 |
The Process Church of the Final Judgment | Mary Ann MacLean and Robert de Grimston | 1963 |
Satanism | [116]:329 |
Quiverfull | Mary Pride | 1985
|
Christian Natalism | [117] |
Radha Soami, also Radhasoami Movement or Sant Mat movement | Shiv Dayal Singh | 1861 |
Sikh-derived or Syncretistic Sikh-Hindu or Sant Mat-inspired | [Jones & Ryan 2007]:344–45, 344–45, 383–84 [Clarke 2006]:507 [Melton 2003]:1059, 507–509 |
Radha Soami Satsang Beas | Baba Jaimal Singh | 1891 |
Sant Mat Radha Soami |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]:345 [Melton 2003]:1059 [Clarke 2006]:508 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:234 |
Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh | Kamta Prasad Sinha | 1907 |
Radha Soami | [Jones & Ryan 2007]:344–45 |
Raëlism, a.k.a. Raëlian Church | Claude Vorilhon (Rael) | 1973/1974 |
UFO religion | [Melton 2003]:806 [Clarke 2006]:509–10 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:234 |
Rainbow Family, a.k.a. Rainbow Coalition | Barry Adams or Jesse Jackson | 1960s, late |
Communal Afro-American |
[Melton 2003]:732 [Clarke 2006]:511–12 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:234, 236 |
Rajneesh movement, a.k.a. Osho movement | Rajneesh Chandra Mohan | 1966 |
Indian religions-inspired Syncretistic |
[Clarke 2006]:512–14 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:345–46 [Melton 2003]:1051 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:236, 238 |
Ramakrishna Mission, a.k.a. Ramakrishna movement or Vedanta Society | Swami Vivekananda | 1897 |
Neo-Hindu Neo-Vedanta |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:314 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:483–84 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:382[118]:57–58 |
Ramtha's School of Enlightenment | J. Z. Knight | 1977 |
New Age | [119][120][121] |
Rastafari | Leonard Howell, Joseph Hibbert, Archibald Dunkley, Robert Hinds | 1920s/1935 |
Jewish and Christian-influenced Afro-centric | [Melton 2003]:954 [Clarke 2006]:518–20 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:241,243[122] |
Reconstructionist Judaism | Mordecai Kaplan | 1922 |
Rabbinic Judaism | [Clarke 2006]:523–25 |
Reform Judaism, a.k.a. Progressive or Liberal Judaism | Isaac Harby; Isaac M. Wise; others | 1820s |
Rabbinic Judaism | [Clarke 2006]:525–26 |
Reformed Druids of North America | 1960s |
Modern Pagan | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:299 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:244 | |
Reiki, also Usui Shiko Ryoho System of Healing | Mikao Usui | 1922 |
Energy medicine Japanese Buddhism |
[Clarke 2006]:528–529 |
Religious Science | Ernest Holmes | 1948 |
New Thought | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:301 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:245–246 |
Risshō Kōsei Kai | Nikkyo Niwano, Myoko Naganuma |
1938 |
Nichiren Buddhist | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:248[123] |
The Rosicrucian Fellowship | Carl Louis von Grasshof | 1909 |
Rosicrucianism | [Melton 2003]:845 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:249 |
Ruhani Satsang, a.k.a. Kirpal Light Satsang | Kirpal Singh | 1948 |
Radha Soami | [Jones & Ryan 2007]:345 [Clarke 2006]:508 |
Sacred Name Movement | Clarence Orvil Dodd | 1930s |
Judeo-Christian (Judaizers) Nontrinitarian Church of God (Seventh-Day) |
[Clarke 2006]:543 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:251 |
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj | Anandamohan Bose, Sivanath Sastri, Umesh Chandra Dutta | 1878 |
Brahmoism | [25]:43–57 |
Sahaja Yoga | Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi | 1970 |
Neo-Hindu | [Melton 2003]:1029 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:373–74[124] |
Saiva Siddhanta Church | Subramuniy | 1957 |
Hindu | [Jones & Ryan 2007]:376–77 [Melton 2003]:1029 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:251 |
The Salvation Army | William Booth | 1865 |
Holiness movement | [Melton 2003]:419 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:252, 254 |
Saminism, Samin movement:207–240 | Samin Surosentiko | 1889 |
Abrahamic religions Indigenist |
[125]:103[126]:207 |
Sant Nirankari Mission | Baba Buta Singh Ji | 1929, formally 1947 |
Sikh Nirankari |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]:313 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:210 |
Santa Muerte Cult | 1940s, late (or earlier)[127] |
Syncretic Folk Catholic | [128] | |
Sathya Sai Baba movement or Sai Baba movement | Sathya Sai Baba | 1950 |
Neo-Hindu | [Jones & Ryan 2007]:389–90, 389 [Clarke 2006]:545–47 |
Science of Identity Foundation (SIF) | Chris Butler alias Jagad Guru Siddhaswarupananda | 1977 |
Neo-Hindu ISKCON |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]:411–12 |
Scientology | L. Ron Hubbard | 1955 |
UFO-Psychic New Age |
[129][130] [Melton 2003]:816 [Miller 1995]:385–392[23]:126[131] |
Sekta Niebo | Bogdana Kacmajora | 1990 |
Christian | [132] |
Seicho-no-Ie | Masaharu Taniguchi, Fenwicke Holmes | 1930 |
Japanese Religious Science-Shinto |
[133] [Clarke 2006]:568–569 |
Self-Realization Fellowship | Paramahansa Yogananda | 1935 |
Neo-Hindu | [Melton 2003]:1031 [Jones & Ryan 2007]:392–94 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:261 |
Semitic Neopaganism | Raphael Patai | 1960s |
Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Feminism |
[134] |
Seventh-day Adventist Church | Ellen G. White; Joseph Bates | 1860 |
Adventist Millerite Seventh-day Sabbatarian |
[Melton 2003]:621 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:262 |
Seventh-day Adventist Reform Movement | schism | 1925 |
Seventh-day Adventist | [Melton 2003]:622–623 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:262–263 |
Shakers | Ann Lee | 1750s |
Communal—Before 1960 | [Melton 2003]:724 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:263, 265 |
Shengdao, a.k.a. Tongshanshe | Peng Tairong (Ruzun) | 1900s, early |
Chinese salvationist | [135]:685 |
Shepherd's Rod, a.k.a. the Davidians, officially, the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association | Victor T. Houteff | 1935 |
Seventh-day Adventist | [Melton 2003]:619 [Lewis 1998]:189 |
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers | John J. Higgins, Jr. | 1969 |
Communal—After 1960 | [Melton 2003]:734 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:266 |
Shinji Shumeikai, a.k.a. Shumei | Mihoko Koyama | 1970 |
Church of World Messianity Faith healing |
[133] |
Shinnyo-en | Shinjo Ito, Tomoji Ito |
1936 |
Japanese Japanese Buddhism |
[Melton 2003]:1081 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:266–267 |
Shinreikyo | Kanichi Otsuka | 1950, circa |
Japanese Shinto Syncretistic |
[Melton 2003]:1123 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:266 |
Shouters | Li Changshou | 1965 |
Christianity | [48]:45[48] |
Shri Ram Chandra Mission | Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj | 1945 |
Hindu | [136] |
Slavic Native Faith, a.k.a. Rodnovery or Slavic Neopaganism | Władysław Kołodziej, Jan Stachniuk | 1920–30s |
Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism |
[77]:112–127[137] |
Slavic-Hill Rodnovery | Aleksandr Belov | 1980s |
Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith |
[137]:39 |
Soka Gakkai International | Tsunesaburo Makiguchi | 1930 |
Japanese Nichiren Buddhism |
[Melton 2003]:1082 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:271[138] |
Spiritualism | Kate and Margaret Fox | 1848 |
Psychic-Mediumship Metaphysical |
[Miller 1995]:331–338[139]:248 |
Subud (Susila Budhi Dharma) | Muhammed Subuh | 1933 |
Kejawèn neo-Sufism |
[Clarke 2006]:607–608 [Miller 1995]:267–274[125]:101 [Melton 2003]:981 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:279 |
Sufi Ruhaniat International | Samuel L. Lewis | 1968 |
neo-Sufism | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:342 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:279 |
Sukyo Mahikari | Sekiguchi Sakae | 1978 |
Japanese Mahikari Syncretistic |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:344 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:281 |
Summum | Claude Rex Nowell | 1975 |
Unclassified Christian Churches | [Melton 2003]:1141 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:281 |
Syntheism | Alexander Bard | 2012 |
Pantheist Humanist Netocratic |
[140] |
The Satanic Temple | Lucien Greaves, Malcolm Jarry |
2012 |
Satanism Nontheistic |
[141][142][143][144][145] |
Tenrikyo | Miki Nakayama | 1838 |
Japanese Shinto |
[Melton 2003]:1124 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:287–288 |
Tensegrity | Carlos Castaneda | 1995 |
Neoshamanism New Age |
[41] [Clarke 2006]:581 |
Terasem | Martine Rothblatt | 2004 |
Transhumanism | [146] |
The Family, a.k.a. Santiniketan Park Association & Great White Brotherhood | Anne Hamilton-Byrne | 1963 |
New Age | [147] |
Thelema, a.k.a. the A∴A∴ order | Aleister Crowley | 1900s, early |
Occult neo-Hermetism Western esotericism |
[53]:41–42 |
Theosophy or Theosophical Society, a.k.a. 1882 as Theosophical Society Adyar | Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge | 1875 |
Occult Eastern and Western esotericism |
[53]:40–41[148] [Clarke 2006]:624–625 [Miller 1995]:315–324[148] |
Theosophical Society Pasadena | William Quan Judge | 1895 |
Theosophical | [148]:blz. 427 [Miller 1995]:315–324 |
Toronto Blessing | Randy Clark | 1994 |
Pentecostal | [78]:122–123[149] |
Transcendental Meditation (TM) | Maharishi Mahesh Yogi | 1958 |
Neo-Hindu-inspired | [Melton 2003]:1045 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:292–293, 295–296 |
Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly FWBO) | Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) | 1967 |
Neo-Buddhism | [60] |
True Buddha School | Lu Sheng-yen | 1980s, late |
Tibetan Buddhism Taoism |
[150] |
True Russian Orthodox Church | Pyotr Kuznetsov | 2007 |
Russian Orthodoxy Apocalypticism | [151] |
Twelve Tribes | Gene and Marsha Spriggs | 1972 |
Messianic Jewish Communal—After 1960 | [Melton 2003]:737 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:212, 334–335 |
Two by Twos, a.k.a. Cooneyites, Christian Conventions, the Workers and Friends, the Truth, etc. | William Irvine |
1897 |
Independent fundamentalist family | [Melton 2003]:611 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:298 [Chryssides 2001]:330[152] |
Umbanda | Zélio Fernandino de Moraes | 1920 |
Spiritism | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:299[153] |
Unarius Academy of Science | Ernest Norman, Ruth Norman | 1954 |
UFO Religion | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:300, 302–303 |
Unification Church, also known as the Moonies | Sun Myung Moon | 1954 |
Syncretistic Christian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:365 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:300, 302–303 |
Unitarian Universalism | consolidation | 1961 |
Unitarian Universalism | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:308–310 [Chryssides 2006]:335 |
United Holy Church of America | Isaac Cheshier | 1900 |
Black Trinitarian Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]:487 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:304 |
United House of Prayer for All People | Marcelino Manoel de Graca | 1925 |
African American Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:371 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:304–305 |
United Israel World Union | David Horowitz | 1944 |
Other Jewish Groups | [Melton 2003]:959 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:305 |
United Lodge of Theosophists | Robert Crosbie | 1909 |
Theosophical | [Melton 2003]:855 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:305 |
United Pentecostal Church International | merger | 1945 |
Apostolic Pentecostals | [Melton 2003]:476 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:287–306 |
Unity Church | Charles Fillmore and Myrtle Fillmore | 1889/1903 |
New Thought-Christian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:373 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:306–307 |
Universal Great Brotherhood | Serge Raynaud de la Ferriere | 1940s, late |
Other Theosophical Groups | [Melton 2003]:883 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:310 |
Universal Life Church | Kirby Hensley | 1962 |
Liberal Family | [Melton 2003]:680 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:311 |
Universal White Brotherhood | Peter Deunov | 1900 |
Other Theosophical Groups Esoteric Christianity |
[Melton 2003]:880[154] |
Urantia Foundation | William S. Sadler | 1934 |
UFO religion Psychic New Age Christian occultist |
[Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:319–322 [Melton 2003]:839 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]:380 |
Vajradhatu | Chögyam Trungpa | 1973 |
Tibetan Buddhism | [Melton 2003]:1115 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:313 |
Vale do Amanhecer | Tia Neiva | 1959 |
Spiritualism | [155] |
Volunteers of America | Ballington Booth, Maud Booth |
1896 |
Holiness movement | [Melton 2003]:420 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:316 |
The Way International | Victor Paul Wierwille | 1942 |
Independent fundamentalist family | [Melton 2003]:608 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:318 |
The Way of the Livingness (Universal Medicine) | Serge Benhayon | 1999 |
Neo-Theosophical and/or "Socially harmful cult". | [156][157][158] |
White Eagle Lodge | Lady Elizabeth Carey | 1943 |
Other Theosophical Groups | [Melton 2003]:884 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:319 |
Wicca | Gerald Gardner | 1949, circa |
Modern Pagan Witchcraft Occult |
[53]:55 [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]:338 [Miller 1995]:339–346 |
Wotansvolk | David Lane | 1990s |
neo-völkisch paganism | [159] |
The Word Foundation | Harold W. Percival | 1904, circa |
Theosophical | [Melton 2003]:856 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]:320 |
World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church | Hyung Jin Moon, Yeon Ah Lee Moon |
2015 |
Unification Church-based ultra-Orthodox/Fundamentalism |
[160][161] |
Yiguandao | Wang Jueyi; Chang Thien Ran | 1800s, late |
Chinese salvationist-Millenarian | [135]:702–703 [Clarke 2006] |
See also
- Governmental lists of cults and sects
- Hinduism-oriented new religious movements
- List of Christian denominations
- List of New Thought denominations and independent centers
- List of Neopagan movements
- List of religions and spiritual traditions
- List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement
- New religious movements in the United States
Bibliography
Main sources
<div class="reflist" references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC.
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- [Jones & Ryan 2007] {{{ref6}}}
Other selected sources
- Ashcraft, W. Michael (2018). Introduction to the Study of New Religious Movements. London: Routledge.
- Bainbridge, William Sims (1997). The sociology of religious movements. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91202-0.
- Barrett, David V. (2001). The new believers: a survey of sects, cults and alternative religions (Rev. ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35592-1. https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr.
- Best, Felton O., ed (1998). Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
- Burgess, Stanley M.; van der Maas, Eduard M., eds (2002). "The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements". The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-22481-0.
- Clarke, Peter B., ed (2000). Japanese New Religions: In Global Perspective. Surrey, UK: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1185-6.
- Dawson, Andrew (2007). New Era, New Religions: Religious Transformation in Contemporary Brazil. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5433-9.
- Dawson, Lorne L. (2006). Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542009-8. https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405390356.
- Ellwood, Robert S. (1971). "Notes on a Neopagan Religious Group in America". History of Religions XI (1): 125. doi:10.1086/462645.
- Enroth, Ronald M. (2005). A Guide To New Religious Movements. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2381-9. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780739454954.
- Fort, Samuel (2014). Cult of the Great Eleven. Nisirtu Press.
- Gallagher, Eugene V. (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-275-98713-8.
- Gold, Lorna (2004). The Sharing Economy: Solidarity Networks Transforming Globalization. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-3345-7.
- Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0.
- Greer, John Michael (8 October 2003). "The new encyclopedia of the occult". The new encyclopedia of the occult. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-1-56718-336-8.
- Hanegraaff, Wouter (2013). Western Esotericism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-4411-3646-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=khaNd720XQMC.
- Hayes, Michael A. (2006). New Religious Movements in the Catholic Church. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9357-6.
- Irons, Edward A. (2008). "Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Encyclopedia of World Religions)". Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Encyclopedia of World Religions). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-7744-1.
- Jones, Lindsay, ed (2005). "Encyclopedia of Religion". Encyclopedia of Religion. 15-volume Set (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: MacMillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-865733-0. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2.
- Klass, Morton; Weisgrau, Maxine K. (1999). Across the Boundaries of Belief: Contemporary Issues in the Anthropology of Religion. Boulder, Co; Oxford, UK: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2695-5.
- Krogh, Marilyn; Pillifant, Brooke Ashley (2004). "Kemetic Orthodoxy: Ancient Egyptian Religion on the Internet: A Research Note". Sociology of Religion 65 (2): 167–175. doi:10.2307/3712405.
- "Mini-Consultation on Reaching Mystics and Cultists". Lausanne Occasional Paper 11 (1.e). 1980. http://www.lausanne.org/all-documents/lop-11.html.
- Lewis, James R. (2002). Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Amherst, NY: Prometheus. ISBN 978-1-57392-888-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=3w8ZAQAAIAAJ.
- Lewis, James R. (2003). "The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of UFO Religions". The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of UFO Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-964-6.
- Lewis, James R., ed (2004). "The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions". The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-040-0.
- Lewis, James R., ed (2004). "The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements". The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514986-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=srzUHo874qIC.
- Lewis, James R., ed (2004). Controversial New Religions. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019515682X.003.0018. ISBN 978-0-19-515682-9.
- Lewis, James R., ed (2015). "Handbook of Nordic New Religions". Handbook of Nordic New Religions. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29246-8.
- Lewis, James R., ed (2016). "The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements". The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. Oxford Handbooks. 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046617-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=KisRDAAAQBAJ.
- Lyon, David (2000). Jesus in Disneyland: Religion in Postmodern Times. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-1489-2.
- Marhic, Renaud; Kerlidou, Alain (1996). Sectes & mouvements initiatiques en Bretagne: du celtisme au nouvel âge. Terre de brume editions. ISBN 978-2-908021-78-3.
- Mayer, Jean-François; Kranenborg, Reender (2004) (in fr). La naissance des nouvelles religions. Genève: Georg. ISBN 978-2-8257-0877-4. http://religion.info/french/articles/article_149.shtml. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- Melton, J. Gordon, ed (1990). "New Age Encyclopedia". New Age Encyclopedia. Detroit, Mi: Gale Research. ISBN 0-8103-7159-6. https://archive.org/details/newageencycloped00jgor.
- Melton, J. Gordon (1992). "Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America". Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America. Religious Information Series, 7 (Rev. and updated ed.). New York: Garland Publ.. ISBN 0-8153-0502-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=KRTGzgpDvL4C.
- Melton, J. Gordon (1999). "Religious Leaders of America: A Biographical Guide to Founders and Leaders of Religious Bodies, Churches, and Spiritual Groups in North America". Religious Leaders of America: A Biographical Guide to Founders and Leaders of Religious Bodies, Churches, and Spiritual Groups in North America (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: Gale Group. ISBN 0-8103-8878-2. https://archive.org/details/religiousleaders0000melt.
- Melton, J. Gordon, ed (2009). "Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions". Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (8th ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-787-69696-2. (archive)
- Melton, J. Gordon, ed (2010). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Ca: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C.
- Nelson, Geoffrey K. (1987). Cults, New Religions and Religious Creativity. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7102-0855-2. https://archive.org/details/cultsnewreligion0000nels.
- Partridge, Christopher (2004). New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522042-1.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2003). UFO Religions. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26324-5.
- Peters, Shawn Francis (2008). When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530635-4.
- Ramstedt, Martin (2007). Kemp, Daren. ed. Handbook of the New Age. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. 1. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15355-4.
- Raphael, Melissa (April 1998). "Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities". Nova Religio 1 (2): 198–215. doi:10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198. https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/1/2/198/70030/Goddess-Religion-Postmodern-Jewish-Feminism-and?redirectedFrom=PDF.
- Reece, Gregory L. (2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-451-0.
- Ryan, Charles J. (1975). H.P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement. San Diego, Ca: Point Loma Publications. ISBN 0-913004-25-1.
- Saliba, John (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0356-6.
- Singer, Margaret Thaler; Lalich, Janja (1995). Cults in Our Midst. San Francisco, Ca: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-0051-9. https://archive.org/details/cultsinourmidst00sing.
- Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0. https://archive.org/details/latinamericanrel0000unse.
- Strmiska, M.; Sigurvinsson, B. A. (2005). "Asatru: Nordic Paganism in Iceland and America". in Strmiska, M.. Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara, Ca; Denver, Co; Oxford: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-85109-608-4.
- Swenson, Donald (2009). Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9680-7.
- Tamura, Yoshiro (2001). Japanese Buddhism: A Cultural History. Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN 978-4-333-01684-6.
- Tucker, Ruth A. (2004). Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-25937-4.
- York, Michael (2004). Historical Dictionary of New Age Movements. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0-8108-4873-3.
- Daniels, Lee (2021). Book of Weksek: The book of the religion of Weksek. Lulu. ISBN 978-1-716-05838-7.[self-published source?]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Beckford, James A., ed (1 January 1987). New religious movements and rapid social change. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-8003-7. https://archive.org/details/newreligiousmove00reli.
- ↑ Nelson 1987, p. 107.
- ↑ Swenson 2009, p. 206.
- ↑ Coney, Judith (June 1998). "A Response to: Religious Liberty in Western Europe by Massimo Introvigne, Vol. 5, No. 2". ISKCON Communications Journal 6 (1).
- ↑ Wilson, Bryan R., ed (5 May 1999). New religious movements: challenge and response. London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20049-3.
- ↑ Hakl, Hans Thomas (2010). "Franz Sättler (Dr. Musallam) and the Twentieth-Century Cult of Adonism". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies 12 (1–19): 4–19. doi:10.1558/pome.v12i1.4. ISSN 1528-0268.
- ↑ Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam (2005). "Whose Steeple is Higher? Religious Competition in Siberia". Religion, State & Society 33 (1–69): 57–69. doi:10.1080/0963749042000330839. http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/33-1_057.pdf. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
- ↑ "Sect of roch Theriault - Cults". 2014-02-02. http://www.localmouth.com/go/cults/show_topic?topic_id=2269.
- ↑ "Holy Moses Mountain Family – WRSP". https://wrldrels.org/2019/02/25/holy-moses-mountain-family-2/.
- ↑ "Apostles of Infinite Love – WRSP". https://wrldrels.org/2020/06/07/apostles-of-infinite-love/.
- ↑ Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127–180.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Clark, Elmer T. (June 1940). The Small Sects in America (1st ed.). New York: Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0-687-38703-8.
- ↑ Vliegenthart, Dave (2022). "Reasoned Flights beyond Reason: The Life and Teachings of Franklin Merrell-Wolff". Nova Religio 26 (1): 14. doi:10.1525/nr.2022.26.1.5. https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/65e92e9a-9dad-461f-8529-09f11da12fb0.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Lewis, James; Petersen, Jesper (2004). Controversial New Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515683-6.
- ↑ Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
- ↑ Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
- ↑ Barrett, David (2001). The New Believers. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35592-5. https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr.
- ↑ "History of the Baháʼí Faith". http://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/history.
- ↑ "Dr. Frederick Kettner". Biosophicalinstitute.tripod.com. http://biosophicalinstitute.tripod.com/kettner.htm.
- ↑ "Objectives of Biosophy". Biosophicalinstitute.tripod.com. http://biosophicalinstitute.tripod.com/objectives.htm.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Fort, Samuel (9 October 2014). Cult of the Great Eleven. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5027-8258-8.[self-published source]
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Jones, Lindsay, ed (2005). "Encyclopedia of Religion". Encyclopedia of Religion. 15-volume Set (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: MacMillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-865733-0. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Kopf, David (1979). The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- ↑ Bergman, Gregory (30 May 2006). Isms. Avon, MA: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-59337-483-9.
- ↑ "Eberhard Arnold: Founder of the Bruderhof". http://www.eberhardarnold.com/.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 "The Way Of The Cross". 2007-04-02. http://www.ka-bratli.com/eng_korsets.htm.
- ↑ Halemba, Agnieszka (2003). "Contemporary religious life in the Republic of Altai: the interaction of Buddhism and Shamanism". Sibirica 3 (2): 165–82. doi:10.1080/1361736042000245295. http://www.innerasiaresearch.org/03_RSIBhalemba.pdf.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Burgess, Stanley M.; van der Maas, Eduard M., eds (2002). "The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements". The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-22481-0.
- ↑ "The Religious Movements Homepage: Chen Tao". 2005-10-29. http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/chentao.html.
- ↑ Scott, Robert (2005). Unholy Sacrifice.
- ↑ Saliba, John A. (2003) (in en). Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-0356-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=EPfTWgerZN0C&pg=PA26.
- ↑ "Church of Euthanasia – WRSP". https://wrldrels.org/2018/09/15/14893/.
- ↑ "About Us" (in en). https://www.ldsstrangite.com/about-us.html.
- ↑ "Pastafarian recognized in Texas ID". 25 August 2013. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/pastafarian-recognized-texas-id-article-1.1436608.
- ↑ Atheist, Friendly. "Thanks to a Technicality, Pastafarianism is Now an Official Religion in Poland!". http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/04/10/thanks-to-a-technicality-pastafarianism-is-now-an-official-religion-in-poland/.
- ↑ Storey, John Woodrow; Glenn H. Utter (2002). Religion and Politics. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-57607-218-9. https://archive.org/details/religionpolitics00stor/page/99.
- ↑ In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view." [1]
- ↑ "The Concerned Christians cult". http://www.religioustolerance.org/dc_conc.htm.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Robert, J. Wallis (2003). Shamans/neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30203-X.
- ↑ Robinson 2005.
- ↑ Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
- ↑ "Discordianism". https://wrldrels.org/2016/10/08/discordianism/.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Dunn, Emily (2008). "'Cult,' Church, and the CCP: Introducing Eastern Lightning.". Modern China 35.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Dunn, Emily (2015). Title: Lightning From the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China. Boston: Brill.
- ↑ Dunn, Emily (2008). "'Cult,' Church, and the CCP: Introducing Eastern Lightning.". Modern China 35. doi:10.1177/0097700408320546.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Irons, Edward (2018). "The List: The Evolution of China's Illegal and Evil Cults". The Journal of the Center for Studies on New Religions.
- ↑ Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (2006). "Independency in Africa and Asia". in Hugh McLeod. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 9, World Christianities C.1914-c.2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-42374-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms_SyCLNpuAC&pg=PA123.
- ↑ Dunn, Emily (2015). Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China. Brill.
- ↑ Smith, Geraldine. "The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity". Australian Association of Study of Religion. https://www.aasr.org.au/conference-program/.
- ↑ Smith, Geraldine. "Conference Program/ New Religious Movements/ The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity". https://www.aasr.org.au/conference-program/.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Clarke, Nicholas (1993). The Occult Roots of Nazism. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3060-7.
- ↑ "Tropical Promised Land: New Israelites of the Amazon" (in en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium.MAGAZINE-tropical-promised-land-new-israelites-of-the-amazon-1.5409032.
- ↑ Lewis 2004, p. 195.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Melton 2009, p. 676.
- ↑ Ellwood 1971.
- ↑ Peters 2008, pp. 186–187.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Irons 2008, p. 206.
- ↑ "Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints (1843-2002) – WRSP". https://wrldrels.org/2016/10/08/flds-2/.
- ↑ Macaskill, Grace (27 January 2018). "Desperate parents forcing kids to drink bleach to cure autism in sick cult". https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/brit-kids-forced-drink-bleach-11924623.
- ↑ Zapotosky, Matt (10 March 2016). "This church's cancer-curing elixir is really bleach, federal authorities say". https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/federal-authorities-this-churchs-cancer-curing-elixir-is-really-bleach/2016/03/09/17f9e7d2-e238-11e5-9c36-e1902f6b6571_story.html.
- ↑ David Ono; Lisa Bartley (28 October 2016). "'Church of Bleach': ABC News confronts founder of Genesis II Church". ABC7. http://abc7.com/news/church-of-bleach-abc-news-confronts-founder-of-genesis-ii-church/1578279/.
- ↑ "Husband Says Fringe Church's 'Miracle Cure' Killed His Wife". 29 October 2016. https://abcnews.go.com/US/husband-fringe-churchs-miracle-cure-killed-wife/story?id=43081647.
- ↑ "New Zealand Cults, Sects, Religions, Christian Organisations, and other groups". https://www.cults.co.nz/gwp/.
- ↑ Global Leadership Council
- ↑ Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Partridge, 2004, p. 406.
- ↑ Zeller, Benjamin (2014). Heaven's Gate: America's UFO Religion. New York: New York University Press.
- ↑ Zeller, Benjamin E. (2014). Heaven's gate: America's UFO religion. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-2539-4. OCLC 891589634.
- ↑ Baffelli, Erica (2012). "Hikari no Wa: A New Religion Recovering from Disaster". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 39.
- ↑ Nishani Frazier. "The "Other" Jim Jones: Rabbi David Hill, House of Israel, and Black American Religion in the Age of Peoples Temple". https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=34259.
- ↑ Brad Hunter (February 6, 2021). "CRIME HUNTER: Mexican ritual killers worshipped 'saint'". Toronto Sun. https://torontosun.com/news/crime/crime-hunter-mexican-ritual-killers-worshipped-saint.
- ↑ "'The Mystic' Is Coming to London". 30 January 2013. https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/sadhguru-isha-cult-london/.
- ↑ Muilu, Jaakko (October 28, 2023). "Sata ihmistä muutti Lappiin ekokulttiin, jossa lapsilla oli 13 äitiä ja 13 isää - näin utopia paratiisista muuttui painajaiseksi" (in fi). Helsingin Sanomat. https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000009824405.html.
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Aitamurto, Kaarina, ed (2013). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. ISBN 978-1-84465-662-2.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Gallagher 2006, p. 86.
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- ↑ "The cult of Kalki by Narendra Nayak". https://mm-gold.azureedge.net/Articles/nayak/cult_kalki.html.
- ↑ "The Cult of Kalki Bhagavan" (in en-GB). 2019-11-01. https://openthemagazine.com/features/the-cult-of-kalki-bhagavan/.
- ↑ Krogh 2004, p. 167.
- ↑ "Jiddu Krishnamurti". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jiddu-Krishnamurti. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
- ↑ Tucker 2004, pp. 360–362.
- ↑ "Watch Our New Documentary About 'Love Has Won', a Group Former Members Call a Cult" (in en). 23 March 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7mwvb/love-has-won-vice-documentary.
- ↑ "What we know about the Love Has Won 'cult' whose leader was found mummified in Colorado" (in en). 2021-05-04. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/colorado-corpse-love-has-won-b1842127.html.
- ↑ Hinfelaar, Hugo. "WOMEN'S REVOLT: THE LUMPA CHURCH OF LENSHINA MULENGA IN THE 1950S." Journal of Religion in Africa, v. 21 issue 2, 1991, pp. 99–129.
- ↑ Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter — The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN:0-393-08700-X, OCLC 15164618.
- ↑ Olav Hammer: Danish Esotericism in the 20th Century. The Case of Martinus. Amsterdam University Press 2009.
- ↑ Western Esotericism in Scandinavia. Edited by Henrik Bogdan and Olav Hammer.
- ↑ Byskov, Else: Death is an illusion. Paragon House 2002.
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- ↑ Nelson, William E. Jr. (1998). "Black Church Politics and The Million Man March". in Best, Felton O.. Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
- ↑ Machiko, Aoyagi (2002). Modekngei: A New Religion in Belau. Tokio: Shinsensha Press. ISBN 4-7877-0207-6.
- ↑ Marhic 1996, pp. 25–29.
- ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 97.4 97.5 Walliss, John (2005). Apocalyptic Trajectories: Millenarianism And Violence In The Contemporary World. Bern: Peter Lang.
- ↑ Humes, Edward (1991). Buried Secrets: A True Story of Serial Murder, Black Magic, and Drug-running on the U.S. Border. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24946-X.
- ↑ Enroth 2005, p. 169.
- ↑ Atkins, Stephen E. (30 August 2002). Encyclopedia of modern American extremists and extremist groups. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki_r5l5.
- ↑ "The Society for the Greater Community Way of Knowledge". http://www.commfound.org/cultureofgiving/nonprofits/society-greater-community-way-knowledge.
- ↑ Roberts, Michael (2011-02-04). "Marshall Vian Summers's latest message from God coming Sunday from Boulder". Westword. http://www.westword.com/news/marshall-vian-summerss-latest-message-from-god-coming-sunday-from-boulder-video-5821148.
- ↑ Palmer, Susan. The Nuwaubian Nation: Black Spirituality and State Control (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010).
- ↑ Bailey, Julius H. "The Final Frontier: Secrecy, Identity, and the Media in the Rise and Fall of the United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 74, no. 2 (2006): 302–23.
- ↑ "City and Suburban News: New York, Brooklyn, Long Island, Staten Island, New Jersey". The New York Times. 1883-11-26. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1883/11/26/106263804.pdf.
- ↑ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.
- ↑ "Oneida Community – WRSP". https://wrldrels.org/2021/04/17/oneida-community/.
- ↑ Gold 2004, p. 46.
- ↑ Buxant, Coralie; Vassilis Saroglou (April 2008). "Joining and leaving a new religious movement: A study of ex-members' mental health". Mental Health, Religion & Culture 11 (3–271): 251–271. doi:10.1080/13674670701247528.
- ↑ Walsh 2004, pp. 174, 180–182.
- ↑ Arweck, Elisabeth (13 January 2006). Researching new religious movements: responses and redefinitions (1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27754-9.
- ↑ Hayes 2006, pp. 16, 18–19
- ↑ Velzer, Ryan Van. "Immortality eludes People Unlimited founder" (in en-US). https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/scottsdale/2014/11/16/people-unlimited-scottsdale-charles-paul-brown-immortality/19152253/.
- ↑ Reiterman 1982, pp. 49–52
- ↑ Mayer 2004, pp. 123–143.
- ↑ Introvigne, Massimo (2016). Satanism: A Social History. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28828-7.
- ↑ Hess, Rick (1990). A full quiver: family planning and the lordship of Christ. Jan Hess. Brentwood, Tenn.: Wolgemuth & Hyatt. ISBN 0-943497-83-3. OCLC 21043920.
- ↑ Woodhead, Linda, ed (2002). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21784-2. https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1134602731. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
- ↑ Singer 1995, pp. 45, 120.
- ↑ York 2004, p. 105.
- ↑ Dawson 2006, p. 3.
- ↑ Partridge 2004, pp. 62–64.
- ↑ Tamura 2001, pp. 203–204.
- ↑ INFORM 2001.
- ↑ 125.0 125.1 Popov, Igor (2017) (in id). Buku rujukan semua aliran dan perkumpulan agama di Indonesia. Singaraja: Toko Buku Indra Jaya. https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=1051559. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
- ↑ Benda, Harry J.; Castles, Lance (1969). "The Samin Movement". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 125 (2–240): 207–240. doi:10.1163/22134379-90002844. ISSN 2213-4379.
- ↑ Chesnut, R. Andrew (2018). Devoted to Death: Santa Muerte, the Skeleton Saint (Second ed.). New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 33. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764662.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-063332-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=ul0vDwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ "Mexico's Top Two Santa Muerte Leaders Finally Meet" (in en). 2015-10-06. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mexicos-top-two-santa-mue_b_8253318.
- ↑ Lewis 2003, p. 42.
- ↑ Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
- ↑ Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263–265.
- ↑ Beźnic Sz., Zbór Leczenia Duchem Świętym "Niebo", in: E.Barker, Nowe ruchy religijne, Nomos, Kraków 1997, p. 299–301.
- ↑ 133.0 133.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Raphael 1998, pp. 198–215.
- ↑ 135.0 135.1 Ownby, David (2015). "Redemptive Societies in Twentieth Century China". in Goosaert, Vincent; Kiely, Jan; Lagerway, John. Modern Chinese Religion, 1850–1950. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
- ↑ Mayer 1993, p. 213.
- ↑ 137.0 137.1 Aitamurto, Kaarina (2016). Paganism, Traditionalism, Nationalism: Narratives of Russian Rodnoverie. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-6027-1.
- ↑ Wilson 1999, p. 10.
- ↑ Carroll, Bret E. (1997). Spiritualism in Antebellum America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33315-5.
- ↑ Piesing, Mark (2014-10-07). "Is the internet God? Alexander Bard's Syntheism paves the way for a new elite". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/07/god-internet-alexander-bard-syntheism-new-elite. "Bard helped to found Syntheism in 2012. It is based on the idea that if man creates God, then it's about time we created a religion relevant to the 21st century."
- ↑ Oppenheimer, Mark (2015-07-10). "A Mischievous Thorn in the Side of Conservative Christianity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/us/a-mischievious-thorn-in-the-side-of-conservative-christianity.html.
- ↑ The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Volume 2; James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen; Oxford University Press, 2016; pgs. 441-453
- ↑ "Why the Satanic Temple Is Opening Its Doors to American Muslims". 2015-11-21. http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a39904/satanic-temple-founder-interview-muslims/. "co-founded the Temple in 2012 ... The Satanic Temple is an openly atheistic religion that Mesner says does not advocate for any supernatural belief. Really, the "Satanic" term is only there because they have the right to use it, as does any other religion."
- ↑ "The Satanic Temple to open international headquarters in Salem". 2016-09-16. http://www.fox25boston.com/news/the-satanic-temple-to-open-international-headquarters-in-salem/446710701.
- ↑ "Bashir: Satanists hail Florida Gov. Rick Scott". 2013-01-14. http://www.msnbc.com/martin-bashir/watch/bashir-satanists-hail-florida-gov-rick-scott-14650947887.
- ↑ Roy, Jessica (April 17, 2014). "The Rapture of the Nerds". Time Inc. Network. http://time.com/66536/terasem-trascendence-religion-technology/.
- ↑ "The Family (Australia) – WRSP". https://wrldrels.org/2018/01/03/the-family/.
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 Ryan, Charles J. (1975). H.P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement. San Diego, CA: Point Loma Publications. ISBN 0-913004-25-1.
- ↑ Lyon 2000, p. 106.
- ↑ "Montreal Religious Sites Project". http://mrsp.mcgill.ca/reports/html/ChanHai/.
- ↑ George D. Chryssides (2012). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-8108-6194-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=WA12nHRtmAwC&pg=PA348.
- ↑ Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
- ↑ Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279–280.
- ↑ (Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
- ↑ Dawson 2007, pp. 48–49.
- ↑ UK Government (24 August 2011). "The Way of the Livingness, The Religion of the Soul Trust: Charity Commission decision". UK Gov. Charity Commission. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-way-of-the-livingness-the-religion-of-the-soul-trust/the-way-of-the-livingness-the-religion-of-the-soul-trust-charity-commission-decision.
- ↑ Turner, Liana (February 22, 2019). "UM hits back at media". Northern Star (NSW). https://northernstar.com.au/news/how-um-hits-back-back-at-tabloid-tv-scrutiny/3654423/.
- ↑ Leser, David (2012-08-25). "The Da Vinci Mode". The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia). http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-da-vinci-mode-20120824-24h50.html.
- ↑ Gardell 2004, pp. 205–206
- ↑ "Two sons of Rev. Moon have split from his church — and their followers are armed". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/05/21/feature/two-sons-of-rev-moon-have-split-from-his-church-and-their-followers-are-armed/.
- ↑ "The cultlike church behind a ceremony with AR-15s and bullet crowns, explained". March 2018. https://www.vox.com/2018/3/1/17067894/church-bullet-crowns-ar15-world-peace-unification-sanctuary-moonies-moon.
External links
- Diskus The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
- Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
- Introvigne, Massimo (June 15, 2001). "The Future of Religion and the Future of New Religions". http://www.cesnur.org/2001/mi_june03.htm.
- Online texts about NRMs
- SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
- Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia
- Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of new religious movements.
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