Religion:Michael (archangel)

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Short description: Archangel in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, also recognised in the Baháʼí Faith
Saint

Michael
Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg
Saint Michael in The Fall of the Rebel Angels by Luca Giordano
Archangel, Prince (Commander) of the Heavenly Host
Venerated inJudaism
All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Islam
Baháʼí Faith
Major shrineMont Saint-Michel, The Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel
Feast
  • 29 September ("Michaelmas" – Catholic Church, Anglican Communion and Lutheranism)
  • 8 November (New Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
  • 8 November (Eastern Catholic Churches)
  • 21 November (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
  • 12th of each month in Coptic calendar (Coptic Churches)
  • Many other local and historical feasts.
Attributesbanner, scales, weighing souls, sword, slaying Satan or a dragon
PatronageProtector of the Jewish people,[1] Guardian of the Catholic Church,[2] Vatican City,[3][4] France, Germany,[5] Normandy, dying people, poor souls,[6] bankers, grocers, police officers, military personnel


Judaism

Guido Reni's Michael (in Santa Maria della Concezione church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates St. Michael's Altar in St. Peter's Basilica.

The Book of Enoch[7] lists him as one of seven archangels (the remaining names are Uriel, Raguel, Raphael, Sariel, Gabriel, and Remiel), who, in the Book of Tobit, "stand ready and enter before the glory of the Lord".[8] The fact that Michael is introduced implies the knowledge of him and the other named angels. [7][9] He is mentioned again in last chapters of the Book of Daniel, a Jewish apocalypse composed in the 2nd century BC although set in the 6th, in which a man clothed in linen (never identified, but probably the archangel Gabriel) tells Daniel that he and "Michael, your prince" are engaged in a battle with the "prince of Persia", after which, at the end-time, "Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise".[10][11]

Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels or archangels, and in later Jewish works, he is said to be their chief, mediating the Torah (the law of God), and standing at the right hand of the throne of God.[12] In the traditions of the Qumran community, he defends or leads the people of God in the eschatological (i.e., end-time) battle.[13] And in other writings, he is responsible for the care of Israel (and he may be the "one like a son of man" mentioned in Daniel 7:13–14) and the commander of the heavenly armies; he is Israel's advocate contesting Satan's claim to the body of Moses; he intercedes between God and humanity and serves as High Priest in the heavenly sanctuary; and he accompanies the souls of the righteous dead to Paradise.[14]

New Testament

Saint Michael, Archangel, painting from Melchor Pérez de Holguín, (1708)

The seven archangels (or four – the traditions differ but always include Michael) were associated with the branches of the menorah, the sacred seven-branched lampstand in the Temple as the seven spirits before the throne of God, and this is reflected in the Book of Revelation 4:5 ("From the throne came flashes of lightning, and rumblings and peals of thunder, and before the throne were burning seven torches of fire, which are the seven spirits of God" – ESV).[15] Michael is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7-12, where he does battle with Satan and casts him out of heaven so that he no longer has access to God as accuser (his formal role in the Old Testament).[16] The fall of Satan at the coming of Jesus marks the separation of the New Testament from Judaism.[17] In Luke 22:31 Jesus tells Peter that Satan has asked God for permission to "sift" the disciples, the goal being to accuse them, but the accusation is opposed by Jesus, who thus takes on the role played by angels, and especially by Michael, in Judaism.[18]

Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in the Epistle of Jude, a passionate plea for believers in Christ to do battle against heresy.[19] In verses 9-10 the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, "did not presume to pronounce the verdict of 'slander' but said, 'The Lord punish you!'[20]

Qur'an and other Muslim traditions

Michael is called Mika'il in Muslim works generally, but in the one instance in which he is mentioned in the Quran he is called Mikal.[21] The single Quranic mention comes in the QS 2:98, when the Jews of Medina challenged Muhammed to tell them the name of the angel from whom he received his revelations; when he told them it was Gabriel, the Jews said that Gabriel was their enemy, and that revelations came from Michael.[22] The hadith (sayings of and about the Prophet collected by his followers) quote Muhammed mentioning both Gabriel and Michael as two angels who showed him Paradise and hell, and in the early years of Islam the Muslims recited the names of both in the obligatory daily prayers (the salat).[23] The place of Michael, and some of the other archangels, is not clearly identified in the major sources, and among ordinary Muslims knowledge of them is drawn from non-Islamic sources, notably Jewish.[23]

Later traditions

Judaism

The name Michael in Hebrew

According to rabbinic tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angel Samael, Israel's accuser. Their enmity dates from the time Samael was thrown from heaven and tried to drag Michael down with him, necessitating God's intervention.[24][25]

The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, he held a place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to Gabriel."[26] Jeremiah addresses a prayer to him.[27]

The rabbis declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said he rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown by Nimrod (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). Some say he was the "one that had escaped" (Genesis 14:13), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from defilement by Abimelech.

Michael prevented Isaac from sacrifice by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved Jacob, while yet in his mother's womb, from death by Samael.[28] He later prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, xxxvi).

The midrash Exodus Rabbah holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of the Exodus and destroyed Sennacherib's army.[29]

Christianity

Early Christian views and devotions

Statue of the Archangel Michael at the University of Bonn, slaying Satan as a dragon; Quis ut Deus is inscribed on his shield

Michael was venerated as a healer in Phrygia (modern-day Turkey).[30]

The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the Michaelion built in the early 4th century by Constantine the Great at Chalcedon, on the site of an earlier temple called Sosthenion.[31]

Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310–320 – 403) in his Coptic-Arabic Hexaemeron referred to Michael as a replacement of Satan. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.[32]

A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated Licinius near there in 324. This contributed to the standard iconography that developed of the Archangel Michael as a warrior saint slaying a dragon.[31] The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in Eastern Christianity; these spread devotions to the Archangel.[33]

In the 4th century, Saint Basil the Great's homily (De Angelis) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called "Archangel" because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχανγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in Jude 1:9.[30] Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of Castel Sant'Angelo (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.[34]

In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the Western Church was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the Leonine Sacramentary. The 7th-century Gelasian Sacramentary included the feast "S. Michaelis Archangeli", as did the 8th-century Gregorian Sacramentary. Some of these documents refer to a Basilica Archangeli (no longer extant) on via Salaria in Rome.[30]

The angelology of Pseudo-Dionysius, which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the hierarchy of angels. Later, in the 13th century, others such as Bonaventure believed that he is the prince of the Seraphim, the first of the nine angelic orders. According to Thomas Aquinas (Summa Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.[30]

Catholicism

Second-class relic stone of Saint Michael the Archangel from Monte Gargano, Italy
Archangel Michael frees souls from purgatory, by Jacopo Vignali, 17th century

Catholics often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"[35] or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate canonisation. He is generally referred to in Christian litanies as "Saint Michael", as in the Litany of the Saints. In the shortened version used in the Easter Vigil, he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, saints Gabriel and Raphael being omitted.[36]

In Roman Catholic teachings, Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.[30] His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.[37] He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the "spiritual warrior", his conflict with evil taken as "the battle within".[38]

St. Michael weighing souls during the Last Judgement, Antiphonale Cisterciense (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, Rein Abbey, Austria

The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, he is the angel of death, carrying the souls of Christians to heaven. In this role he descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus throwing the devil and his minions into consternation. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, he is often depicted holding scales.[39]

In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the Middle Ages. The names of villages around the Bay of Biscay reflect that history. Moreover, doubtless for the same motive he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.[40][41]

Catholic tradition includes also elements such as the Prayer to Saint Michael, which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.[42][43][44] The Chaplet of Saint Michael consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.[45][46]

Saint Michael the Archangel prayer

Sancte Míchael Archángele,
defénde nos in próelio;
contra nequítiam et insídias diáboli esto praesídium.
Imperet illi Deus, súpplices deprecámur,
tuque, Prínceps milítiae caeléstis,
Sátanam aliósque spíritus malígnos,
qui ad perditiónem animárum pervagántur in mundo,
divína virtúte, in inférnum detrúde.
Amen.[47]

Blessed Michael, archangel,
defend us in the hour of conflict.
Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil
(may God restrain him, we humbly pray):
and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host,
by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell
and with him those other wicked spirits
who wander through the world for the ruin of souls.
Amen.[48]

Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox accord Michael the title Archistrategos, or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".[49] The Eastern Orthodox pray to their guardian angels and above all to Michael and Gabriel.[50]

The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".[51] A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.[51]

Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.[52] In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.[52]

In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.[53][54]

While in the Serbian Orthodox Church Saint Sava has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital Belgrade's Orthodox cathedral, the see church of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: Арханђел Михаило / Arhanđel Mihailo).

The place of Michael in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is as a saintly intercessor. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.[55] In Alexandria, a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of Paoni. The 12th of the month of Hathor is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.[56]

Protestant views

West window showing Michael in armour, Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania) United States; memorial to the dead of the First World War
Statue at St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg

Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the Anglican and Methodist tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, and Uriel.[57][58] Within Anglicanism, the controversial bishop Robert Clayton (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the Logos and Gabriel the Holy Spirit.[59] Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.[60][61]

The Lutheran Churches of St. Michael's Church, Hamburg and St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim are named for him. In Bach's time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service in Lutheran churches, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the chorale cantata Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130 in 1724, Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19, in 1726 and Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149, in 1728 or 1729.

The view that Michael is Jesus Christ is affirmed by some puritain authors. In his commentary on Jude 9 John Gill says, "'Yet Michael the archangel ...' By whom is meant, not a created angel, but an eternal one, the Lord Jesus Christ ..."[62]

Many Protestant Reformers identified Michael with Christ in their writings including the following:

  1. Martin Luther[63] Hengstenberg,[64] Andrew Willet[65] Herman Witsius[66] Dr. W. L. Alexander [in Kitto], Prof. Douglas [in Fairbairn][67] Jacobus Ode,[68] Campegius Vitringa,[69]Philip Melanchthon,[70] Hugh Broughton,[71] Franciscus Junius,[72] Hävernick[73] Amandus Polanus,[74] Johannes Oecolampadius[75]Bishop Samuel Horsely,[76] William Kincaid[77] John (Jean) Calvin[78] Isaac Watts,[79] John Brown's Dictionary,[80] James Wood's Spiritual Dictionary[81]

In the 19th century, Charles Haddon Spurgeon stated that Jesus is "the true Michael"[82] and "the only Archangel".[83]

Seventh-day Adventists

Le Grand Saint Michel, 1518, by Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil

Seventh-day Adventists believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the pre-existent Christ, or Son of God. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in the full deity and eternal preexistence of Jesus Christ, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.[84] According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.[85]

They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in Revelation 12:7–9 identifies/refers to Jesus as Michael.[86]

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe Michael to be another name for Jesus in heaven, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.[87] They say the definite article at Jude 9[88]—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16[89] as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".[90][91][92]

They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1,[93] Revelation 12:7,[94] Revelation 19:14,[95] and Revelation 16[96] are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's sovereignty, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.[97] Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "Angel of the Lord" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.[98] Their earliest teachings stated that Archangel Michael was not to be worshipped and was distinct from Jesus.[99]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that Michael is Adam, the Ancient of Days (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted Jehovah (the pre-mortal form of Jesus) in the creation of the world under the direction of God the Father (Elohim); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.[100][101][102][103]

Islam

In Islam, Michael, or Mīkāʾīl,[104] is the angel said to effectuate God's providence as well as natural phenomena, such as rain.[105] He is one of the four archangels along with Jebreel (Gabriel, whom he is often paired with), ʾIsrāfīl (trumpeter angel) and ʿAzrāʾīl (angel of death).[106]

Michael in Islam is tasked with providing nourishment for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal or environmental events, and is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. He is said to be friendly, asking God for mercy toward humans and is, according to Muslim legends, one of the first to obey God's orders to bow before Adam.[107][105] He is also responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. From the tears of Michael, angels are created as his helpers.[108]

Consensus of Islamic scholars and clerics has enclosed various hadiths as interpretation material for the verse of Surah Al Imran 3:124 that Gabriel,[109][110] Michael, Raphael[111] [Notes 1][Notes 2] and thousands of best angels from third level of sky, all came to the battle of Badr.[115] Various hadith traditions linked to the Surah Al Imran 3:124, has stated that those angels has taken form of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, companion of Muhammad.[Notes 3][118]

In a version of a hadith by an-Nasāʾi, Muhammad is quoted as saying that Gabriel and Michael came to him, and when Gabriel had sat down at his right and Michael at his left, Gabriel told him to recite the Qurʾān in one mode, and Michael told him to ask more, till he reached seven modes, each mode being sufficiently health-giving.[119] According to another hadith in Sahih Muslim, Michael, along with Gabriel both dressed in white, were reported to have accompanied Muhammad on the day of the Battle of Uhud.[120] Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri has recorded in his historiography works of Quran and Hadith revelation in Prophetic biography, that Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas testified has saw Jibril and Mikail during that battle.[121]

In Shia Islam, in Dua Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):[122][123]

O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.

In the creation narrative of Adam he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by Al-Tha'labi, whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.[124]

Baha'i Faith

The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly by Baha'u'llah, 'Abdu'l-Baha, Shoghi Effendi, or even the Universal House of Justice. Baha'i publications interpreting the Book of Revelation from the New Testament say Baha'u'llah was a chief prince of Persia[125][126] foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon". Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation of Hod or "glory" in Jewish Mysticism[127] – because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God.

Gnosticism

In the Secret Book of John, a 2nd-century text found in the Nag Hammadi codices of Gnosticism, Michael is placed in control of the demons who help Yaldabaoth create Adam, along with six others named Uriel, Asmenedas, Saphasatoel, Aarmouriam, Richram, and Amiorps.[128] According to Origen of Alexandria in his work Against Celsus, Michael was represented as a lion on the Ophite Diagram.[129]

Feasts

Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in Cabeceiras de Basto

In the General Roman Calendar, the Anglican Calendar of Saints, and the Lutheran Calendar of Saints, the archangel's feast is celebrated on Michaelmas Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.[130]

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the Julian calendar celebrate it on what in the Gregorian calendar is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the "Bodiless Powers of Heaven" (i.e. angels) as their Supreme Commander (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers), and the Miracle at Chonae is commemorated on 6 September.[131][132]

In the calendar of the Church of England diocese of Truro, 8 May is the feast of St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of Cornwall.[133] The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.[134] From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on Mount Gargano in Italy.[135]

In the Coptic Orthodox Church, the main feast day in 12 Hathor and 12 Paoni, and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.

Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels is commemorated on 29 September in ROCOR Western Rite.[136]

Apparition of Saint Michael in 492 on Mount Gargano is commemorated on 8 May[137] and Dedication of Saint Michael the Archangel is commemorated on 29 September (Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate).[138]

Dedication of Saint Michael sanctuary Mont Saint-Michel by Saint Aubert of Avranches is commemorated on 16 October.[139]

On 7 April Oriental Orthodox Church commemorates deliverance prophet Jeremiah from prison by Michael.[140]

Patronages and orders

In late medieval Christianity, Michael, together with Saint George, became the patron saint of chivalry and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.[41][141]

Since the victorious Battle of Lechfeld against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the Holy Roman Empire and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm.

Statue of St Michael at the former seat of the Bavarian Military Order of Saint Michael in the Electoral Palace, Bonn, Germany.

In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in Western Christendom without an order of knighthood.[142] Later in the 15th century, Jean Molinet glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."[143] Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first chivalric order of France, the Order of Saint Michael of 1469.[142] In the British honours system, a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the Order of St Michael and St George (see also: Order of Saint Michael).[144]

Prior to 1878, the Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic Archconfraternity. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this holy scapular remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.

Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.[145] Based on the legend of his 8th-century apparition at Mont Saint-Michel, France, the Archangel is the patron of mariners in this famous sanctuary.[30] After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.[30]

Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the Aralar Range, and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of Navarre and eastern Gipuzkoa, revered by the Basques, shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.[146]

Coat of arms of Brussels

upright|thumb|Coat of arms of KyivHe has been the patron saint of Brussels since the Middle Ages.[147] The city of Arkhangelsk in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital Kyiv also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.[148]

In Linlithgow, Scotland, St. Michael has been the patron saint of the town since the 13th century, with St. Michael's Parish Church being originally constructed in 1134. Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of Dumfries in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the River Nith.[149]

An Anglican sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the Community of St Michael and All Angels was founded in 1851.[150] The Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel (CSMA), also known as the Michaelite Fathers, is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of professed religious within the Anglican Church in North America, the North American component of the Anglican realignment movement.[151]

The city of Arkhangelsk, Russia, and the federal subject Arkhangelsk Oblast are named after Michael, the Archangel.

In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the 82nd Airborne Division.[152] One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the Battle of Saint-Mihiel during World War I.

The beret insignia of the French paratroopers is a winged arm grasping a dagger, representing Saint Michael.[153] Saint Michael is the patronus of Italian special forces 9° Reggimento "Col Moschin" and the Italian state police. Saint Michael (Croatian: Sveti Mihovil) is patron of Croatian Police and Croatian Army, his feast day being also celebrated as the Police day in Croatia.[154]

Legends

Judaism

There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the Copts, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring Nebuchadnezzar (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.[155] According to midrash Genesis Rabbah, Michael saved Hananiah and his companions from the fiery furnace.[156] Michael was active in the time of Esther: "The more Haman accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".[157] It was Michael who reminded Ahasuerus that he was Mordecai's debtor;[158] and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest Hyrcanus, promising him assistance.[159]

According to Legends of the Jews, archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth. The entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.[160]

Christianity

A 12th-century icon of the Miracle at Chonae, from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai.

The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates the Miracle at Chonae on September 6.[161] The pious legend surrounding the event states that John the Apostle, when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near Lake Salda, where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.[162] Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.[163] The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.[164]

There is a late-5th-century legend in Cornwall, UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on St Michael's Mount.[165] According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.[165] Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants[166] and that King Arthur battled a giant there.[167]

The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on Monte Gargano in Italy gained a following among the Lombards in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.[168] The Tridentine calendar included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the Greek Neapolitans that the Lombards of Manfredonia attributed to Saint Michael.[30] The feast remained in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the revision of Pope John XXIII. The Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.

According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the mausoleum of Hadrian while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope Gregory I the Great (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum "Castel Sant'Angelo" (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.[34]

According to Norman legend, Michael is said to have appeared to St Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as Mont Saint-Michel.[169][170][171] In 960 the Duke of Normandy commissioned a Benedictine abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.[171]

A Portuguese Carmelite nun, Antónia d'Astónaco, reported an apparition and private revelation of the Archangel Michael who had told to this devoted Servant of God, in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous Chaplet of Saint Michael. This private revelation and prayers were approved by Pope Pius IX in 1851.[172][173]

From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of the Archangel Michael in the small village of Garabandal, Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the Virgin Mary. The Catholic Church has neither approved nor condemned the Garabandal apparitions.[174]

Art and literature

In literature

In the 1667 English epic poem Paradise Lost by John Milton, Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of Satan. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.[175]

In Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's translation of the mid-13th century The Golden Legend, Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.[176]

In Japanese light novel series Date a Live, Michael is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as Angels within the series), belonging to Mukuro Hoshimiya. Michael is a sword-sized key capable of locking away abilities or properties of objects (Michael Segva), as well as opening portals (Michael Lataib) and molecular deconstruction.

Music

Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone, H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo. (1683)

«Archangel Michael» — a song performed by Nikolai Karachentsov.[177]

Film

The 1996 film Michael portrays the archangel as being sent to Earth to perform various tasks.

Peter Mensah portrays Michael in the 2023 movie The Devil Conspiracy.

In Television

In the Amazon Prime show Good Omens, Doon Mackichan portrays the archangel Michael as one of the highest agents of Heaven.

Artistic depictions

10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine icon of St Michael, in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica

In Christian art, Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as Gabriel. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at Notre Dame de Mortain church in France.[178]

The widely reproduced image of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, an icon of the Cretan school, depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Gabriel on the right side of Mary and Jesus.[179]

In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.[30] The shield may bear the Latin inscription Quis ut Deus or the Greek inscription Christos Dikaios Krites or its initials.[180] He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.[30] The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when Emperor Constantine defeated Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople in 324 AD, not far from the Michaelion, a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.[31]

Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the Book of Revelation (12:9).[181] After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard iconography of the Archangel Michael as a warrior saint.[31]

In less common depiction, Michael holds a pair of scales, weighs the souls of the departed and holds the book of life (as in the Book of Revelation) to show he partakes in the judgment.[178] Michelangelo depicted this scene on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.[182]

In Byzantine art, Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the Day of Judgement.[183]

  • Archangel Michael on a 9th-century Makurian mural

  • Andrei Rublev's standalone depiction c. 1408

  • Michael (left) with archangels Raphael and Gabriel, by Botticini, 1470

  • Weighing souls on Judgement Day by Hans Memling, 15th century

  • Michael defeating the fallen angels, by Luca Giordano c. 1660–1665

  • Bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, standing on top of the Castel Sant'Angelo, modelled in 1753 by Peter Anton von Verschaffelt.

  • Michael's icon on the northern deacons' door on the iconostasis of Hajdúdorog. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.

  • Archangel Michael by Emily Young in the grounds of St Pancras New Church. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the 7th July 2005 bombings and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'"

  • St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, Pennsylvania

  • St Michael's Victory over the Devil, a 1958 sculpture by Jacob Epstein on the wall of the new Coventry Cathedral, England

Churches dedicated to Saint Michael

  • St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)
The Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy, France
St. Michael's Jesuit church, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
St. Michael's Roman Catholic church, Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania, Romania
  • Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (es), San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato Mexico World Heritage Site
  • Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel Cocula Jalisco Mexico
  • St Michael's Church, Frenaros, Cyprus
  • St Michael's Church, Pedoulas, Cyprus
  • Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel, Utuado, Puerto Rico
  • Sacra di San Michele (Saint Michael's Abbey), near Turin, Italy
  • Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the White Tower, Brixen, Italy
  • Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula, in Brussels, Belgium
  • Mont Saint-Michel, Normandy, France – a World Heritage Site
  • St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto), Canada
  • St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk), Russia
  • St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao, China
  • Chudov Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin
  • Cathedral of the Archangel in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site
  • Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo, Gargano, Italy – a World Heritage Site
  • St Michael's Mount, Cornwall, UK
  • St. Michael, Minnesota
  • St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi, Canada
  • Skellig Michael, off the Irish west coast – a World Heritage Site
  • St Michael's Cathedral, Coventry, UK
  • St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, Kyiv, Ukraine
  • Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, Pensacola, Florida, United States
  • St. Michael's Church, Vienna in Vienna, Austria
  • Tayabas Basilica, Tayabas, Quezon, Philippines
  • St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church, Pontevedra, Negros Occidental, Philippines
  • Archdiocesan Shrine and Parish of St. Michael the Archangel, Argao, Cebu, Philippines (Argao Church)
  • St. Michael's Church, Berlin, Germany
  • St. Michael's Cathedral, Iligan City, Philippines
  • St. Michael Cathedral, Ilagan, Philippines
  • San Miguel Church (Manila), Philippines
  • Cathedral of Saint Michael, Kalibo, Aklan, Philippines
  • Iglesia Filipina Independiente – Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel, Bacoor, Cavite, Philippines
  • St. Michael the Archangel Parish, Taguig, Philippines
  • St. Michael's Jesuit church, Munich, Germany
  • St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade in Belgrade, Serbia
  • Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel in Gamu, Isabela, Philippines
  • Mission San Miguel Arcángel, San Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions
  • St Michael at the North Gate, Oxford, UK
  • St. Michael's Roman Catholic church, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
  • St. Michael's Church, Mumbai, India
  • Church of St. Michael, Štip, Republic of Macedonia
  • St Michael and All Angels Church, Polwatte
  • St Michael's Church, Churchill, UK
  • St Michael's Catholic Church, Halifax, Canada
  • St Michael the Archangel, Llanyblodwel, England
  • St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland
  • St Michael's Parish Church, Blackrock, Cork, Ireland
  • St Michael's Parish Church, Waddington, Lincolnshire, UK.

See also


References

Notes

  1. ↑ found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.[112] The complete narration from Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri were:... Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali – may God be pleased with him – addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God – may God bless him and grant him peace – and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God – may God bless him and his family and grant them peace – and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God – may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family – and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God – may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family – carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty... Ibn al Mulqin (id), Hadith scholar from Córdoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith tha he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.[113] More recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi notes another hadith which supports the participation of Raphael in Badr[111]
  2. ↑ According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Israfil were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower of Armageddon trumpet.[114] Suyuti mentioned Israfil as Muezzin among angels, possessed four wings, while Suyuti also mentioned another narrator Israfil possessed twelve wings instead.[115] Israfil also mentioned by Suyuti as Muezzin among angels and a member of a group of biggest archangels who bear the Throne of God on their back.[115] Abu Bakar al-Hudhali opined the angel who blowing horn were different from Israfil, while Abu Said Al-Khudri mentioned the blower of horn were in fact consisted of two angels, while he supported the opinion that Israfil were also one of the blower.[115] Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani thought the hadith were Munkar and should not be trusted.[116]
  3. ↑ According to one Hadith, Muhammad were told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel.[117]

Citations

  1. ↑ "Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1". Biblegateway.com. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31. 
  2. ↑ Alban Butler, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117
  3. ↑ "Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel". news.va. http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va. 
  4. ↑ "St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels". Catholic.org. http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308. 
  5. ↑ Kock, Claudia (8 December 2021). "Heiliger Erzengel Michael: Schutzpatron Deutschlands". https://www.die-tagespost.de/kirche/heilige/heiliger-erzengel-michael-schutzpatron-deutschlands-art-172857. 
  6. ↑ Kock, Claudia (8 December 2021). "Heiliger Erzengel Michael: Schutzpatron Deutschlands". https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/erzengel-teufelsbezwinger-und-beliebter-schutzpatron-3625816. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hannah 2011, p. 33.
  8. ↑ Barnes 1993, p. 54.
  9. ↑ Collins 1999, p. 339.
  10. ↑ Collins 1984, pp. 34-36.
  11. ↑ Hill 2008, p. 176.
  12. ↑ Asale 2020, p. 55.
  13. ↑ Fahlbusch 1999, p. 674.
  14. ↑ Hannah 2011, p. 33-54.
  15. ↑ Barker 2006, p. 123.
  16. ↑ Bromiley 1971, p. 156-157.
  17. ↑ Bromiley 1971, p. 157.
  18. ↑ Bromiley 1971, p. 156.
  19. ↑ Green 2008, p. 18.
  20. ↑ Green 2008, p. 79.
  21. ↑ Hughes 1885, p. 348.
  22. ↑ Noegel & Wheeler 2002, p. 218.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Capmak 2017, p. 1042.
  24. ↑ Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer xxvi
  25. ↑ "Jewish Encyclopedia – Michael". Jewish Encyclopedia. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833. Retrieved 2009-02-18. 
  26. ↑ Yer. Ber. ix. 13a
  27. ↑ Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5
  28. ↑ Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110
  29. ↑ Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8 30.9 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Michael the Archangel". https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend ISBN:1-84383-128-7; pp. 33–34
  32. ↑ Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", Studia Orientalia Electronica, 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526
  33. ↑ Anna Jameson (2004), Sacred and Legendary Art ISBN:0-7661-8144-8; p. 92
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Alban Butler, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320
  35. ↑ Online, Catholic. "Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle – Prayers". https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12. 
  36. ↑ Cadwallader, Alan H.; Michael Trainor (2011). Colossae in Space and Time. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 323. ISBN 978-3-525-53397-0. https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai. Retrieved 2012-12-27. 
  37. ↑ Donna-Marie O'Boyle, Catholic Saints Prayer Book OSV Publishing, 2008 ISBN:1-59276-285-9 p. 60
  38. ↑ Starr 2007, p. 2.
  39. ↑ Starr 2007, p. 39.
  40. ↑ Butler 1821, p. 117.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Michael McGrath, Patrons and Protectors. Liturgy Training, 2001. ISBN:1-56854-109-0.
  42. ↑ "Prayer to St Michael". http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm. 
  43. ↑ Matthew Bunson, The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church, OSV Publishing, 2001 ISBN:0-87973-914-2 p. 315
  44. ↑ Amy Welborn, The Words We Pray. Loyola Press, 2004. ISBN:0-8294-1956-X, p. 101.
  45. ↑ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN:0-87973-910-X p. 123
  46. ↑ EWTN "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel "
  47. ↑ "Holy See Press Office Communiqué". http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/09/29/180929d.html. 
  48. ↑ Joyce, James (17 April 2008). Ulysses. OUP Oxford. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-19-162349-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80. 
  49. ↑ Baun, Jane (2007). Tales from Another Byzantium. Cambridge University Press. p. 391 et passim. ISBN 978-0-521-82395-1. https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22. Retrieved 2012-12-27. 
  50. ↑ Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) ISBN:0801026512, p. 75
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) ISBN:1405185392 p. 30
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life, by Ernst Benz (2008) ISBN:0202362981, p. 16
  53. ↑ A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors, by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, p. 203
  54. ↑ Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present, by James Cracraft (2003) ISBN:0801488281, p. 42
  55. ↑ Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity, by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) ISBN:977-424-757-4 pp. 27, 117, 147
  56. ↑ Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean, by Nelly Hanna (2002) ISBN:1-86064-699-9, p. 226
  57. ↑ Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc.. p. 14. ISBN 9780898697018. 
  58. ↑ The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series. London: William Cooke. 1867. p. 493. https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493. 
  59. ↑ Clayton, Robert (February 13, 1751). "An essay on spirit". London, printed: [etc.]. http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog. 
  60. ↑ Dictionary of National Biography: Clayton, Robert
  61. ↑ John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN:0-521-41732-5; p. 47
  62. ↑ Gill, John (1746–1748). An Exposition of the New Testament. 
  63. ↑ Luther, Martin; Knaake, Joachim Karl Friedrich (1883). Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. [Hrsg. von J.K.F. Knaake et al.]. Robarts – University of Toronto. Weimar H. Böhlaus. p. 570. ISBN 978-3-7400-0036-3. http://archive.org/details/werkekritischege49luthuoft. 
  64. ↑ Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm (1858). Christology of the Old Testament: And a Commentary on the Messianic Predictions. T. & T. Clark. pp. 304. https://books.google.com/books?id=vpg8AAAAYAAJ. 
  65. ↑ Hexapla in Danielem: that Is, a Six-fold Commentarie Vpon the Most Diuine Prophesie of Daniel, According to the Method Propounded in Hexapla Upon Genesis and Exodus ... By Andrew Willet. [With the Text and an Appendix.]. By Cantrell Legge. 1610. pp. 466. https://books.google.com/books?id=H6Fvjd_Nh8YC. 
  66. ↑ Witsius, Herman (1823). Sacred Dissertations: On what is Commonly Called the Apostles' Creed. A. Fullerton & Company; and Khull, Blackie & Company Glasgow: and sold. pp. 439. https://books.google.com/books?id=DKQPAAAAIAAJ&q=michael. 
  67. ↑ Smith, William (1868). A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Bible .... Appleton. pp. 646. https://books.google.com/books?id=_3Y7AQAAIAAJ. 
  68. ↑ ODE, Jacobus (1755) (in la). Jacobi Ode ... Commentarius de Angelis. apud M. Visch. pp. 1058. https://books.google.com/books?id=fqYQvLKEXfwC. 
  69. ↑ Vitringa, Campegius (1741) (in nl). Uitlegging over het boek der profeetsyen van Jezaias, ...: In het werk zyn ingevoegt de kennisnemingen van het oude Moabitische landt, .../ Door den arbeidt en vlyt van Kampegius Vitringa ... ; Uit het Latijn vertaald en met de vereischte bladwijzers voorzien door Boudewyn ter Braak .... by Jan en Hend. van der Deyster, en Abraham Kallewier. pp. 562. https://books.google.com/books?id=H4tYAAAAcAAJ. 
  70. ↑ Melanchthon, Philipp (1543) (in la). In Danielem Prophetam commentarius. Lufft. pp. 141. https://books.google.com/books?id=W0MYA3FztEwC. 
  71. ↑ Broughton, Hugh (1599) (in la). Commentarius in Danielem : primum Anglice scriptus ab Hughone Broughtono, nunc Latinitate donatus per Ioannem Boreel, Mittelburgens. per Sebastianum Henricpetri. pp. 91. https://books.google.com/books?id=vBW_AeJEfJcC&q=michael. 
  72. ↑ Robinson, Thomas (1892). A homiletical commentary on the book of Daniel : with copious notes and indexes. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. London : R.D. Dickinson. pp. 227. http://archive.org/details/homileticalcomme27robi. 
  73. ↑ Hävernick, Heinrich Andreas Christoph (1832) (in de). Commentar über das Buch Daniel. F. Perthes. pp. 499. https://books.google.com/books?id=9aQUAAAAQAAJ. 
  74. ↑ Polansdorf, Amandus Polanus von (1606) (in la). In Danielem prophetam visionum amplitudine difficillimum, vaticiniorum maiestate augustissimum commentarius. Waldkirch. pp. 1195. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVNYAAAAcAAJ. 
  75. ↑ Ökolampadius, Johannes (1553) (in la). In librum Iob exegemata .... Crispinus. pp. 259. https://books.google.com/books?id=DJyUPrBVkB4C. 
  76. ↑ HORSLEY, SAMUEL (1829). SERMONS. pp. 27. https://books.google.com/books?id=yaYGAAAAQAAJ. 
  77. ↑ Kinkade, William (1829). The Bible doctrine of God, Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit, atonement, faith, and election : to which is prefixed some thoughts on natural theology, and the truth of revelation. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. New York : H.R. Piercy, Printer. pp. 152. http://archive.org/details/bibledoctrineofg00kink. 
  78. ↑ Calvin, Jean (1852–1853). Commentaries on the book of the Prophet Daniel;. Robarts – University of Toronto. Edinburgh, Calvin Translation Society. pp. 253. http://archive.org/details/commentariesonda02calvuoft. 
  79. ↑ Watts, Isaac (1795). The Glory of Christ as God-Man : displayed, in three discourses ... with an appendix containing an abridgement of Dr. Thomas Goodwin's discourse on the glories and royalties of Christ .... Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Boston : Printed by Manning and Loring for David West. pp. 223. http://archive.org/details/gloryofchristasg00watt. 
  80. ↑ Brown, John (1807). Brown's Dictionary of the Holy Bible ...: The Whole Comprising a Complete and Most Entertaining Library of Scripture Knowledge. M. Angus and Son. pp. 179. https://books.google.com/books?id=jwPeWnBrq8AC. 
  81. ↑ Minister.), James WOOD (Wesleyan (1825). A Dictionary of the Holy Bible: containing an historical account of the persons; a geographical account of the places ... and an explication of the appellative terms mentioned in the Old and New Testament ... Extracted chiefly from Brown, Calmet,&c. ... The tenth edition. Caxton Press. pp. 165. https://books.google.com/books?id=JrYsNWVxdasC. 
  82. ↑ Spurgeon, Charles Haddon (1866). Morning by Morning: Daily Readings for the Family Or the Closet. Passmore and Alabaster. pp. 277. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fec_AAAAcAAJ. 
  83. ↑ Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. Spurgeon's Sermons Volume 14: 1868. Lulu.com. pp. 414. ISBN 978-1-77356-132-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=PBI6DwAAQBAJ. 
  84. ↑ Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine , Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".
  85. ↑ Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe? by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16
  86. ↑ "The Remnant". Adventist World. http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law. 
  87. ↑ Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218
  88. ↑ Jude 9
  89. ↑ 1 Thessalonians 4:16
  90. ↑ Insight on the Scriptures. 2. Watch Tower Society. pp. 393–394. http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035. Retrieved 2013-05-01. 
  91. ↑ What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Society. pp. 218–219. http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160. Retrieved 2013-05-01. 
  92. ↑ "Angels—How They Affect Mankind". The Watchtower (Watch Tower Society): 21–25. March 15, 2007. http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206. Retrieved 2013-05-01. 
  93. ↑ Daniel 12:1
  94. ↑ Revelation 12:7
  95. ↑ Revelation 19:14
  96. ↑ Revelation 16
  97. ↑ What Does The Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Society. p. 87. 
  98. ↑ "Your Leader Is One, the Christ". The Watchtower: 21. September 15, 2010. 
  99. ↑ "The Name of Jesus". The Watchtower 1 (4): 48. November 1879. https://archive.org/download/WatchtowerLibrary/magazines/w/w1879_E.pdf. 
  100. ↑ Millet, Robert L. (February 1998), "The Man Adam", Liahona, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng 
  101. ↑ Doctrine and Covenants 27:11
  102. ↑ Doctrine and Covenants 107:53–56
  103. ↑ Doctrine and Covenants 128:21
  104. ↑ "King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)". http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 "Mikal – Angel, Meaning, & Islam". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mikal. 
  106. ↑ "Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement". Usc.edu. http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098. 
  107. ↑ John L. Esposito Oxford Dictionary of Islam Oxford University Press ISBN:978-0-195-12559-7 p. 200
  108. ↑ MacDonald, John (1964). "The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: [Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions]". Islamic Studies 3 (3): 285–308. 
  109. ↑ Ibn Kathir (d.1373). "Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Ale Imran". Quran 4 U. Tafsir. http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/003%20Imran.htm. 
  110. ↑ al-Misri, Mahmud (2015) (in id, ar). Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam. Pustaka Ibnu Katsir. p. Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam; by Mahmud al-Misri (ar); official Book review by Basalamah; quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Siyar A'lam Nubala, Al-Tirmidhi, Prophetic biography of Ibn Hisham, etc.. ISBN 9789791294386. https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3644.slims-9450. Retrieved 6 November 2021. 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Hakim, Saifuddin (2015). "Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1)" (in id). https://muslim.or.id/24549-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-1.html. "[ يا آدم بر حجك] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."" 
  112. ↑ al-Nishapuri, al-Hakim. "Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr.". al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn. Islamweb: Islamweb. https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&idfrom=4305&idto=4307&bk_no=74&ID=1899. Retrieved 13 December 2021. "4488 – Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi, on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub, who reported Abu Huwayrith, that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him" 
  113. ↑ Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i, Sirajuddin. "كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي". https://al-maktaba.org/book/33911/1160. 
  114. ↑ Hakim, Saifuddin (2015). "Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)" (in id). https://muslim.or.id/24567-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-2.html. "Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba’dal Maut, p. 112. ; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-‘Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-‘Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467)." 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 Al-Suyuti (2021). Muhammad as Said Basyuni, Abu Hajir; Yasir, Muhammad. eds (in id). Misteri Alam Malaikat (Religion / Islam / General). Pustaka al-Kautsar. pp. 29–33, 172. ISBN 9789795929512. https://books.google.com/books?id=iDxQEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 6 February 2022. "Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book of az-Zuhd; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn SHihab (1/92)" 
  116. ↑ Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (2001) (in ar). جامع الأحاديث والآثار التي خرجها وحكم عليها فضيلة الشيخ محمد ناصر الدين الألباني، رحمه الله، في جميع كتبه (Hadith -- Texts -- Authorities -- Criticism, Textual -- Hermeneutics). Maktaba al Islam. p. 12. https://books.google.com/books?id=2vDXAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 3 March 2022. 
  117. ↑ Qadhi, Yasir (2016). "Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01". Muslim Central (Muslim Central Audio). https://muslimcentral.com/yasir-qadhi-lives-sahaba-az-zubayr-ibn-al-awwam/. 
  118. ↑ (Bin Al-Hassan Al-Dimashqi )
  119. ↑ At-Tabrizi, Khatib. Mishkat al-Masabih 2215 - The Excellent Qualities of the Qur'an - كتاب فضائل القرآن, Hadith 2215 - Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/mishkat:2215. Retrieved 5 August 2021. 
  120. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book of Virtues (#43), Hadith 63 (reference: Sahih Muslim 2306a)
  121. ↑ Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri (2021). Nayra, Abu. ed (in id) (ebook). Periode Madinah; Aktivitas Militer Menjelang Perang Uhud dan Perang Ahzab (Religion / General, Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History, Religion / Reference). Hikam Pustaka. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9786233114158. https://books.google.com/books?id=BWhgEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 12 March 2022. 
  122. ↑ "Aamal e Umme Dawood". http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm. 
  123. ↑ "Dua of Umm Dawood". www.wilayatmission.org. http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf. 
  124. ↑ The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – p. 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007
  125. ↑ The Logic of The Revelation of St. John|Stephen Beebe|Baha'i Publishing Trust|2001|pgs. 103-104
  126. ↑ Daniel 10:7-13
  127. ↑ The Apocalypse Unsealed|Robert F. Riggs|Philosophical Library, Inc.|1982|pgs. 160,164
  128. ↑ Marvin Meyer; Willis Barnstone (June 30, 2009). "The Secret Book of John". The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html. Retrieved 2022-02-06. 
  129. ↑ Origen (248), Ante-Nicene Fathers, IV 
  130. ↑ Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN:1-84383-128-7 p. 105
  131. ↑ Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN:0-89236-845-4 p. 46
  132. ↑ The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 2010 by Ken Parry ISBN:1-4443-3361-5 p. 242
  133. ↑ "BBC – Cornwall Uncovered – Story The Legend of St Piran". http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml. 
  134. ↑ The English Missal for the laity; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627
  135. ↑ Cross & Livingstone (eds.) ODCC; p. 613
  136. ↑ "ROCOR Western Rite (Home)". https://www.rocor-wr.org/. 
  137. ↑ "МИХАИЛ, АРХАНГЕЛ – Древо" (in ru). http://drevo-info.ru/articles/7863.html. 
  138. ↑ "Calendar". 2012-01-11. http://www.stgregoryoc.org/calendar/. 
  139. ↑ Farmer, David (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition Revised ed.). Great Britain: OUP Oxford. pp. 309. ISBN 978-0-19-959660-7. 
  140. ↑ "Ethiopian synaxarium". https://www.tewahedo.dk/litt/cached/The_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf. 
  141. ↑ Ball, p. 586.
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520 by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 ISBN:0-85115-795-5 pp. 427–428
  143. ↑ Noted by Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:56.
  144. ↑ Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN:0-521-84332-4 p. 2008
  145. ↑ Patron Saints by Michael Freze 1992 ISBN:0-87973-464-7 p. 170
  146. ↑ Dronda, Javier (2013). Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936). Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-84-15313-31-1. 
  147. ↑ Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550 by Paul Williamson 2002 ISBN:0-8109-6602-6 p. 42
  148. ↑ Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 ISBN:0-664-22497-0 p. 148
  149. ↑ "History of Dumfries". loreburne.co.uk. http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html. 
  150. ↑ All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society) by Susan Mumm 200 ISBN:0-85115-728-9 p. 48
  151. ↑ "甘肃快3_官方彩购买". http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/. 
  152. ↑ Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military . Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.
  153. ↑ "History: 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment | French Foreign Legion Information". http://foreignlegion.info/history/2rep/. 
  154. ↑ Svečano obilježen Dan policije i blagdan svetog Mihovila mup.gov.hr. Ministry of Interior. Published 29 September 2022.
  155. ↑ Amélineau, "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq
  156. ↑ Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16
  157. ↑ Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8
  158. ↑ Targum to Esther, vi. 1
  159. ↑ comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3
  160. ↑ Ginzberg, Louis, The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man , (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, ISBN:0-8018-5890-9
  161. ↑ Makarios of Simonos Petra, The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church, trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 ISBN:960-85603-7-3), p. 47.
  162. ↑ Synaxarion, p. 47.
  163. ↑ Synaxarion, p. 48.
  164. ↑ Peers, Glenn (2001). Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium. University of California Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-520-22405-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143. 
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN:1-84383-128-7 p. 68
  166. ↑ Popular Romances of the West of England by Robert Hunt 2009 ISBN:0-559-12999-8 p. 238
  167. ↑ Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland by Richard Jones 2006 ISBN:1-84537-594-7 p. 17
  168. ↑ The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 ISBN:1-85285-195-3 pp. 10–11
  169. ↑ Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 ISBN:2-7082-3351-3 pp. 55–56
  170. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mont-St-Michel". https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm. 
  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 ISBN:1-57607-004-2 p. 398
  172. ↑ Ball, p. 123.
  173. ↑ EWTN The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel
  174. ↑ Michael Freze, 1993, Voices, Visions, and Apparitions, OSV Publishing ISBN:0-87973-454-X p. 267
  175. ↑ John Milton, Paradise Lost 1674 Book VI line 320
  176. ↑ Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1851). The Golden Legend. Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm. 
  177. ↑ Nikolai Karachentsov «Archangel Michael». Music by Rustam Nevredinov, lyrics by Olesya Borisova. on YouTube
  178. ↑ 178.0 178.1 Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN:1-84383-128-7 pp. 141–147
  179. ↑ Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN:0-89236-845-4 p. 188
  180. ↑ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN:0-87973-910-X p. 520
  181. ↑ "Constantine and the Christian empire" by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 ISBN:0-415-17485-6 p. 315
  182. ↑ "Vatican website: Sistine Chapel". Vaticanstate.va. http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm. 
  183. ↑ Saints in art by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 ISBN:0-89236-717-2 pp. 274–276

Sources

Further reading

  • Ball, Ann (2003). Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices. ISBN 0-87973-910-X. 
  • Butler, Alban (1821). The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. in twelve volumes. B. Dornin. 
  • Starr, Mirabai (2007). Saint Michael: The Archangel. Sounds True. ISBN 978-1-59179-627-5. 

External links




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