Religion:Qadr Night

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Short description: Observed date in the Islamic calendar
Qadr Night
Qadr night in Jamkaran
Reading the Quran is a key observance of Laylat al-Qadr
Official nameليلة القدر
Also calledNight of Power, Night of Value, Night of Destiny, Night of Determination, Night Of Decree or Precious Night [1]
Observed byMuslims
TypeAngels descend to the earth and the annual decree is revealed to them
ObservancesTahajjud night prayers, reading the Quran, making dua, doing dhikr, observing iʿtikāf, giving sadaqah
DateOften observed as 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th or 29th Ramadan and some add 19th to series. It is narrated as 23rd by Abdul Sahih. Many cultures observe it as 27th Ramadan but many scholars say it is fabricated.[citation needed]
FrequencyAnnual

The Qadr Night or Laylat al-Qadr (Arabic: لیلة القدر), variously rendered in English as the Night of Decree,[2] Night of Power,[3] Night of Value, Night of Destiny,[4] or Night of Measures, is, in Islamic belief, the night when the Quran was first sent down from Heaven to the world and also the night when the first verses of the Quran were revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and it is described to be better than a thousand months of worshipping.[5] According to many Muslim sources,[which?] its exact date is uncertain but it was one of the odd-numbered nights of the last ten days of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. Since that time, Muslims have regarded the last ten nights of Ramadan as being especially blessed. Muslims believe that the Night of Qadr comes with blessings and mercy of God in abundance, sins are forgiven, supplications are accepted, and that the annual decree is revealed to the angels who carry it out according to God's grace.

Naming

Qadr, (قدر) in Arabic, means measure and limit or value of something or destiny.[6] Some reasons have been offered for its naming:

  • It is said that it was called al-Qadr because the annual destiny of every person will be determined by God.[7]
  • Some say that if one stays awake at this night praying, reading Quran, or repenting, one will reach a high state.[8]
  • Some have said that it was called al-Qadr because it is a grand and high-value night.[9]

Other names such as "Laylat al-'Azama" (Arabic:ليلة العظمة; night of the greatness) and "Laylat al-Sharaf" (Arabic:ليلة الشرف; night of the honor) have also been mentioned for this night.[10]

Revelation to Muhammad

Some commentators believe that the Quran was revealed to Muhammad twice;

  • the 'immediate revelation' happening on the Laylat al-Qadr and
  • 'gradual revelation' across 23 years.

The Quran uses the word anzal (انزل) which justifies 'the immediate revelation', according to Allamah Tabatabai.[11] However some others believe that the revelation of Quran occurred in two phases, with the first phase being the revelation in its entirety on Laylat al-Qadr to the angel Gabriel (Jibril in Arabic) in the lowest heaven, and then the subsequent verse-by-verse revelation to Muhammad by Gabriel.[4] The revelation started in 610 CE at the Hira cave on Mount Jabal al-Nour in Mecca. The first Surah that was revealed was Sūrat al-ʿAlaq (in Arabic العلق).[12] During Muhammad's first revelation, the first five verses of this Surah, or chapter, were revealed.[13]

Date

A specific date of Laylat al-Qadr is not mentioned in the Quran.[14][15] Muhammad received the information about the exact date of Laylat al-Qadr from God in a dream. He went to tell the Sahabah about that date. However, he saw two people fighting and forgot what the date was because Allah took the knowledge of Al Qadr from him.[16] With the day of the week, a Muslim date can be fixed exactly.

Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam holds that God alone answers humanity's supplications and that He alone receives them and forgives humanity and gives them what they ask for, and that on this particular night Muslims should actively seek God's forgiveness and engage in various acts of worship.

For Muslim communities all over the world; Laylat al-Qadr is found to be on the last 5 odd nights of Ramadan (21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th or 29th) whereby night precedes day. Many cultures[which?] celebrate it on the 27th, while certain scholars state that if a Friday night coincides with an odd numbered night, it is likely to be the one.[17][18]

Last five odd nights Gregorian date[19]
1440 25 May 2019, 27 May 2019, 29 May 2019, 31 May 2019, 2 June 2019 or 4 June 2019
1441 15 May 2020, 17 May 2020, 19 May 2020, 21 May 2020 or 23 May 2020
1442 4 May 2021, 6 May 2021, 8 May 2021, 10 May 2021 or 12 May 2021
1443 22 April 2022, 24 April 2022, 26 April 2022, 28 April 2022, or 30 April 2022

Shia Islam

See also: Assassination of Ali
Iranians observing Qadr Night in Imam Reza shrine
Iranians observing Qadr Night in Jamkaran Mosque

Shia Muslims similarly believe that Laylat al-Qadr is to be found in the last ten odd nights of Ramadan but mostly on the 19th, 21st or 23rd of Ramadan with 23rd being the most important night.[20] The 19th, according to the Shia belief, coincides with the night Ali was attacked in the Mihrab while worshipping in the Great Mosque of Kufa. He died on 21 Ramadan.[21] Shia Muslims believe that Ali (the first Shia Imam, and the fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate to Sunnis) had special insight and intimacy with Allah on this night. Imam Sadiq is quoted as saying (Tafsir "al-Burhan", vol. 4, p. 487):

Once Imam Ali was reciting Surat al-Qadr and his sons, Imam Hasan (a) and Imam Husayn (a) were near him. Imam Husayn (a) asked his father: “Father, how come we feel a different sensation when you recite this surah?” Imam Ali(a) replied, “O son of the Prophet and my son! I know things from this chapter that you are not aware of now. When this surah was sent down to the Prophet he asked me to go to him. When I went to him he recited this surah, then he put his hand on my right shoulder and said: O my brother and my successor! O the leader of my nation after me! O tireless fighter with my enemies! This surah is yours after me, and is for your two sons after you. Gabriel who is my brother among the angels informs me of the events of one year of my nation at the night of Qadr. And after me he will give this information to you. This surah will always have a shining light in your heart and in the heart of your successors until the rising of the dawn of the day of reappearance of Qa'im [the one who rises, a title for the Islamic Messiah, Mahdi]."[22]

Ibn Abbas was aware of both the date and the day of the week.[23][24][25] Hence the Shia's have generally concluded that it is the 23rd[4]

According to other hadiths, destinies are written on the night of Ramadan 19, are finalized on the night of Ramadan 21, and are ultimately confirmed on the night of Ramadan 23.[26]

Two other possibilities about the time of the Night of Qadr are the nights of Ramadan 27 and Sha'ban 15.[27]

23rd of Ramadan Gregorian date
1440 28 May 2019[28][29]
1441 16 May 2020[30]
1442 5 May 2021[31]
1443 24 April 2022[32]

Religious importance

The night is not comparable to any others in view of Muslims[20] and according to a tradition, the blessings due to the acts of worship during this night cannot be equaled even by worshipping throughout an entire lifetime. The reward of acts of worship done in this one single night is more than the reward of a thousand months of worship.[33] Laylat al-Qadr is referenced in the Quran:[4][20]

  1. We have indeed revealed this (Message) in the Night of Decree:
  2. And what will explain to thee what the Night of Decree is?
  3. The Night of Decree is better than a thousand months.
  4. Therein come down the angels and the Spirit by Allah's permission, on every errand:
  5. Peace!... This until the rise of dawn!
—Surah 97 (Al-Qadr), āyāt 1–5[34]

Rituals (Shi'a)

Shi'as practice the rituals of the Night of Qadr every year in mosques, tekyehs, shrines of Imams or children of Imams, Husayniyyas or their own houses. They stay vigilant the whole night until dawn and worship God. The most important practices of the Night of Qadr include congregational prayers, recitation of the Iftitah Supplication, Abu Hamza al-Thumali Supplication, and al-Jawshan al-Kabir, and collective supplications while they keep volumes of the Qur'an on top of their heads. Other rituals of the night include donations of dawn food, payment of their nadhr for the dead, feeding the poor, and emancipation of financial prisoners.

Since the assassination of Ali (a) occurs in the last ten days of the Ramadan month, Shi'as mourn in these nights.[35]

See also

References

  1. ↑ (in en) Britannica Guide to the Islamic World. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.. 2009. ISBN 9781593398491. https://books.google.com/books?id=tbicAAAAQBAJ&q=Laylat+al-Qadr&pg=PA37. Retrieved 2 June 2017. 
  2. ↑ Halim, Fachrizal A. (2014). Legal Authority in Premodern Islam: Yahya B Sharaf Al-Nawawi in the Shafi'i School of Law. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9781317749189. https://books.google.com/books?id=RUqLBQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 31 May 2017. 
  3. ↑ Daneshgar, Majid; Saleh, Walid A (eds) (2017) (in en). Islamic Studies Today: Essays in Honor of Andrew Rippin. Leiden. p. 93. ISBN 9789004337121. https://books.google.com/books?id=LtzzDQAAQBAJ&q=laylat+al-qad&pg=PA93. Retrieved 31 May 2017. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 A. Beverley, James (2011). "Laylat al-Qadr". in Melton, J. Gordon (in en). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. Volume two L-Z. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 517. ISBN 9781598842067. https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA517. Retrieved 31 May 2017. 
  5. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari. "Book of Revelation - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". https://sunnah.com/bukhari/1. 
  6. ↑ Qarashī, Qāmūs al-Qurʾān, vol. 5, p. 246-247. 
  7. ↑ Tabatabai, Tafsir Al-Mizan, 1363, vol. 20, p. 561.. 
  8. ↑ Ghadmiari, "Night of Destiny in Hafez's lyric poems", p. 180.. 
  9. ↑ Makarem Shirazi, Tafsir Nomoneh, 1996, vol. 27, p. 188.. 
  10. ↑ Majidi Khameneh,"Nights of Glory in Iran", p1. 
  11. ↑ Staff. "Qadr night from the view point of Allamah Tabtabaei". http://atu.ac.ir/fa/news/All/bodyView/5574/index.html. 
  12. ↑ al-Mubarakpuri, Safi-ur-Rahman (2002). The Sealed Nectar. Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam. p. 68. ISBN 978-1591440710. https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar_201501. 
  13. ↑ Roslan Abdul-Rahim (December 2017). "Demythologizing the Qur'an Rethinking Revelation Through Naskh al-Qur'an". Global Journal Al-Thaqafah 7 (2): 62–3. doi:10.7187/GJAT122017-2. ISSN 2232-0474. http://www.gjat.my/gjat122017/GJAT122017-2.pdf. Retrieved 26 February 2019. 
  14. ↑ Islam and state in Sumatra: a study of seventeenth-century Aceh. p. 128.
  15. ↑ Marjo Buitelaar. Fasting and feasting in Morocco: women's participation in ramzan. p. 64.
  16. ↑ Sahih Bukhari. "Chapter: 2, Belief. Hadith No. 47". http://ahadith.co.uk/chapter.php?page=4&cid=2&rows=10. 
  17. ↑ Mohammad Younes, Arefi. "The importance of Qadr night and the secret behind it's being hidden" (in fa). The Message of Woman. http://www.daftarmags.ir/Journal/Text/PayamZan/Article/index.aspx?JournalNumber=245&ArticleNumber=31365. Retrieved 12 June 2016. 
  18. ↑ Parsa, Farvardin. "Laylat al-Qadr from the viewpoint of Sunni Muslims". http://www.bashgah.net/fa/content/show/7168. 
  19. ↑ "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Ysuf, Imtiyaz. "Laylat al-Qadr". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1058?_hi=0&_pos=4713. Retrieved 2 June 2017. 
  21. ↑ Syed Muhammad Askari Jafari. "A biographical profile of Imam Ali". http://www.alseraj.net/maktaba/kotob/english/FourteenInfallibles/ABiographical/ahlulbayt14/imam-ali.html#a16. 
  22. ↑ "Imam Mahdi (a) in Chapter al-Qadr" (in en). https://www.al-islam.org/message-thaqalayn/vol-12-no-2-summer-2011/imam-mahdi-chapter-al-qadr-muhammad-reza-hakimi/imam-mahdi#chapter-al-qadr. 
  23. ↑ Sahih Bukhari. "Chapter: 32, Night prayer in Ramadan (Taraweeh). Hadith No: 239". http://ahadith.co.uk/searchresults.php?page=2&q=Night+of+Qadr. "Ibn Abbas added "Search for it on the twenty-fourth (of Ramadan)"" 
  24. ↑ Bombay Tract and Book Society (1856). Life of Mohammad. Bombay. p. 30. https://books.google.com/books?id=1SYNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30. Retrieved 12 September 2020.  Note that in Islam night precedes day, so that, for example, "the night of the 23rd" is not the night between the 23rd and the 24th but the night between the 22nd and the 23rd.
  25. ↑ Ibn Kathir (trans. Professor Trevor Le Gassick). The life of the Prophet Muhammad. 2. p. 154. http://www.futureislam.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/the-life-of-the-prophet-muhammad-volume-ii.pdf. Retrieved 10 May 2020. "Similarly, Imam Ahmad recounted from Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Your prophet was born on a Monday, left Mecca on a Monday, first received revelation on a Monday, entered Medina on a Monday and died on a Monday." 
  26. ↑ Klini, Sufficient Principles, 1996, vol. 2, p. 772.. 
  27. ↑ Kashani, Manhaj Al-Sadiqin, 1344, vol. 4, p. 274, quoting Eftekhari, \"Prayer and the Night of Power from the perspective of Musa Sadr\", p17. 
  28. ↑ "Ramadan Calendar 2024". https://www.islamicfinder.org/ramadan-calendar/. 
  29. ↑ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1398 Calendar" (in Persian)". https://calendar.ut.ac.ir/Fa/TYear/Data/Ordibehesht-Khordad1398.pdf. 
  30. ↑ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1399 Calendar" (in Persian)". https://calendar.ut.ac.ir/Fa/News/Data/Doc/Calendar%201399-Full.pdf. 
  31. ↑ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1400 Calendar" (in Persian)". https://calendar.ut.ac.ir/Fa/News/Data/Doc/Calendar%201400-Full.pdf. 
  32. ↑ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1401 Calendar" (in Persian)". https://calendar.ut.ac.ir/Fa/News/Data/Doc/Calendar%201401-Full.pdf. 
  33. ↑ Halim, Fachrizal A. (20 November 2014) (in en). Legal Authority in Premodern Islam: Yahya B Sharaf Al-Nawawi in the Shafi'i School of Law. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9781317749189. https://books.google.com/books?id=RUqLBQAAQBAJ&q=laylat+al-qadr&pg=PA15. Retrieved 31 May 2017. 
  34. ↑ Quran 97:1–5
  35. ↑ Majidi Khamenei, "Nights of Glory in Iran". 

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