Religion:Shiv Sena

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Template:Infobox Indian political party

Shiv Sena (IAST: Śiva Sēnā) (translation; Army of Shivaji), is an Indian far-right regional political party. Its ideology is based on pro-Marathi ideology and Hindu nationalism (Hindutva), founded on 19 June 1966 by political cartoonist Bal Thackeray.[1] The party originally emerged from a movement in Mumbai demanding preferential treatment for Maharashtrians over migrants to the city. It is currently headed by Thackeray's son, Uddhav Thackeray. Members of Shiv Sena are referred to as Shivsainiks.

Although the party's primary base is still in Maharashtra, it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda,[2] as it aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party. The party started taking part in Mumbai (BMC) Municipal elections since its inception. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with BJP for Lok Sabha as well as Maharashtra assembly elections, the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections but it was undone soon and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014. It has been a coalition partner in the National Democratic Alliance since 1998, including the Vajpayee Government during 1998–2004 and the present Narendra Modi Government.

The party has a powerful hold over the Bollywood film industry.[3] It has been referred to as an "extremist",[4][5] "chauvinist",[6][7] as well as a "fascist party".[8][9] Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi, the 1984 Bhiwandi riot and violence in the 1992-1993 Bombay riots.[10][11]

The party draws it strength mainly from the support from the Maratha community of Maharashtra.[12]

History

File:Shivsenakolkata.jpg
A poster from Shiv Sena campaign against Valentine's Day in Kolkata.

Origins

After the Independence of India in 1947, regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created. Within the Bombay Presidency, a massive popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi-speaking people. In 1960, the presidency was divided into two linguistic states - Gujarat and Maharashtra. Moreover, Marathi-speaking areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad state were joined with Maharashtra. Mumbai, in many ways the economic capital of India, became the state capital of Maharashtra. On one hand, people belonging to the Gujarati community owned the majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city.[13] On the other hand, there was a steady flow of South Indian migrants to the city who came to take many white-collar jobs.

In 1960 Bal Thackeray, a Mumbai-based cartoonist, began publishing the satirical cartoon weekly Marmik. Through this publication, he started disseminating anti-migrant sentiments. On 19 June 1966, Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation.

The Shiv Sena especially attracted a large number of unemployed Marathi youth, who were attracted by Thackeray's charged anti-migrant oratory. Shiv Sena cadres became involved in various attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalizing South Indian restaurants and pressuring employers to hire Marathis.[2]

Alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party

The Sena started placing more weight on the Hindutva ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.[2]

The party has been in coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for Lok Sabha as well as Maharashtra Assembly since 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995-1999.[14] The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, 25 years old alliance of Sena and BJP was broken in 2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections over seat sharing issue and both contested elections independently.[14] After the BJP became largest party in the 2014 Assembly elections, Sena declared that it would play the role of opposition but, after further negotiations, agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.[15] The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the Konkan coastal areas. However, in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.[citation needed]

On 23 January 2018, Shiv Sena officially cut ties with the BJP and their NDA coalition ahead of the 2019 Indian general election after nearly 30 years of campaigning alongside the BJP.[16]

Formation of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena

In July 2005, Former Maharashtra Chief Minister and Sena leader Narayan Rane was expelled from the party, which sparked internal conflict in the party. In December the same year Raj Thackeray, Bal Thackeray's nephew, left the party.[17] Raj Thackeray later founded a new party, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS). After the split, clashes have occurred between followers of the two Senas.[citation needed]

Although the MNS is a break-away group from the Shiv Sena, the party is still based in Bhumiputra ideology. When unveiling the party in an assembly at Shivaji Park he said, everyone is anxious to see what will happen to Hindutva and, "I shall elaborate on the party's stance on issues like Hindutva, its agenda for development of Maharashtra and the significance of the party flag colours at the 19 March public meeting."[18]

Leadership change

Bal Thackeray's son Uddhav Thackeray became the party's leader in 2004, although Bal Thackeray continued to be an important figurehead. After the death of Bal Thackeray on 17 November 2012, Uddhav became the leader of the party but refused to take the title "Shiv Sena Pramukh" (Shiv Sena Supremo).[19]

Party structure and caste composition

Structure

As the Pramukh (Chief) of the party, Bal Thackeray took all major decisions while the activists and members of the Shiv Sena Shiv Sainiks carried out most of the party's grassroots work. During his last days, the day-to-day activities of the party were handled by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray. Aditya Thackeray, son of Uddhav Thackeray, became the leader of the Yuva Sena, the Youth Wing of the party. After Bal Thackerey's death in 2012, the party was de facto led by Uddhav Thackeray.[citation needed]

The Sena Bhavan located in the Dadar locality in Mumbai has served as the Headquarters of the Sena since 1976.[20] The Sena's shakhas (Branches) spread throughout the state of Maharashtra as well as in selected locations in other states, which decide on most of the local issues in their localities.[2]

The Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti[clarification needed] is affiliated with the Shiv Sena. It advocates the preservation of rights of employment for Maharashtrians in Maharashtra.[21]

Caste Composition

People of various Maharashtrian castes worked together in the Sena. The party's leaders mostly came from the so called "high castes" i.e. Brahmins, CKPs and Pathare Prabhus - Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Dr Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar.[22] One of the above mentioned leaders, Dr.Hemchandra Gupte, Mayor of Bombay in the early 70s and the former family physician and confidante of Thackeray, quit Shivsena in "disgust" citing importance given to money, violence committed by the Shivsainiks and Thackeray's support for Mrs.Gandhi during the 1975 emergency.[23]

There were also leaders from other castes such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalawade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.[22]

Over the years, other than the Sena Chief, there have been twelve senior leaders in the party, called 'Netas'. Out of these, eight have been upper caste (four Brahmins, two CKPs and two Pathare Prabhus). Others have been either Maratha(Dattaji Salvi), Shimpi(Wamanrao Mahadik), Agri(Leeladhar Dake) or Mali(Chaggan Bhujbal). In fact, Bhujbal quit the party accusing the Sena of upper-caste bias in the leadership.[22]

70% of the Shiv sainiks belonged to the OBC community. The number of dalits were also not insignificant. And even after the Sena opposed the reservations proposed by the Mandal commission, there was no dent in the percentage of OBCs in the Sena. In this way, the Sena was successful in uniting all Maharashtrians irrespective of caste under the common "Marathi umbrella". The agenda of preferential treatment for the "sons of the soil" i.e Maharashtrians brought them all together.[22]

Voter Base

Shiv Sena's strength mainly came from the support of the Maratha caste - which it drew away from the Congress.[24] Citing the large percentage of MLAs elected from Shiv Sena belonging to the Maratha caste, Vora from the University of Pune concludes that the Shiv Sena has been emerging as a "Maratha Party".[25]

Chief Ministers

  • Manohar Joshi - 14 March 1995 to 31 January 1999, was also Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament of India.
  • Narayan Rane - 1 February 1999 to October 1999

Shiv Sena ministers in central Government

  • Manohar Joshi: Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, 13th Speaker of the Lok Sabha
  • Anandrao Adsul: Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs
  • Anant Geete: Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Minister of Power

Electoral performance

Election Candidates Elected Votes Source
1971 Lok Sabha 5 227,468 [26]
1980 Lok Sabha 2 129,351 [27]
1989 Lok Sabha 3 1 339,426 [28]
1989 Goa Assembly 6   4,960 [29]
1991 Uttar Pradesh Assembly 14 1 45,426 [30]
1991 Lok Sabha 22 4 2,208,712 [31]
1993 Madhya Pradesh Assembly 88 75,783 [32]
1996 Lok Sabha 132 15 4,989,994 [33]
1996 Haryana Assembly 17 6,700 [34]
1997 Punjab Assembly 3 719 [35]
1998 Lok Sabha 79 6 6,528,566 [36]
1998 Delhi Assembly 32 9,395 [37]
1998 Himachal Pradesh Assembly 6 2,827 [38]
1999 Lok Sabha 63 15 5,672,412 [39]
1999 Goa Assembly 14   5,987 [40]
2000 Odisha Assembly 16   18,794 [41]
2001 Kerala Assembly 1   279 [42]
2002 Goa Assembly 15   [43]
2004 Lok Sabha 56 12 7,056,255 [44]
2009 Lok Sabha 22 11 6,828,382 [45]
2014 Lok Sabha 20 18 10,262,981 [44]
1990 Maharashtra Assembly 183 52 47,33,834(16.39%)
1995 Maharashtra Assembly 169 73 6315493(16.39%)
1999 Maharashtra Assembly 169 69 (17.33%)
2004 Maharashtra Assembly 163 62 8351654 (19,97%)
2009 Maharashtra Assembly 160 45
2014 Maharashtra Assembly 286 63 10,235,972
2015 Bihar Assembly 80 0 2,11,131 [46][47]
2017 Goa Assembly 3 0 792 [48][49]

Ideology

As per the official stand of Shiv Sena, they are "committed to 80% social service and 20% politics".[50]

Activities and criticism

The Sena says it has played a central role in the emancipation of 500,000 slum dwellers in the Dharavi area of Mumbai, the largest slum in Asia. However, the policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been controversial since it was introduced by the then Shiv Sena-BJP government.[51][52][53][further explanation needed]

Shiv Sena was anti-dalit in 1970s when they opposed Namantar Andolan and supported views of conservative Marathas.[54]

In 1996, Shiv Sena organised the first and only live concert of American pop icon Michael Jackson in India to raise the funds for its business wing and to help create over two-hundred seventy thousand jobs for people of Maharashtra.[55][56]

In December 2003, Shiv Sena activists damaged the cricket pitch of the Agra Sport Stadium which was supposed to host the cricket match between Pakistan and India.[57] In April 2005, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena, the student wing of Shiv Sena, attempted to prevent the India-Pakistan One-day international match being held in New Delhi. The protester's spokesman demanded:

India should not play cricket with Pakistan till it hands over to India 20 terrorists, including Dawood Ibrahim, and closes down militant training camps running there.[58]

On 20 November 2009, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the offices of Hindi and Marathi TV news channels IBN7 and IBN-Lokmat, located in Mumbai and Pune respectively. The Shivsainik slapped IBN7's senior editor Ravindra Ambekar and then attacked IBN-Lokmat's editor Nikhil Wagle. Shiv Sena attributed the attacks to the criticisms of Bal Thackeray by the news channel over his remarks on Sachin Tendulkar. Shiv Sena's Rajya Sabha MP Sanjay Raut described the attacks as "spontaneous". Shiv Sena spokespersons tried to justify the attacks and refused to apologize for their acts of violence.[59][60][61]

Shiv Sena got an entry in Guinness Book of World Records in 2010 for "collecting maximum blood in a day". Shiv Sena organized a blood donation camp which collected over 24,000 bottles of blood in a single day.[62][63] Later this world record was broken by a blood donation camp of HDFC Bank in 2014.[64]

In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer Ghulam Ali. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.[65] However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,[66] while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".[67]

On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of BCCI to stop a meeting between PCB and BCCI officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart.Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.[68]

In 2015 Shiv Sena announced 10,000 rupees help to each drought-affected farmer of Marathwada region,[69] while they also announced 2 lakh rupees "reward" to Hindus family who had 5 children between 2010 and 2015 in Uttar Pradesh. As per Shiv Sena, the reason behind the "reward" was "decline in growth rate of Hindu population compared to Muslim population as per recent census".[70][71]

See also

  • Hindu nationalist parties

References

  1. ↑ Berger, Peter; Heidemann, Frank (3 June 2013). The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory. Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 1-134-06111-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA179. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Know Your Party: Shiv Sena". Rediff.com. http://in.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/23espec3.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-22. 
  3. ↑ Dean, Nelson. "Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban". telegraph.co.uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html. Retrieved 27 August 2012. 
  4. ↑ Ahmed, Z.S.; Balasubramanian, R. (2010). Extremism in Pakistan and India: The Case of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Shiv Sena. Colombo: Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS). 
  5. ↑ Mehta, Ved. Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 157. 
  6. ↑ Bagchi, Amiya (2002). Capital and Labour Redefined:India and the Third World. London: Anthem Press. p. 344. 
  7. ↑ Kaminsky, Arnold (2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 628. 
  8. ↑ Chandavarkar, Rajnayaran (3 September 2009). History, Culture and the Indian City (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0521768719. 
  9. ↑ Jeff Haynes (7 April 2011). Religion, Politics and International Relations. Taylor & Francis. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-136-73753-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=XpO2s24WMowC&pg=PA150. Retrieved 18 November 2012. 
  10. ↑ Human Rights Watch World Report 1999. Human Rights Watch. 1998. p. 186. ISBN 9781564321909. 
  11. ↑ Brown, Cynthia (1995). Playing the "communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights. Human Rights Watch. p. 27. ISBN 9781564321527. 
  12. ↑ Kanta Murali (2017). Caste, Class, and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 236-237. https://books.google.com/books?id=RFLTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false. "Shiv Sena's strength primarily came from Maratha support, which it drew away from the Congress" 
  13. ↑ "Sena fate: From roar to meow". The Times of India. 29 November 2005. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sena-fate-From-roar-to-meow/articleshow/1311115.cms. Retrieved 2006-08-11. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Maharashtra elections: BJP ends 25-year-old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat-sharing talks fail". ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html. Retrieved 2014-10-26. 
  15. ↑ Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt; gives up claim to home minister, deputy CM post, Indian Express, 4 December 2014
  16. ↑ http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/01/23/shiv-sena-breaks-ties-with-bjp-in-maharashtra_a_23341772/
  17. ↑ "Senior Shiv Sena leader quits". BBC. 18 December 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4539588.stm. Retrieved 2014-10-25. 
  18. ↑ "Raj Thackeray launches new party". Press Trust of India. 9 March 2006. http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115. Retrieved 2014-10-25. 
  19. ↑ "Uddhav takes father's powers, but not Shiv Sena 'pramukh' title". Times of India. 2 December 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uddhav-takes-fathers-powers-but-not-Shiv-Sena-pramukh-title/articleshow/17452126.cms. 
  20. ↑ "Thackeray inaugurates new Sena bhavan". NDTV news. http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/thackeray-inaugurates-new-sena-bhavan/5715. Retrieved 2006-07-29. 
  21. ↑ Business India. A.H. Advani. 1996. https://books.google.com/books?id=f69IAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 24 February 2012. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Vaibhav Purandare (2012). Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena. Roli Books. p. 106. https://books.google.com/books?id=JS1hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT106#v=onepage&q&f=false. "Its(Senas) thrust on the economic upliftment of Maharashtrians and demand for preferential treatment of the sons of soil in employment drew the working class towards it.They wanted someone to focus on the issue that mattered to them most:Jobs. Besides, people of various castes worked together in the Sena. Though, from among the party's leaders, Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Dr Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar came from the so called high castes(they were either Brahmins, Pathare Prabhus or Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus) and middle class localities like Dadar and Girgaum, rubbing shoulders with them were leaders from the working class areas of Lalbaug-Parel such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalavade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so called lower castes such as Chaggan bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar." 
  23. ↑ Thomas Blom Hansen (2001). Wages of Violence : Naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay. Princeton University Press. p. 238. https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA238. "18: According to Hemchandra Gupte, a former confidante of Thackeray, his major reason for leaving the party for his growing disgust with the prominence of money and the "goonda'ization" of the party(interview , 5th October 1992). 21.Interview, 3 October 1992, with Hemchandra Gupte, physician, formerly Bal Thackeray's family doctor, and Shiv Sena's mayor of Bombay from 1971 to 1972. Dr. Gupte left Shiv Sena in 1976 because of Thackerey's support for Mrs.Gandhi and the emergency." 
  24. ↑ Kanta Murali (2017). Caste, Class, and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 236-237. https://books.google.com/books?id=RFLTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false. "Shiv Sena's strength primarily came from Maratha support, which it drew away from the Congress" 
  25. ↑ Rajendra Vora. Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies. pp. 240,241. https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false. "The Shiv Sena is emerging as another Maratha party if we go by the number of Marathas elected on its ticket in the last four elections to the Vidhan Sabha." 
  26. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf. Retrieved 29 June 2008. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  27. ↑ TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF
  28. ↑ TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF
  29. ↑ List Of Political Parties
  30. ↑ http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf
  31. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/Vol_I_LS_91.pdf. Retrieved 29 June 2008. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  32. ↑ rptDetailedResults
  33. ↑ [1]
  34. ↑ TitlePage_HR-96.PDF
  35. ↑ TitlePage_PU-96.PDF
  36. ↑ [2]
  37. ↑ rptProgrammeOFElections
  38. ↑ rptProgrammeOFElections
  39. ↑ [3]
  40. ↑ TitlePageGA99.PDF
  41. ↑ TitlePage_OR_LA_2000.PDF
  42. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090210131949/http://archive.eci.gov.in/SE2001/pollupd/ac/candlwc/s11/s11shsacnst.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 
  43. ↑ []
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 [4]
  45. ↑ [5][|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  46. ↑ http://eciresults.nic.in/
  47. ↑ "After Bihar 'win', Shiv Sena eyes Uttar Pradesh - News". Mid-day.com. http://www.mid-day.com/articles/after-bihar-win-shiv-sena-eyes-uttar-pradesh/16668187. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  48. ↑ http://www.firstpost.com/politics/goa-assembly-election-2017-mgp-shiv-sena-gsm-form-grand-alliance-to-contest-polls-3197056.html
  49. ↑ "Election Commission of India- State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Goa". http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf. Retrieved 5 February 2018. 
  50. ↑ "'Shiv Sena Committed to Its Belief of 80% Social Service, 20% Politics' | Sep 07,2014". Outlookindia.com. http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/shiv-sena-committed-to-its-belief-of-80-social-service-20-politics/858788. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  51. ↑ "Rediff News". http://www.rediff.com/news/aug/12sena.htm. 
  52. ↑ "'Highrises don't suit Dharavi slum dwellers'". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Highrises-dont-suit-Dharavi-slum-dwellers/articleshow/1386244.cms?referral=PM. 
  53. ↑ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, - Elections 2004". http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040423/election.htm#1. 
  54. ↑ "The nativist’s dilemma". The Indian Express. 2014-10-14. http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-nativists-dilemma/. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  55. ↑ 25/06/2015 12:11 IST (2015-06-25). "The Way We Were: Footage of Michael Jackson's 1996 Trip To Mumbai". Huffingtonpost.in. http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/06/25/michael-jackson-india_n_7659626.html. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  56. ↑ "Leader who brought ethnic politics to Mumbai melting pot". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/leader-who-brought-ethnic-politics-to-mumbai-melting-pot/article4105715.ece. Retrieved 2016-12-01. 
  57. ↑ "Shiv Sena activists damage cricket pitch". Siliconindia.com. 2003-12-18. http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/Shiv_Sena_activists_damage_cricket_pitch_-nid-22229-cid-Top.html. Retrieved 2013-07-09. 
  58. ↑ "Sena squad for Kotla". www.hindu.com (Chennai: The Hindu). 15 April 2005. http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041518520300.htm. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 
  59. ↑ "In the name of their Boss, Sena goons attack IBN TV channels". http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/time-for-cnn-ibn-to-introspect/544428/. 
  60. ↑ "Sena leader admits attack on media". IBNLive. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/if-you-target-us-we-will-attack-shiv-sena-leader/105645-3.html. 
  61. ↑ "'Shiv Sena workers' attack ibn offices in Mum". IBNLive. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiv-sena-attacks-ibn-offices-in-mumbai-pune/105636-3.html. 
  62. ↑ Kiran Tare (2010-04-26). "24,200 donors help Sena set record | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". Dnaindia.com. http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-24200-donors-help-sena-set-record-1375590. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  63. ↑ "Shiv Sena makes record collection at blood donation camp | Zee News". Zeenews.india.com. 2010-04-25. http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/shiv-sena-makes-record-collection-at-blood-donation-camp_622001.html. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  64. ↑ "HDFC Bank sets Guinness record in blood collection". The Hindu. 2014-04-14. http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hdfc-bank-sets-guinness-record-in-blood-collection/article5911574.ece. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  65. ↑ "BJP-Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand-off: Why differences between them may increase". The Indian Express. 9 October 2015. http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjp-shiv-sena-ghulam-ali-stand-off-why-differences-between-them-may-increase/. Retrieved 9 October 2015. 
  66. ↑ "Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities - Pakistan". Dawn.Com. http://www.dawn.com/news/1216390. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  67. ↑ "Pakistan's stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism: Shiv Sena | Business Standard News". Business-standard.com. http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/pakistan-s-stand-on-party-activities-vindicates-our-patriotism-shiv-sena-115110200409_1.html. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  68. ↑ "Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar-Manohar meeting". Dawn News. 19 October 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1214126. Retrieved 9 November 2015. 
  69. ↑ The author has posted comments on this article. "Shiv Sena will give Rs 10,000 to each drought-affected farmer, says Uddhav Thackeray - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Shiv-Sena-will-give-Rs-10000-to-each-drought-affected-farmer-says-Uddhav-Thackeray/articleshow/49973619.cms. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  70. ↑ "Every Hindu family with five children will get Rs 2 lakh: Shiv Sena". The Indian Express. 2015-08-29. http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/every-hindu-family-with-five-children-will-get-rs-2-lakh-shiv-sena/. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 
  71. ↑ The author has posted comments on this article (2015-08-30). "Shiv Sena to give Rs 2 lakh to every Hindu family with 5 kids - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shiv-Sena-to-give-Rs-2-lakh-to-every-Hindu-family-with-5-kids/articleshow/48728260.cms. Retrieved 2015-12-02. 

Further reading

  • Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay, MF Katzenstein – 1979 – Cornell University Press
  • Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India, S Banerjee – 2000 – Westview Press
  • The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena, JM Eckert – 2003 – Oxford University Press
  • Shiv Sena: An Assessment, Palshikar, Suhas, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Pune (1999)
  • Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found, 'Power', chapter 3, Mumbai, Mehta, Suketu, Penguin Books (2005)

External links



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