Religion:Shuihu

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A shuihu or shui hu (Chinese: 水虎; pinyin: shuǐhǔ; Wade–Giles: shui-hu; Japanese pronunciation: ''suiko''; literally: 'water tiger'),[lower-alpha 1] is a legendary creature said to have inhabited river systems in what is now Hubei Province, China.

Overview

The name shuihu (or suiko) derives from the creature possessing physical characteristics reminiscent of a tiger (虎, Chinese pronunciation: hu; Japanese: ko/tora).

The water tiger is described as similar (in size) to a 3 or 4-year old human child, with tiger-like head and lower limb, and covered with tough scales resisting arrows. It basks on sandbars, while keeping their claws submerged in water. If a human tries to tamper with he may be killed.

Japanese books during the Tokugawa Period read the Chinese text rather differently. Wakan Sansai Zue, an influential encyclopedia of the early 18th-century, gave a considerably divergent reading and stated that the suiko possessed kneecaps like tiger-claws. This odd feature was replicated in its woodcut illustration, and propagated in Toriyama Sekien's drawing of the suiko in his yōkai anthology.

Though the Wakan Sansai Zue considered the shuihu / suiko to be a creature similar to, but distinguished from the kawatarō (more commonly known as kappa, other works during the Edo period commonly used the sinitic term suiko as a synonym of kappa.

Past Japanese writers also sometimes used suiko (水虎; 'water tiger') as a stilted Sinitic term for the kappa (also kawatarō) in native folklore, even though Wakan Sansai Zue had distinguished these as two separate beings.

General description

The shuihu or shui hu[lower-alpha 2] (Chinese: 水虎, 'water tiger') is described as being "about the size of a three- or four-year old (human) child", with a head like a tiger's,[5][2][1][lower-alpha 3] and a shell like that of the pangolin.[1][lower-alpha 4] Their knees, which are also tiger-like, may be visible above water, but their claws always remain submerged, despite their habit of lying on sandy riverbanks and basking in the sun in autumn.[1][lower-alpha 5]

Information about the Suiko became widely known through its inclusion in the Ming Dynasty pharmacopoeia, the Bencao gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica; specifically volume 42 of the Siku Quanshu edition). The description quotes the original source Xiang mian ji (襄沔記, 'Records of Xiang Mian'; 8th century).[11][1] A similar description can be found in the 6th-century Commentary on the Water Classic[lower-alpha 6] as quoted in the 17th century Ming Period dictionary, Tongya [zh; zh; 通雅], where it is stated that the shuihu is also known as shuǐtáng (水唐) or shuǐlú (水盧);[12][13] however, the form shuǐtáng may be unique to the Tongya.[14]

Alternative reading

The description of the suiko in the Bencao Gangmu has been interpreted quite differently in Japan. In the past, a dissident reading was given for the passage in the Chinese source Bencao Gangmu, particularly among Japanese sources. The Osaka physician Terashima Ryōan [ja; ja; 寺島良安], in his Wakan Sansai Zue (1712), interpreted the text to read "its knee-cap resembles that of a tiger's forepaw claws",[15] and this reading has persisted in Japanese literature on the suiko into the present-day.[16][17][18]

The accompanying woodcut in the Wakan Sansai Zue (figure top right)[15] illustrated this (the tiger-claw kneecap) as well. The artist Toriyama Sekien, who consulted Terashima's encyclopedia,[20] also drew the creature with the claws on the knees, with the caption: "..its kneecaps are sharp like tiger claws".[19]

Geography

According to the quote from the Xiang mian ji, the shuihu inhabits the confluence where the river Shu (涑水)[lower-alpha 7] meets the river Mian (沔水)[1] (now known as the Han River[22]) in Zhonglu County [ja; ja; 中廬県 (襄陽区)],[lower-alpha 8] in today's Xiangzhou District, Hubei Province.

Pharmacological use

The original text found in the Bencao Gangmu states that, if the shuihu is caught alive, then the harvested nose can be "used for some trifles".[1] The part of the anatomy in question is not referred to as the nose (鼻, bí) but as the bíyàn (simplified Chinese: 鼻厌; traditional Chinese: 鼻厭) in the Tongya text,[lower-alpha 9] further explained to be the yīn (陰) or the "force" (Chinese: 勢, shì) of the beast.[12][13] In reference to the shuihu, the harvest of this body part has been glossed as "castration",[25] namely, the removal of its genitals, as one newspaper has more bluntly put it.[26][lower-alpha 10] It is also stated that the part can be applied as an aphrodisiac (媚藥, mèiyào).[12]

Trifle use

The term xiaoshi (小使), which has been literally rendered as "used for some trifles" in translation,[1] actually refers to some aspect of sexuality or reproduction (bodily fluid), according to sources. More specifically, this term xiaoshi (literally: 'small use') is glossed as a synonym of xiaotong (小通, literally: 'small avenue/path') in the Zhengzitong (正字通, Zhèngzìtōng) dictionary, among other sources, and one instance of the usage of "small avenue" occurs in a poem in the Han shi waizhuan, where it is sung that the male's "small avenue" reaches sexual maturity at age 16, and the female's at age 14.[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 12][13][29]

Taming

There are alternative interpretations, where instead of pharmacological use, the live specimen becomes a tamed or trained beast with the removal or manipulation of the body part.

One interpretation of the statement is that, when the genitals are removed from the beast, it becomes tame or docile, much like the spaying or neutering of dogs and cats.[26] The Wakan Sansai Zue interpreted this passage of Chinese text to mean that if a person pinches (摘まむ, tsumamu) the nose, the beast turns into a servant (小使, kozukai).[lower-alpha 13][15]

Suiko in Japan

The Japanese interpretation of the suiko according to their reading of the Chinese pharmacopeia was already discussed above (§ Alternative reading).

Distinguished from kappa

Terashima Ryōan [ja; ja; 寺島良安] in his 18th century Wakan Sansai Zue stated that the suiko was similar to the kawatarō (western name for kappa[30][32][lower-alpha 14]), but differing from it. Thus thus Ryōan demarcated the suiko and kawatarō entries as separate (though adjacent).[15][33]

The artist Sekien, who followed after this encyclopedia,[20] also illustrated the two creatures separately.[34][lower-alpha 15]

Earlier, Kaibara Ekken in his Yamato honzō (大和本草) (pub. 1709) had distinguished the kappa/kawatarō and the suiko as "mutually similar but not the same",[35][36] and the Wakan Sansai Zue followed that path.[37]

An awareness of the differences is also demonstrated by Ono Ranzan in his Honzō Kōmoku Keimō (本草綱目啓蒙, Enlightenment on the Compendium of Materia Medica).[38] Ranzan primarily describes the Japanese kappa (love of sumo is obviously Japanese) in the main text, while relegating quoted information about the Chinese Suiko to footnotes.[13][39]

As synonym for kappa

"Suiko" (depicting a kappa) supposedly captured in Hita, Bungo Province during the Kan'ei era (1624–1644).

But in Japan, the word suiko (shuihu) was frequently also used as synonym for kappa.[40][34] even though it is far from clear if the shuihu of China and the kappa of Japan can be regarded as sharing a common origin.[40]

Examples of synonymous treatment can be found in the physician Kurokawa Dōyū [ja; ja; 黒川道祐]'s Enpekiken ki (遠碧軒記)[41] or Yamazaki Yoshinari's Sanyō zakki (三養雑記).[42]

A number of literature on the kappa bearing suiko in the title also appeared that included paintings of allegedly captured kappa such as:[43][44]

  • Suiko-no-zu (水虎之図; lit. "Suiko Diagram", Kansei to Tenpō era/1789–1830)
  • Suiko setsu (水虎説; lit. "Discourse on the Suiko"; A Study of Water Tigers c. Bunsei 3・1820)
  • Suiko kōryaku (水虎考略; lit. "Brief Study of the suiko", Bunsei 3/1820; copy made Tenpō 7/1836).[3]
  • Suiko jūnihin no zu (水虎十二品之図; lit. "Illustration of 12 specimens of suiko", first pub. c. 1850?).[45][46][lower-alpha 16]

Similarly, the sections "Ōmi Suiko-go / Hizen Suiko-go" (Tales of the Suiko of Ōmi / Hizen) in Yanagihara Norimitsu [ja; ja; 柳原紀光]'s Kansō Jigo (閑窓自語)[47] simply use the kanji "水虎" (Suiko) to refer to the Kappa of Lake Biwa and Kyushu.

This usage can even be found in the folklore collected in the modern day from various regions, including Tōhoku and Kyushu. The Suijin worship known as Suiko-sama [ja; ja; 水虎様]) found in Aomori Prefecture is another example of the term's repurposed usage.[48]

In parts of Aomori Prefecture, the kappa have been deified and enshrined by the name of suiko-sama.[49]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Unschuld translates in two words, shui hu.[1] The hyphenated form shui-hu adheres to the Wade-Giles system, used by Strassberg for example.[2]
  2. ↑ The Unschuld translation uses the form shui hu.[1] The form shuihu is employed by a Japanologist[3] and a Sinologist, though the latter concerns shuihu that dwell in the human body and "like to eat mercury".[4]
  3. ↑ Literally it only actually states "resembling children aged three to four years" in the Bencao Gangmu,[1] but the extrapolation has been made that this concerns the size[2] or "being shaped like a child".[6]
  4. ↑ The Bencao gangmu in its entry for shuihu refers to the pangolin as the 綾鯉 (línglǐ),[5][1][7] which literally can be translated to mean "hill carp".[8] This explains why it is stated as "carp" rather than "pangolin" in one translated paper.[6] The Bencao gangmu has its own entry on the 綾鯉 (línglǐ), where it is noted that the beast is also known as 穿山甲 (chuānshānjiǎ,[9] pronounced senzankō in Japanese,[10] which is the common modern term. The Kō yamato honzō (広大和本草) forcibly reads "鯪鯉 as senzankō, while the illustrator Sekien used the form 綾鯉 (línglǐ, ryōri) also forcibly read as senzankō).
  5. ↑ Unschuld parses (punctuates) the text as "膝頭似虎，掌爪..", "Their knees and their heads resemble those of tigers; their claws" (whereas past Japanese scholarship decided their "knee-heads (knee-caps) resembled tiger-forepaw-claws", cf. infra.). Unschuld did not bother to distinguish forepaw-claw.
  6. ↑ simplified Chinese: 水经注; traditional Chinese: 水經注; pinyin: Shuǐ Jīng Zhù.
  7. ↑ The identity of the River Shu here is uncertain.[21] There is a river Shu mentioned in the Commentary on the Water Classic but that likely different, since that river is situated in Wenxi County in what is now Shanxi Province.
  8. ↑ simplified Chinese: 中庐县; traditional Chinese: 中廬縣; pinyin: Zhōnglú Xiàn.
  9. ↑ Also written as gāoyàn (simplified Chinese: 皋厌; traditional Chinese: 皋厭) in the unrectified text.[23]
  10. ↑ It is not an obscure reference that the term yīn (陰) could imply or denote the genitalia, and it is one of the dictionary definitions,[27] but the term yīn (as in yin-yang) carries a variety of meanings.
  11. ↑ As pointed out in Ono Ranzan's commentary on the shuihu. The same gloss (indication of synonym), and poem example also occurs in the Tongya, though in another book not specifically connected with the shuihu.
  12. ↑ In an English translation of this poem, the male's "small avenue" is rendered as "semen", and the female's as "her [bodily] fluids".[28]
  13. ↑ The historical kana" given in the original is コツカヒ"; the modern form is "コヅカイ".
  14. ↑ Terashima Ryōan was a physician based in Osaka, and he uses the term kawatarō (川太郎; かハたらう)[15] used in the west.
  15. ↑ "Although [suiko] is often treated as a variation of the kappa, Sekien breaks it out into its own entry here".[19]
  16. ↑ Expanded after Suiko kōryaku and other sources.[46]

References

Citations
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Unschuld tr. (2021), p. 499.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Strassberg, Richard E. (1994). Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China. University of California Press. p. 445, endnote 10. ISBN 9780520914865. https://books.google.com/books?id=SrstoswsLzkC&pg=PA445. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Marcon, Federico (2015). The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan. University of Chicago Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780226251905. https://books.google.com/books?id=usEECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195. 
  4. ↑ Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (2004). "The Book of the Yellow Court: A Lost Song Commentary of the 12th Century". Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 14: 216. doi:10.3406/asie.2004.1207. ISBN 9782855396408. https://books.google.com/books?id=1nIwAQAAIAAJ&q=shuihu. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Li Shizhen (1596) "Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4"; Li Shizhen (1782) Book 42, "Bugs 4". The Chinese text is also printed side by side in the Unschuld translation.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ishida, Eiichirô; Yoshida, Ken'ichi (1950). "The Kappa Legend: A Comparative Ethnological Study on the Japanese Water-Spirit "Kappa" and Its Habit of Trying to Lure Horses into the Water". Folklore Studies 9: 119–120. doi:10.2307/1177401. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/download/digidepo_10208282_po_1304.pdf?contentNo=1&alternativeNo=. 
  7. ↑ Unschuld, Paul U.; Zheng, Jinsheng (2021). "Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix. Shui hu". Chinese Traditional Healing (3 vols): The Berlin Collections of Manuscript Volumes from the 16th through the Early 20th Century. BRILL. p. 333. ISBN 9789004229099. https://books.google.com/books?id=RQsyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333. 
  8. ↑ Totton, Mary-Louise (2002). Weaving Flesh and Blood Into Sacred Architecture: Ornamental Stories of Candi Loro Jonggrang. University of Michigan. p. 65. ISBN 9780493736860. https://books.google.com/books?id=bAMeAQAAMAAJ&q=lingli. 
  9. ↑ Nappi, Carla (2010). The Monkey and the Inkpot: natural history and its transformations in early modern China. Harvard University Press. pp. 35, 174 n9, 209. ISBN 9780674054356. https://books.google.com/books?id=zqeJ2xLk7NUC&pg=PA35. 
  10. ↑ Suzuki tr. (1930). p. 361
  11. ↑ Li Shizhen (1782). Bencao Gangmu (Siku Quanshu library edition): 本草綱目 (四庫全書本)「巻42 蟲之四 溪鬼蟲〈拾遺〉水虎」:"時珍曰襄沔記云中廬縣有涑水注沔中有物如三四嵗小兒甲如鱗鯉射不能入秋曝沙上膝頭似虎掌爪常没水出膝示人小兒弄之便咬人人生得者摘其鼻可小小使之名曰水虎". The (misprinted) word for pangolin, 鱗鯉, in this edition occurs as 鯪鯉 in the 1596 edition, and the latter is the form given by Unschuld.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Fang Yizhi (in zh), Tongya, 47, https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=553842&remap=gb , ¶38
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Ono, Ranzan (1844), Ono, Mototaka, ed. (in ja), Jūshū honzō kōmoku keimō (in 35 vols.), 28, Hishiya Kichibē, pp. 18b–20a, https://books.google.com/books?id=wrlZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP121 . (copy held at NDL)
  14. ↑ Asakawa Zen'an [ja; ja; 朝川善庵] Zen'an zuihitsu 善庵随筆, via Kojiruien (1930) Dobutsu-bu/kemono 7 (e-text)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Terashima Ryōan (n.d.), "40. Gūrui & kairui: Suiko", Wakan Sansai zue, 27, Book 40 (kan-no-40), fol. 17b–18a, https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2596374/21 
  16. ↑ Higashi Mutei (1920), Kokubu, Takatane; Ikeda, Shirōjirō, eds., "So'utei zuihitsu" (in ja), Nihon shiwa sōsho (Bunkai-dō Shoten) 5: pp. 292–293, https://books.google.com/books?id=mWU-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA292 
  17. ↑ Ishikawa Jun'ichirō (1985) (in ja). Shinpan Kappa no Sekai (New Edition: The World of the Kappa). Jiji Tsūshin Shuppankyoku. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9784788785151. https://books.google.com/books?id=5WSk45KV6owC&pg=PA52. 
  18. ↑ Ozawa (2011), pp. 31–32
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Toriyama, Sekien (2017), Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien, Courier Dover Publications, p. 91, ISBN 9780486818757, https://books.google.com/books?id=oeTtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Suiko, Water-Tiger.. His illustration is new but the description paraphrases the one in the Illustrated Sino-Japanese Encyclopedia of the Three Realms [=Wakan sansai zue]".[19]
  21. ↑ Suzuki tr. (1930), p. 324 n2.
  22. ↑ Zhang, Zhibin; Unschuld, Paul Ulrich, eds. (2015), Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 2: Geographical and Administrative Designations, Univ of California Press, p. 218, ISBN 9780520291966, https://books.google.com/books?id=jUxeDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 
  23. ↑ Fang Yizhi (1805), Yao Wenxie, ed. (in zh), Tongya, 47, Kuwana, Japan, p. 19b–20a, https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2580465/21 
  24. ↑ Jang Dobin 張道斌; Gwon Sangro 權相老, eds. (1982), Gosa seongeo sajeon (고사성어사전), Hakwonsa, p. 528 
  25. ↑ "Removing gāoyàn which is castration 摘皋厭은 勢去"（normally the inverted form 去勢 is "castration"）.[24]
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Jiuzhou yaoguai lu:shuihu". Tencent Newspaper. 2020-11-25. https://new.qq.com/omn/20201125/20201125A0BLY200.html. 
  27. ↑ Thoms, P. P. (1819), A dictionary of the Chinese language, in three parts, p. 1029, https://books.google.com/books?id=VAxnAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1029 
  28. ↑ Han Ying (1952). Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs. Harvard University Press. p. 28. https://books.google.com/books?id=FQfFbZ75dL4C&pg=PA28. 
  29. ↑ Fang Yizhi. Tongya 18. ¶46; Fang Yizhi (1800) unpaginated; Fang Yizhi (1805) 18, pp. 13b–14a.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Ozawa (2011), pp. 27–28.
  31. ↑ Miyamoto, Mataji (1970) (in ja). Fūzokushi no kenkyū & Kōnoike-ke no kenkyū. Osaka no kenkyū 5. Seibundō shuppan. p. 230. https://books.google.com/books?id=VoUfAQAAMAAJ&q=がたろう. 
  32. ↑ The Butsurui shōko [ja; ja; 物類称呼] (1775) explains that kawatarō, or so the creature is known in either Kinai (part of modern Kansai) or Kyūshū, is known as kappa in the east, and this is a truncated form of kawa-wappa.[30] Cf. local historian Prof. Mataji Miyamoto who states that what was called kappa in Edo was called gatarō (河太郎; がたろう) in Osaka.[31]
  33. ↑ Ozawa (2011), pp. 31–32.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Iwai, Hiromi, ed (April 2000). Mizu no yōkai. Kawade Shobō Shinsha. p. 14. ISBN 9784309613826. https://books.google.com/books?id=PXEPAQAAMAAJ&q=水虎. "水虎は河童の呼び方の一つとするのが一般的だが、石燕は、河童とは違う妖怪と考えていたようだ [The suiko is generally considered to be another name for kappa, but Sekien seemed to think it was a separate yōkai from the kappa.]" 
  35. ↑ Kaibara Ekken (1709), "kappa (kawatarō)", Yamato honzō, Kyoto: Nagata Chōbei, Kan16, fol. 11, https://books.google.com/books?id=cLhZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP347 
  36. ↑ Nakamura, Teiri (1996). "貝原"+"水虎" Kappa no nihonshi. Japan Editors School. pp. 183. ISBN 9784888882484. https://books.google.com/books?id=661MAQAAIAAJ&q="貝原"+"水虎". 
  37. ↑ Nakamura, Teiri (January 1995). "Kappa denshō ni okeru jinteki yōso". 国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 61: 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=IVIjAAAAMAAJ&q=益軒. 
  38. ↑ Ono Ranzan, 『本草綱目啓蒙』(Honzō Kōmoku Keimō), vol. 3, Heibonsha (Tōyō Bunko), 1991, pp. 183-184.
  39. ↑ Ozawa (2011), p. 28.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Suzuki tr. (1930), p. 324 n1. Annotation attributed to Yano. probably entomologist Yano Munemoto [ja; ja; 矢野宗幹], since this is the "Bugs" section of the work.
  41. ↑ Nihon Zuihitsu Taisei 日本随筆大成, 1st series, vol. 10, Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1975, p. 117.
  42. ↑ Nihon Zuihitsu Taisei 日本随筆大成, 2nd series, vol. 6, oshikawa Kōbunkan, 1974, pp. 122–123.
  43. ↑ Takagi Shunzan (1988). Edo Hakubutsu Zukan 2: Honzō Zusetsu Suisan. Libro Port. pp. 98-100. 
  44. ↑ Bessatsu Taiyō: Nihon no yōkai. Heibonsha. 1987. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-4-582-92057-4. 
  45. ↑ Suiko jūnihin no zu, Illustrated by Sakamoto Juntaku, 林奎文房, Template:NDLDC, https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2543033 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Egakareta dōbutsu shokubutsu: Edo jidai no hakubutsushi. Chapter 3. Chinkin kijū igyo: egakareta dōbutsu shokubutsu". National Diet Library. 2005. https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/gallery/nature/31. Retrieved 2012-06-10. 
  47. ↑ Yanagihara Norimitsu (1974), "Kansō jigo", Nihon Zuihitsu Taisei, 2nd series (Yoshikawa Kōbunkan) 8: pp. 297–298 
  48. ↑ Murakami, Kenji (2000), Yōkai jiten, Mainichi Shimbunsha, p. 196, ISBN 978-4-620-31428-0 
  49. ↑ "Kappa densetsu: shinkakuka no rūtsu wo tadoru Aomori" (in ja). Mainichi Shimbun. 2016-04-02. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160402/k00/00e/040/245000c. 
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Bibliography



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