Social:Bolsonarism

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Bolsonarism (Portuguese: bolsonarismo) is an ideology or the political movement tied to Jair Bolsonaro. His views, policies, and supporters are variously described as neo-fascist or far-right populism by scholars and news outlets,[1][2] although Bolsonaro denied that he is a fascist,[3] and some analysts disagree with such labelling.[4] Bolsonarism broke out in Brazil with the rise in popularity of Bolsonaro, especially during his campaign in the presidential election in 2018, which elected him as president. The Workers' Party (PT) crisis during the Dilma Rousseff government, precipitated and accelerated by the political-economic crisis of 2014, strengthened Bolsonarist ideology and the Brazilian new right, which are part of the context of the rise of New Right populism at an international level.[5][6][page needed]

In politics, figures from Bolsonarism, such as Bolsonaro's son Eduardo Bolsonaro, have sought to attract punishments and international sanctions for Brazil in order to free Bolsonaro from being legally judged according to Brazilian laws, which has triggered a US tariff on the country.[7] Likewise, pro-Bolsonaro deputies, with the support of parties such as União Brasil, PP, and Novo, tried to block, intimidate, destabilize,[8][9] and impede the functioning of the legal entities of the legislature (Senate and Congress) as a form of blackmail for their objectives, such as making it difficult to vote on government projects that benefit workers (such as the exemption from income tax) and trying to free Jair Bolsonaro and those involved in the coup attempt and extremists from the January 8 attacks. Bolsonaro supporters have also repeatedly threatened to kill Brazilian authorities and politicians.[10]

Ideology

Bolsonarism was the predominant ideology of the Bolsonaro government and, according to its critics, is associated with rhetoric defending the family, patriotism, conservatism, anti-communism, scientific denialism, carrying weapons, and aversion to the political left, as well as the cult of the figure of Bolsonaro, often called a "myth".[11][12][13] Writer Olavo de Carvalho is often cited as having been the "guru" of the Bolsonarist ideology.[14][15]

Although Bolsonaro defined his government as "free from ideological constraints",[16] and did not recognize Bolsonarism as an ideology, his supporters – pejoratively called "Bolsominions" – diverge between those who agree with Bolsonaro[17] and those who use the term to express their political position.[18]

Bolsonaro through his political career has opposed human rights and minority rights in Brazil,[19][20] and under his presidency human and minority rights were increasingly targeted by government policies.[21][22][23]

While being against "globalism",[24][25] Bolsonaro sought to work with various other neo-fascist, far-right, and authoritarian political parties, groups, and strategists to combat left wing politics across central and south America.[26] Efforts towards this goal included helping to set up the Madrid Forum.[27]

Anti-Workers' Party and anti-communism

Being against and hostility towards the Workers' Party constituted a large part of rhetoric from Bolsonaro and among his supporters.[28][29] Bolsonaro combined this anti-Workers' Party rhetoric with anti-communist sentiment, using the Workers' Party membership in the São Paulo Forum as a line of attack, with him describing the São Paulo Forum as "a political group with a left-wing communist ideology, led by Lula and Fidel Castro".[30]

Bolsonaro adopted the motto of "our flag will never be red (pt)" during his campaign for the Brazilian presidency, which had been used by his supporters since 2015.[31][32] During Bolsonaro's inauguration he said to the crowd of people that Brazil had begun to "liberate itself from socialism".[33] During his presidency he sought to dismantle organisations that he referred to as "dens of leftism", such as the public health research foundation Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.[34] Bolsonarists would also label any criticism of Bolsonaro as coming from such "dens".[35] Vocal supporters of Bolsonaro from his political party, such as Coronel Fernanda, have since Bolsonaro's election introduced bills seeking to criminalise support for communism in Brazil.[36]

Attacks

Some of his supporters, in the name of Bolsonaro or based on his right-wing ideas, have carried out several riots and terrorist attacks such as 2023 Brazilian Congress attack against the election of the left-wing candidate for the presidency, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[37]

See also

References

  1. ↑ de Souza 2020, p. 1; Gonçalves & Caldeira Neto 2022, From the Bolsonaro government to the attack on the Porta dos Fundos headquarters; Gomes 2020, p. 2: "It is not just about specific periods, such as: the genocide of the indigenous people, during the invasion of Brazilian lands in 1500; or more than 300 years of official slavery; the Vargas Dictatorship in Estado Novo; the "Years of Lead" (1964-1984); or the extremist authoritarian personality – of a fascist type – of Jair Bolsonaro, his government and insurgent Bolsonarism28; which dispute our territory and threaten us every day."; Plattner 2021, pp. 66–67
  2. ↑ Bevins, Vincent (1 August 2024). "Trumps of the Tropics: Brazil's Far Right Plots Its Return" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/01/magazine/brazil-bolsonaro-trump.html. 
  3. ↑ Phillips, Tom (30 October 2018). "Jair Bolsonaro denies he is a fascist and paints himself as a Brazilian Churchill" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/30/jair-bolsonaro-denies-he-is-a-fascist-brazilian-churchill. 
  4. ↑ Boito 2021, p. 169.
  5. ↑ Galinari, Tiago Nogueira (29 August 2019). "A "Guinada à direita" e a nova política externa brasileira" (in pt). Caderno de Geografia 29 (2): 190–211. doi:10.5752/P.2318-2962.2019v29n2p190-211. ISSN 2318-2962. http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/geografia/article/view/20685. Retrieved 16 November 2024. 
  6. ↑ (in pt) Brasil em transe : Bolsonarismo, nova direita e desdemocratização. Rio de Janeiro: Oficina Raquel. 2019. ISBN 978-85-9500-036-0. OCLC 1112610937. 
  7. ↑
  8. ↑ Bonin, Robson (6 August 2025). "Ação bolsonarista para interditar o Congresso é ilegal, avalia Alcolumbre | Radar" (in pt-BR). Veja. https://veja.abril.com.br/coluna/radar/acao-bolsonarista-para-interditar-o-congresso-e-ilegal-avalia-alcolumbre/. Retrieved 10 August 2025. 
  9. ↑ Pina, Rute (7 August 2025). "'Bolsonarismo perdeu protagonismo no debate e quer criar tumulto para monopolizar atenções'" (in pt-br). BBC News Brasil. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/c17n57575zzo. 
  10. ↑
  11. ↑ Ribeiro 2020, p. 470: ""Mito" significa embaralhar infantilmente realidade e imaginação. Estar fora da história mas, ao mesmo tempo, deter poderes para nela intervir. Perder a noção de humanidade ao clamar por um super-homem apto a solucionar tudo aquilo visto como "problema". O mito é um clamor delirante em nome da eliminação do outro e se porventura a tragédia da morte despontar no horizonte da vida e o tempo histórico reclamar seus direitos, a direita sempre poderá encontrar tanto a desculpa de que não imaginava que as coisas aconteceriam de tal forma quanto a de que a esquerda teria feito muito pior. Em síntese, o mito é o álibi impecável do autoritarismo." [""Myth" means childishly mixing reality and imagination. Being outside of history but, at the same time, having the powers to intervene in it. Losing the notion of humanity when calling for a superman capable of solving everything seen as a "problem". The myth is a delusional cry in the name of the elimination of the other and if perhaps the tragedy of death emerges on the horizon of life and historical time reclaims its rights, the right will always be able to find the excuse that it did not imagine that things would happen in such a way as to how the left would have done much worse. In short, the myth is the impeccable alibi of authoritarianism."]
  12. ↑ Graieb, Carlos (29 January 2021). "Prepare-se para falar de armas" (in pt-BR). https://istoe.com.br/prepare-se-para-falar-de-armas/. 
  13. ↑ Gonçalves & Caldeira Neto 2022, From the Bolsonaro government to the attack on the Porta dos Fundos headquarters; Bernardino-Costa 2023, p. 99; Peci 2021, p. 27
  14. ↑
  15. ↑ Brancoli 2024, pp. 73–76.
  16. ↑ "Cinco pontos que marcaram os discursos de posse de Bolsonaro" (in pt-BR). BBC News Brasil. 1 January 2019. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-46730648. 
  17. ↑ "Silas Malafaia: "Não sou bolsominion"" (in pt-BR). Veja. https://veja.abril.com.br/paginas-amarelas/silas-malafaia-nao-sou-bolsominion/. Retrieved 16 November 2024. 
  18. ↑ Magenta, Matheus (11 August 2022). "O que é ser bolsonarista?" (in pt-BR). BBC News Brasil. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-62490534. 
  19. ↑ Brancoli 2024, pp. 42–44; Power & Rodrigues-Silveira 2019, pp. 264–265; Martins & Pereira 2019, pp. 508, 512
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ Machado 2020, p. 25; Terto Neto 2020, p. 49; Buarque de Hollanda et al. 2024, p. 42
  22. ↑
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ Sá Guimarães et al. 2023, p. 273.
  25. ↑ Brancoli 2024, pp. 70–78.
  26. ↑ Brancoli 2024, pp. 55–59, 70–78.
  27. ↑ Brancoli 2024, pp. 56–58.
  28. ↑ Solano 2021, pp. 271–272.
  29. ↑ Peci 2021, p. 27.
  30. ↑ Solano 2021, pp. 277–278.
  31. ↑ Braun, Julia (29 September 2022). "'Resgatar o orgulho de ser brasileiro': o movimento para ressignificar o verde e amarelo antes da eleição e da Copa" (in pt-BR). BBC News Brasil. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-63069515. 
  32. ↑ Marques, Hugo; Caldas, Leonardo (7 September 2022). "Brasília tem revista contra explosivos e gritos pró-Bolsonaro e contra STF" (in pt-br). Veja. https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/brasilia-tem-revista-contra-explosivos-e-gritos-pro-bolsonaro-e-contra-stf/. 
  33. ↑ Benites, Afonso; Gortázar, Naiara Galarraga; Coletta, Ricardo Della (2 January 2019). "Bolsonaro: "O Brasil começa a se libertar do socialismo, e do politicamente correto"" (in pt-br). El País Brasil. https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/01/01/politica/1546380630_050685.html. 
  34. ↑ "A obsessão bolsonarista com o 'antro esquerdista' da Fiocruz" (in pt-br). Veja. 26 May 2021. https://veja.abril.com.br/coluna/maquiavel/a-obsessao-bolsonarista-com-o-antro-esquerdista-da-fiocruz/. 
  35. ↑ Pinheiro-Machado, Rosana (16 October 2018). "Os ricos, os pobres e os precariados: os 3 tipos de eleitores de Bolsonaro" (in pt-BR). Intercept Brasil. https://www.intercept.com.br/2018/10/16/tipos-eleitores-bolsonaro/. 
  36. ↑ Marzullo, Luísa (27 February 2023). "Bolsonarista propõe PL para criminalizar venda de produtos em alusão ao comunismo" (in pt-br). O Globo. https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/02/bolsonarista-propoe-pl-para-criminalizar-venda-de-produtos-em-alusao-ao-comunismo.ghtml. 
  37. ↑

Works cited

Further reading

Template:2022 Brazilian general election



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