Social:Gamergate controversy

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Short description: Online harassment campaign in the video game industry

The Gamergate controversy concerned an online harassment campaign, primarily conducted through the use of the hashtag #GamerGate, that centered on issues of sexism and anti-progressivism in video game culture. Gamergate is used as a blanket term for the controversy as well as for the harassment campaign and actions of those participating in it.

Beginning in August 2014, a harassment campaign targeted several women in the video game industry; notably game developers Zoë Quinn and Brianna Wu, as well as feminist media critic Anita Sarkeesian. After Eron Gjoni, Quinn's former boyfriend, wrote a disparaging blog post about Quinn, #GamerGate hashtag users falsely accused Quinn of an unethical relationship with journalist Nathan Grayson. Harassment campaigns against Quinn and others included doxing, threats of rape, and death threats.

Gamergate proponents ("Gamergaters") have stated that they were a movement, but had no official leaders or manifesto. Gamergate supporters organized anonymously or pseudonymously on online platforms such as 4chan, Internet Relay Chat chatrooms, Twitter, and Reddit. Statements claiming to represent Gamergate have been inconsistent, making it difficult for commentators to identify goals and motives. Gamergate supporters said there was unethical collusion between the press and feminists, progressives, and social critics. These concerns have been dismissed by commentators as trivial, conspiracy theories, groundless, or unrelated to actual issues of ethics. As a result, Gamergate has often been defined by the harassment its supporters engaged in. Gamergate supporters have frequently responded to this by denying that the harassment took place or by falsely claiming that it was manufactured by the victims.

The controversy has been described as a manifestation of a culture war over cultural diversification, artistic recognition, and social criticism in video games, and over the social identity of gamers. Many supporters of Gamergate oppose what they view as the increasing influence of feminism on video game culture; as a result, Gamergate is often viewed as a right-wing backlash against progressivism. Industry responses to the harassment campaign have focused on ways to minimize harm and prevent similar events. Gamergate has led figures both inside and outside the industry to focus on methods of addressing online harassment.

History

Zoë Quinn and Depression Quest

In 2013, Zoë Quinn, an independent game developer, released Depression Quest, a text-focused game designed to convey the experience of depression though a series of fictional scenarios,[1][2] based in part on Quinn's own experience with the illness.[3][4] The game received positive reviews in the gaming media, but faced backlash online from gamers who disliked its departure from typical game formats emphasizing violence and skill[5][6][7] and who opposed "political" intrusions into gamer culture.[6] Quinn was subjected to several months of harassment after its release,[8][9][10][11] including rape and death threats.[2][5] Quinn documented the harassment they[lower-alpha 1] received and spoke openly to the media about it, which led to even more intense abuse against them, including the posting of their home address online.[13] They ultimately fled their house out of fear for their safety.[4][14]

Game developer Zoë Quinn was the initial target of the harassment campaign

The controversies and events that would come to be known as Gamergate began in 2014 as a personal attack on Quinn, incited by a blog post by Quinn's former boyfriend Eron Gjoni.[15][3][7] Called the "Zoe Post",[lower-alpha 2] it was a lengthy, detailed account of their relationship and breakup[17] that included copies of personal chat logs, emails, and text messages.[11] The blog falsely implied that Quinn had a sexual relationship with Nathan Grayson, a reporter for the website Kotaku, in exchange for a favorable review of Depression Quest.[18] Gjoni later blamed the insinuation on a typographical error,[5] saying that he had "no evidence" of a sexual conflict of interest on Quinn's part.[19] Grayson never actually reviewed any of Quinn's games, and his only article mentioning them was published before their relationship began.[20][19][21] Nonetheless, a link to Gjoni's blog that was posted to 4chan, where many users had previously been highly critical of Depression Quest, led to renewed attacks on Quinn.[22]

After Gjoni's blog post, Quinn and their family were subjected to a virulent and often misogynistic harassment campaign.[23][24][25] Online attackers of Quinn at first used the label "Quinnspiracy",[20][26][27] later adopting the hashtag "#Gamergate" after it was coined by the actor Adam Baldwin,[lower-alpha 3] whose nearly 190,000 Twitter followers helped the spread of the hashtag.[32] Harassment of Gamergate targets was coordinated via Internet Relay Chat (IRC), spreading rapidly over imageboards and forums like 4chan and Reddit.[33][25][34][35]

Less than four months after Gamergate began, Quinn's record of threats they had received had grown 1,000-fold.[30][16] At a conference Quinn said, "I used to go to game events and feel like I was going home [...] Now it's just like... are any of the people I'm currently in the room with ones that said they wanted to beat me to death?".[36] One anonymous 4chan user threatened to "give [them] a crippling injury that's never going to fully heal".[37] Commentators both inside and outside the video game industry condemned the attacks against Quinn.[10][20] The attacks included doxing (researching and broadcasting personally identifiable information about an individual) and hacking of their Tumblr, Dropbox, and Skype accounts; they were again subjected to rape and death threats.[8][10][23] Quinn again fled their home to stay with friends.[30][38][16] Quinn wrote that "the Internet spent the last month spreading my personal information around, sending me threats, hacking anyone suspected of being friends with me, calling my dad and telling him I'm a whore, sending nude photos of me to colleagues, and basically giving me the 'burn the witch' treatment".[39][20]

Other targets of harassment

Gamergate supporters subjected others to similar harassment, doxing, and death threats. Those who came to the victims' defense were ridiculed as "white knights", or "social justice warriors" (SJWs);[25] this characterization was intended, according to Heron, Belford and Goker, to neutralize any opposition by questioning their motives.[25] Shortly after the Gamergate hashtag was coined, video game developer Phil Fish had his personal information, including various accounts and passwords, hacked and publicly posted in retaliation for defending Quinn and attacking their detractors.[40][41] The hacks and doxing also exposed documents relating to Fish's company, Polytron.[42] As a result, Fish left the gaming industry and put Polytron up for sale, calling the situation "unacceptable" and saying, "it's not worth it".[8][40][43]

Feminist media critic Anita Sarkeesian received death threats after releasing a video in her Tropes vs. Women in Video Games series.

The campaign expanded to include renewed harassment of prominent[44][45] feminist media critic Anita Sarkeesian, who had previously been a target of online harassment due in part to her YouTube video series Tropes vs. Women in Video Games, which analyzes sexist portrayals of women.[46] After a new episode of Tropes vs. Women was released on August 24, 2014, Sarkeesian received rape and death threats, and private information including her home address was leaked; she was compelled to flee her home.[47][48] At the XOXO arts and technology conference in Portland, Oregon, she said, in regard to the accusations that high-profile women were making up the threats against them, that "one of the most radical things you can do is to actually believe women when they talk about their experiences". "The perpetrators", Sarkeesian went on to say, "do not see themselves as perpetrators at all [...] They see themselves as noble warriors".[49]

Sarkeesian canceled an October 2014 speaking appearance at Utah State University (USU) after the school received three anonymous threats, the second of which claimed affiliation with Gamergate.[50] The initial threat proposed that "a Montreal Massacre style attack will be carried out against the attendees, as well as the students and staff at the nearby Women's Center", alluding to the École Polytechnique massacre, a 1989 mass shooting motivated by antifeminism.[51] USU's President and Provost released a joint statement saying that USU, in consultation with state and federal law enforcement agencies, had assessed that there was no credible threat to students, staff, or the speaker.[52] Requests for additional security measures were declined because of Utah's open carry laws, leading to the cancellation.[53][54][55] The threats drew the attention of mainstream media to the Gamergate situation.[56] Wingfield of The New York Times referred to the threat as "the most noxious example of a weeks long campaign to discredit or intimidate outspoken critics of the male-dominated gaming industry and its culture".[53] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated the threat to attack Sarkeesian and other Gamergate-related threats.[57] The investigations, which were plagued with jurisdictional issues, ultimately closed with the FBI failing to identify the perpetrators of some threats and declining to prosecute others.[58][59]

Video game developer Brianna Wu suffered Gamergate-related harassment beginning in late 2014.

In mid-October Brianna Wu, another independent game developer and co-founder of video game studio Giant Spacekat, saw her home address and other identifying information posted on 8chan as retaliation for mocking Gamergate. Wu then became the target of rape and death threats on Twitter and elsewhere. After contacting police, Wu fled her home with her husband, saying she would not allow the threats to intimidate her into silence.[53][60][61] Wu announced an US$11,000 reward for information leading to a conviction for those involved in her harassment, and set up a legal fund to help other game developers who have been harassed online.[62] As of April 2016, Wu was still receiving threats in such volume that she employed full-time staff to document them.[63]

Harassment related to Gamergate continued for several months after the onset of the controversy. Two critics of Gamergate were targets of attempted "swatting"—hoaxed reports to emergency services intended to provoke a SWAT team response at the target's home. The Guardian reported that both swatting attempts were coordinated through the "baphomet" subforum of 8chan.[64][65] After the initial rush of threats that caused her to flee her home, Wu documented receiving roughly 45 death threats by April 2015; Silicon Valley investor Marc Andreessen offered up to a $10,000 reward for information leading to the conviction of those who made the threats.[66] Wu's studio, Giant Spacekat, withdrew from the Expo Hall of PAX East 2015. Wu cited security concerns, lack of confidence in the management and their failure to return calls.[67][68][69]

Actress and gamer Felicia Day wrote a blog post about her concerns over Gamergate and her fear of retaliation if she spoke against it. Almost immediately her home address and phone number were posted online, leading to harassing letters and phone calls.[70][71][72] Actor Wil Wheaton and former NFL player Chris Kluwe also posted criticisms of Gamergate. Stephen Colbert questioned why men like Kluwe had not been threatened by Gamergate, noting that the targets were almost entirely women.[73][74]

Coordination of harassment

Gamergate harassment was orchestrated largely through anonymous message boards such as 4chan, 8chan, and Reddit,[75][76][77] particularly the "KotakuInAction" subreddit.[78][79][80] Ars Technica reported that a series of 4chan discussion logs suggests that Twitter sockpuppet accounts were used to popularize the Gamergate hashtag.[35] Heron, Belford, and Goker, analyzing the logs, said that early Gamergate IRC discussions focused on coordinating the harassment of Quinn by using astroturf campaigns to push attacks against them into mainstream view. They also describe how initial organizers attempted to cultivate a palatable narrative for public consumption while internally focusing on personal grudges against Quinn and aggressive sexual imagery.[25] Mortensen wrote in Games and Culture that Gamergate's structure as an anonymous swarm allowed it to create an environment where anyone who criticized it or became its target was at risk, while allowing them to avoid individual responsibility for harassment.[81]

There has been considerable discussion of self-policing and the responsibility supporters of Gamergate share when the hashtag is used for harassment. A number of websites have blocked users, removed posts, and created policies to prevent their users from threatening Quinn and others with doxing, assault, rape and murder, and planning and coordinating such threats.[8][10] 4chan founder Christopher Poole banned all discussion of Gamergate on the site as more attacks occurred, leading to Gamergate supporters using 8chan as their central hub.[34][82]

Many Gamergate supporters have denied that the harassment took place, or falsely accused victims of fabricating the evidence.[25][48] Gamergate supporters have used the term "Literally Who" to refer to victims of harassment such as Quinn, saying they are not relevant to Gamergate's goals and purposes. Commentators have decried the use of such terminology as dehumanizing, and said that discussions on Gamergate forums often focus on those referred to as "Literally Who".[78][11][83]

By September 24, 2014, over one million Twitter messages incorporating the Gamergate hashtag had been sent.[84] A Newsweek and Brandwatch analysis found more than two million Twitter messages between September and October 2014.[85] Software developer Andy Baio also produced an analysis of #Gamergate tweets showing a discussion that was polarized between pro- and anti-Gamergate factions. One quarter of the tweets sampled were produced by users new to Twitter, most of whom were pro-Gamergate.[86] While the number of Gamergate supporters is unclear, in October 2014 Deadspin estimated 10,000 supporters based on the number of users discussing Gamergate on Reddit.[87]

Organization

The series of events that came to be known as Gamergate has been described as "torturously complex".[88] As a movement, it had no official leaders or clearly defined agenda.[89][90] Because of its anonymous membership, lack of organization and leaderless nature, sources differ as to the goals or mission of Gamergate and defining it has been difficult.[78] Frank Lantz of NYU's Game Center wrote that he could not find "a single explanation of a coherent Gamergate position".[91] Christopher Grant, editor-in-chief of Polygon, told the Columbia Journalism Review: "The closest thing we've been able to divine is that it's noise. It's chaos [...] all you can do is find patterns. And ultimately Gamergate will be defined—I think has been defined—by some of its basest elements."[92][87]

As the threats expanded, international media focused on Gamergate's violent, misogynistic element and its inability to present a coherent message. Bob Stuart, in The Daily Telegraph, reported that "Gamergate has since swelled into an unwieldy movement with no apparent leaders, mission statement, or aims beyond calling out 'social justice warriors'. [...] When members of the games industry are being driven from their houses and jobs, threatened, or abused, it makes Gamergate's claim that it is engaged in an ethical campaign appear laughable."[33] The campaign's focus broadened to take on other targets in the news media, as with Hulk Hogan's lawsuit against Gawker Media.[93]

Jesse Singal, in New York, stated that he had spoken to several Gamergate supporters to try to understand their concerns, but found conflicting ideals and incoherent messages. Singal observed Gamergate supporters making a constant series of attacks on Quinn, Sarkeesian, and other people, while frequently stating that Gamergate "is not about" them.[78] Chris Ip of the Columbia Journalism Review said that Gamergate supporters espousing critiques of ethics in journalism could not be separated from harassers.[87] With anyone able to tweet under the hashtag and no single person willing or able to represent the hashtag and take responsibility for its actions, Ip said it is not possible for journalists to neatly separate abusers from those seeking reasonable debate.[87]

Jon Stone wrote in The Guardian that "[Gamergate] readjusts and reinvents itself in response to attempts to disarm and disperse its noxiousness, subsuming disaffected voices in an act of continual regeneration, cycling through targets, pretexts, manifestoes, and moralisms".[94] Polygon's Grant said that as of October 2014, Gamergate had remained amorphous and leaderless so that the harassment can be conducted without any culpability.[95]

Harassment and Twitter

While organized through anonymous message boards such as 4chan and Reddit, Gamergate harassment was most prominent on Twitter. Michael Salter, a University of Western Sydney criminologist, writes that Twitter's design and architecture was "highly conducive" to such abuse campaigns, allowing Gamergaters to overwhelm users' ability to individually block the large numbers of fake or "sockpuppet" accounts used to send abusive and harassing messages.[96]

Twitter was criticized for its inability to respond quickly and prevent harassment over the service. Within the United States, Twitter and other social media sites are not liable for content posted by third-parties of their service under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (1996), and so have no legal obligation to police malicious content such as harassment and threats.[97] Brianna Wu, shortly after becoming a target of harassment, stated that Twitter facilitated harassment by the ease with which anyone could make a new account even after having an earlier account blocked, and challenged the service to improve its responsiveness to complaints.[98] Robinson Meyer of The Atlantic said Gamergate is an "identity crisis" for Twitter, and by not dealing with harassing users, the platform is failing to protect victims.[99]

Early on during Gamergate, software developer Randi Harper started the "Good Game Auto Blocker" or "ggautoblocker", an expanding list of known Twitter accounts that were tied to the Gamergate hashtag which could be automatically blocked, therefore reducing the degree of harassment received.[100] In November 2014, Twitter announced a collaboration with the non-profit group "Women, Action & the Media" (WAM), in which users of Twitter can report harassment to a tool monitored by WAM members, who would forward affirmed issues to Twitter within 24 hours. The move, while arising in the wake of the Gamergate harassment, was due to general issues of the harassment of women on the Internet.[101][102][103] In May 2015, WAM reported that of 512 reported harassment instances by the tool during the month of November 2014, 12% of those were tied to the Gamergate controversy based on the ggautoblocker list, with most harassment occurring from single-instance accounts targeting a single person.[104]

Efforts to affect public perceptions

Early in the controversy, posters on 4chan focused on donating to a group called The Fine Young Capitalists (TFYC), which had been embroiled in a dispute with Quinn over a female-only game development contest they had organized. Advocating donations to help TFYC create the game, posters on 4chan's politics board argued that such donations would make them "look really good" and would make them "PR-untouchable".[105][106]

To respond to widespread criticism of Gamergate as misogynistic, posters on 4chan created a second Twitter hashtag, #NotYourShield, intended to show that Gamergate was not about opposition to feminism or wanting to push women out of gaming.[35][107][108] Many of the accounts used to tweet the tag were sockpuppets that had copied their avatars from elsewhere on the internet; the methods used to create it have been compared to #EndFathersDay, a hoax manufactured on 4chan using similar methods.[35][108] Quinn said that in light of Gamergate's exclusive targeting of women or those who stood up for women, "#notyourshield was, ironically, solely designed to be a shield for this campaign once people started calling it misogynistic".[109] Arthur Chu wrote that the hashtag was an attempt to discourage allies from supporting the people being attacked by Gamergate.[110]

Targeting advertisers

Gamergate supporters were critical of the wave of articles calling for diversity that followed the initial outbreak of the controversy, interpreting them as an attack on games and gamer culture. Gamergaters responded with a coordinated email campaign that demanded advertisers drop several involved publications; in a five-step 'war plan' against organizations that offended them, a Gamergate posting described how they would choose from a list of target organizations, pick a grievance from a list others had compiled, and send a form letter containing it to an advertiser.[111] Intel reacted to this by withdrawing an ad campaign from Gamasutra in October 2014. After a number of game developers criticized Intel for this, arguing that it could have a chilling effect on free speech and that it amounted to supporting harassment, Intel apologized, ultimately resuming advertising on Gamasutra in mid-November.[112][113][114]

Sad Puppies

Gamergate became associated with the "Sad Puppies" and "Rabid Puppies" during 2015 Hugo Awards for science fiction writing. These groups organized voting blocs that dominated the 2015 Hugo Awards. The campaign was described as a backlash against the increasing racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in science fiction. Members of the bloc said that they sought to counteract what they saw as a focus on giving awards based on the race, ethnicity, or gender of the author or characters rather than quality, and bemoaning the increasing prominence of what they described as 'message' fiction with fewer traditional "zap gun" science-fictional trappings.[115][116][117] By 2018, the Sad Puppies had diminished visibility, and Quinn's 2017 memoir Crash Override was nominated for the 2018 Hugo Award for Best Related Work (for non-fiction works related to science fiction or fantasy).[118]

Purpose and goals

The most active Gamergate supporters or "Gamergaters"[119][120] said that Gamergate was a movement for ethics in games journalism and for protecting the "gamer" identity and that any harassment of women was done by others not affiliated with Gamergate.[2][5][119][121] They argued that the close relationships between journalists and developers demonstrated a conspiracy among reviewers to focus on progressive social issues.[9][78][122] Some supporters pointed to what they considered disproportionate praise for games such as Depression Quest and Gone Home, which feature unconventional gameplay and stories with social implications, while they viewed traditional AAA games as downplayed.[123][124][125] Journalists who did not cover the examination into Quinn's private life were accused of conspiracy, and a blacklist circulated by Gamergate supporters.[126]

Observers in the media have largely rejected these claims as baseless and malicious. Chris Ip of the Columbia Journalism Review wrote that "many criticisms of press coverage by people who identify with Gamergate [...] have been debunked" and concluded that "at core, the movement is a classic culture war".[87] Writing in Vox, Emily VanDerWerff said that "[e]very single question of journalistic ethics Gamergate has brought up has either been debunked or dealt with".[127] According to Leigh Alexander, then editor-at-large of Gamasutra, the ethics concerns were a conspiracy theory, albeit a sincere one; Alexander writes that there is nothing unethical about journalists being acquainted with those they cover and that meaningful reporting requires journalists to develop professional relationships with sources.[128] Ars Technica, Vox, and Wired, among others, stated that discussions of gender equality, sexism and other social issues in game reviews present no ethical conflict.[35][81][85][127][129][130]

Several writers who attempted to understand Gamergate's motivations concluded that, rather than relating to purported issues with gaming journalism ethics, Gamergate represented an effort to suppress opposing views.[87][131][132][133] Salter writes that "mass media had a decisive role in evaluating the competing claims of Gamergate and its critics, and ultimately dismissing Gamergate as a misogynist abuse campaign".[134] Screenshots of 4chan boards, collected and published by Quinn, suggested that complaints about ethics in games journalism were invented post hoc by Gamergaters to distract critics from their ongoing abuse of Quinn.[135][35] Jay Hathaway wrote at Gawker that this strategy emerged once Gamergaters found that harassing Quinn about their sexual history was unlikely to win them support; according to Hathaway, IRC chat logs showed that "the [Gamergate] movement was focused on destroying Zoë Quinn first, reforming games reporting second".[136]

Other commentators argued that Gamergate had the potential to raise significant issues in gaming journalism, but that the wave of misogynistic harassment and abuse associated with the hashtag had poisoned the well, making it impossible to separate honest criticism from sexist trolling.[137][25][138] Visible support for Gamergate in the form of tweets, online videos, and blogs seldom involved discussion of ethics, but often featured misogynistic and/or racist commentary.[2] The targets were mainly female game developers, academics, and writers.[139]

Researchers at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University described Gamergate as a "vitriolic campaign against Quinn that quickly morph[ed] into a broader crusade against alleged corruption in games journalism" which involved considerable abuse and harassment of female developers and game critics.[133] Concerns have also been raised when juxtaposing the behavior of Gamergate supporters with their claimed message: Dr. Kathleen Bartzen Culver, a professor and media ethics expert at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, wrote that while Gamergate supporters claimed to be interested in journalism ethics, their "misogynistic and threatening" behavior belied this claim. "Much of the conversation—if I can even call it that—has been a toxic sludge of rumor, invective, and gender bias. The irony comes from people who claim to be challenging the ethics of game journalists through patently unethical behavior."[130]

After analyzing a sample of tweets related to Gamergate, Newsweek concluded that it was primarily about harassment rather than ethics, stating that the sample "suggests that [...] contrary to its stated goal, Gamergate spends more time tweeting negatively at game developers than at game journalists".[85] Casey Johnston wrote for Ars Technica that, based on logs from the 4chan users who initially pushed Gamergate into the spotlight, the goal behind the hashtag campaign was to "perpetuate misogynistic attacks by wrapping them in a debate about ethics".[35] An academic analysis of a week's worth of public posts tagged with #Gamergate found that the issue publics involved were not "only or even primarily" concerned with ethics in gaming journalism.[140][141]

In an interview with Anita Sarkeesian in The Guardian, Jessica Valenti said that "the movement's much-mocked mantra, 'It's about ethics in journalism'" was seen by others as "a natural extension of sexist harassment and the fear of female encroachment on a traditionally male space". Sarkeesian asked, "if this 'movement' was about journalism, why wasn't it journalists who had to deal with a barrage of rape and death threats?".[142] Wu told The Boston Globe that the ethics claims were "a pretext" and described Gamergate as "an actual hate group [...] they're upset and threatened by women who are being very outspoken about feminism".[143][144]

Gamergate has been criticized for focusing on women, especially female developers, while ignoring many large-scale journalistic ethics issues. Alex Goldman of NPR's On the Media criticized Gamergate for targeting female independent ("indie") developers rather than AAA games publishers, and said claims of unethical behavior by Quinn and Sarkeesian were unfounded.[137] In Wired, Laura Hudson found it telling that Gamergate supporters concentrated on impoverished independent creators and critics, and nearly exclusively women, rather than the large game companies whose work they enjoyed.[129] Vox writer Emily VanDerWerff highlighted an essay written by game developer David Hill, who said that corruption, nepotism, and excessive commercialism existed in the gaming industry, but that Gamergate was not addressing those issues.[145] Adi Robertson, of The Verge, commented on the long-standing ethical issues gaming journalism has dealt with, but that most Gamergate supporters did not seem interested in "addressing problems that don't directly relate to feminist criticism or the tiny indie games scene".[146]

Social, cultural, and political impact

Observers have generally described Gamergate as part of a long-running culture war against efforts to diversify the traditionally male video gaming community, particularly targeting outspoken women. They cite Gamergate supporters' frequent harassment of female figures in the gaming industry and its overt hostility toward people involved in social criticism and analysis of video games.[87][147] The Washington Post's digital culture writer Caitlin Dewey said that "Whatever Gamergate may have started as, it is now an Internet culture war" between predominantly female game developers and critics advocating for greater inclusion, and "a motley alliance of vitriolic naysayers" opposed to such changes.[148][149] Vox said that Gamergate supporters were less interested in criticizing ethical issues than in opposition to social criticism and analysis of video games and in harassment of prominent women.[127] Ars Technica quoted early members as saying that they had no interest in videogames and were primarily interested in attacking Quinn.[35]

Gamergate has been described as being driven by antifeminist ideologies.[105][150][151] Some supporters have denied this, but acknowledge that there are misogynistic voices within Gamergate.[78][105] Antonsen, Ask, and Karlstrom wrote in Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies "in the case of #gamergate, it is the explicit goal of many of the participants to exclude groups of people, particularly women, from the debate and from the game industry and limit women's rights as citizens."[152] Jon Stone, in The Guardian, called it a "swelling of vicious right-wing sentiment" and compared it to the men's rights movement.[150] Commentators such as Stone, Liana Kerzner, and Ryan Cooper have said that the controversy is being exploited by right-wing voices and by conservative pundits who had little interest in gaming.[150][153][94] Chrisella Herzog states that in addition to violent sexism, Gamergate has virulent strains and violent sentiments of homophobia, transphobia, anti-Semitism, racism, and neo-Nazism.[83] Some figures and tactics associated with Gamergate went on to become components of the alt-right[154][155] which featured in the 2016 American presidential election[156][157][158][159] and in other, more targeted harassment campaigns such as Learn to Code in early 2019.[160]

Quinn said the campaign had "roped well-meaning people who cared about ethics and transparency into a pre-existing hate mob",[161] and urged industry publishers and developers to condemn the hashtag.[162] They further asked those Gamergate supporters who had any earnest discussion about ethics to move away from the "Gamergate" tag.[162]

Gamer identity

Gamergate is often considered to be a reaction to the changing cultural identity of the "gamer". As video games grew in mainstream popularity during the 1990s, a "gamer" identity emerged among predominantly young, male, heterosexual players, and the types of games designed to appeal to them. Over the years, the growing popularity of games expanded that audience to include many who did not fit the traditional gamer demographic, particularly women.[163] Games with artistic and cultural themes grew in popularity, and independent video game development made these games more common, while mobile and casual games expanded the scope of the industry beyond the traditional gamer identity.[164][128][165] The games most popular with typical "gamers", often featuring explicit violence along with exaggerated gender stereotypes, were joined by a more diverse set of games that included gay, lesbian, and transgender themes. "Indie" gaming blogs and websites were created to comment on these developments, in contrast to the more established gaming press, which was traditionally dependent on the games industry itself.[163]

The media-studies scholar Adrienne Massanari writes that Gamergate is a direct response to such changes in video-game content as well as changes in the demographics of players.[164] Surveys by the Entertainment Software Association in 2014 and 2015 showed that video-game players were between 44% and 48% female,[166][164] with an average age of thirty-five.[164] This broader audience began to question some assumptions and tropes that had been common in games. Shira Chess and Adrienne Shaw write that concern over these changes is integral to Gamergate, especially a fear that sexualized games aimed primarily at young men might eventually be replaced by less sexualized games marketed to broader audiences.[167] Gamergaters often dismiss such games and their more diverse, casual group of players as being not "real" games or gamers.[164] Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post said that some of Gamergaters' concerns were rooted in a view of video games as "appliances" rather than art, that should be reviewed based on feature checklists rather than traditional artistic criteria.[132] Chris Suellentrop of The New York Times criticized resistance to innovative uses of the gaming medium, and the belief that increased coverage and praise of artistic games like Gone Home would negatively affect blockbuster games such as Grand Theft Auto V.[124]

Gamergate is particularly associated with opposition to the influence of so-called "social justice warriors" in the gaming industry and media, who are perceived as a threat to traditional gaming culture.[164][88] As the video-game market grew more diverse, cultural critics became interested in issues of gender representation and identity in games.[138][128] One prominent feminist critic of the representation of women in gaming is Anita Sarkeesian,[44][45] whose Tropes vs. Women in Video Games project is devoted to female stereotypes in games. Her fund-raising campaign and videos were met with hostility and harassment by some gamers. Further incidents raised concerns about sexism in video gaming.[138][128][168] Prior to August 2014, escalating harassment prompted the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) to provide support groups for harassed developers and to begin discussions with the FBI to help investigate online harassment of game developers.[168] In an interview on Comedy Central's program The Colbert Report, Sarkeesian said she believes women are targeted because they are "challenging the status quo of gaming as a male-dominated space".[169]

In late August 2014, shortly after the initial accusations against Grayson and harassment of Quinn, several gaming sites published opinion essays on the controversy that focused on the growing diversity of gaming and the mainstreaming of the medium, some of which included criticism of sexism within gamer culture.[170][171] These so-called "gamers are dead" articles were seen as part of a conspiracy to undercut traditional gamer identity[88][167] and were used by participants to rally support for Gamergate.[172] Slate's David Auerbach and The Sentinel's David Elks criticized these articles for alienating their publications' audience by attacking the gamer identity.[173] Writing for Paste, L. Rhodes said the antagonism in the Gamergate controversy was a result of the industry seeking to widen its customer demographic instead of focusing on core gamers, which Rhodes says "is precisely what videogames needed".[174] Brendan Keogh of Overland stated that Gamergate "does not represent a marginalised, discriminated identity under attack so much as a hegemonic and normative mainstream being forced to redistribute some of its power".[123]

Misogyny and sexism

Gamergate has been described as an expression of sexism and misogyny within gaming culture; its main themes are criticism of feminism and so-called "social justice warriors", who are perceived as a threat to traditional video games.[76][88] Women's greater visibility in the gaming industry has seen a corresponding rise in gendered harassment and intimidation directed at them.[6] Among mainstream journalists, the harassment campaign that became known as Gamergate is considered emblematic of this surge of online misogyny.[175] According to Sarah Kaplan of The Washington Post , "sexism in gaming is a long-documented, much-debated but seemingly intractable problem", and became the crux of the Gamergate controversy.[23] Jaime Weinman writing in Maclean's said, "[w]hether it was supposed to be or not, GamerGate is largely about women".[176] Discussing Gamergate on her ESPN blog, Jane McManus compared the misogyny that women in the gaming industry experience to that faced by the first women entering sporting communities.[177] In October 2015, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau described issues like Gamergate and misogyny in video games in popular culture as "something that we need to stand clearly against".[178]

Sexism and misogyny had been identified as problems in the video game industry and online community prior to the events of Gamergate.[179][180] Sarkeesian considered that the Internet has a "boys'-locker-room feel" to it, with male users trying to show off to each other which causes escalating cases of harassment in situations like Gamergate.[142] In March 2014, game designer Cliff Bleszinski wrote a blog post commenting on the "latent racism, homophobia and misogyny" that existed within the online gaming community.[124] In a November 2014 interview with Develop, Wu said the game industry "has been a boys' club for 30 years", and that the common portrayal of women as "sex symbols and damsels in distress" in video games has led to the players taking the same attitudes.[181] Brendan Sinclair, writing for GamesIndustry.biz, stated that the events of the Gamergate controversy were "reprehensible and saddening" and "this industry has some profound issues in the way it treats women".[182]

Many commentators have said that the harassment associated with Gamergate springs from this existing well of deep-seated misogyny, and that it was merely brought to the fore by the anonymity of the Internet. Lisa Nakamura, a professor of digital studies at the University of Michigan, wrote that Gamergate "showed the world the extent of gaming's misogyny".[183][184] In an interview with the BBC, Quinn stated that "[b]efore [Gamergate] had a name, it was nothing but trying to get me to kill myself, trying to get people to hurt me, going after my family. [...] There is no mention of ethics in journalism at all outside of making the same accusation everybody makes towards any successful woman; that clearly she got to where she is because she had sex with someone."[36] Danielle Citron of the University of Maryland wrote that the intent of this type of harassment is to demean the victim, make them doubt their own integrity, and to redefine the victim's identity in order to "fundamentally distort who she is".[66]

Targets of Gamergate supporters have overwhelmingly been women, even when men were responsible for the supposed wrongdoings. Writing in The New Yorker, Simon Parkin observed that Quinn was attacked while the male journalist who was falsely accused of reviewing their work favorably largely escaped, revealing the campaign as "a pretense to make further harassment of women in the industry permissible".[4] In The New York Times, Chris Suellentrop said that a petition sought to have a female colleague fired for criticizing the portrayal of women in Grand Theft Auto V, while he and many other male critics raised similar concerns but did not face similar reprisals.[124] Most commentators have described Gamergate as consisting largely of white males, though some supporters have said that it includes a notable percentage of women, minorities and LGBT members.[185]

Critics of the movement have described it as a kind of misogynistic terrorism.[186][187] Writing in The Week, Ryan Cooper called the harassment campaign "an online form of terrorism" intended to reverse a trend in gaming culture toward increasing acceptance of women, and stated that social media platforms need to tighten their policies and protections against threats and abuse.[188] Speaking on Iowa Public Radio, academic Cindy Tekobbe said the harassment campaign was intended to drive women from public spaces and intimidate them into silence.[189] Prof. Joanne St. Lewis of the University of Ottawa stated that Gamergate's harassment and threats should be considered acts of terrorism as the perpetrators seek to harm women and to prevent them from speaking back or defending others.[190]

Law enforcement

Katherine Clark, the U.S. Congresswoman from Massachusetts' 5th District, sought to expand the FBI's ability to take action against cyberharassment similar to that faced by Wu.

Though Newsweek reported that the FBI had a file regarding Gamergate, no arrests have been made nor charges filed,[191] and parts of the FBI investigation into the threats had been closed in September 2015 due to a lack of leads.[59] Former FBI supervisory special agent for cybercrimes, Tim Ryan, stated that cyberharassment cases are a low priority for authorities because it is difficult to track down the perpetrator and they have lower penalties compared to other crimes they are tasked to enforce.[192] In June 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled in Elonis v. United States that harassing messages sent online are not necessarily true threats that would be prosecutable under criminal law and, according to Pacific Standard, this poses a further challenge in policing Gamergate-related harassment.[193] However, the Court's decision also suggested that if threats made over social media were found to be true threats, they should be treated the same as threats made in other forms of communication.[97]

Wu has expressed her frustration over how law enforcement agencies have responded to the threats that she and other women in the game industry have received.[194] On public release of the FBI's case files on Gamergate, Wu said she was "livid", and that "Only a fraction of information we gave the FBI was looked into. They failed on all levels."[195] The lack of legal enforcement contributes towards the harassers' ability to maintain these activities without any risk of punishment, according to Chrisella Herzog of The Diplomatic Courier; at worst, harassers would see their social media accounts suspended but are able to turn around to register new accounts to continue to engage.[83]

U.S. Representative Katherine Clark, one of whose constituents was Brianna Wu, called for a stronger response from law enforcement to online abuse, partly as a result of advocacy by the women targeted by Gamergate.[196][197] On March 10, 2015, Clark wrote a letter to the House Appropriations Committee asking it to call on the Justice Department to crack down on the harassment of women on the internet, saying the campaign of intimidation associated with Gamergate had highlighted the problem.[198][199] She asked the U.S. Department of Justice to "prioritize" online threats against women, saying, "We do not think this a harmless hoax. We think this has real-life implications for women".[197] Clark also hosted a Congressional briefing on March 15, along with the Congressional Victims' Rights Caucus to review issues of cyberstalking and online threats; during the briefing, Quinn spoke of their experiences with Gamergate, which an executive director of the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence described during the hearing as "an online hate group [...] which was started by an ex-boyfriend to ruin [Quinn's] life".[200] On May 27, the United States House of Representatives formally supported Clark's request for increased measures to combat online abuse against women, explicitly pressing for more investigations and prosecutions by the Department of Justice.[201][202] On June 2, Rep. Clark introduced the "Prioritizing Online Threat Enforcement Act of 2015" to Congress. The bill would have allocated more funding for the FBI to employ additional agents to enforce laws against cyberstalking, online criminal harassment, and threats.[203][204][205] Two years later, in June 2017, Rep. Clark introduced the "Online Safety Modernization Act of 2017" with co-sponsors Reps. Susan Brooks (Indiana) and Pat Meehan (Pennsylvania), which combined several of Clark's previous bills. The bill focused on penalizing "cybercrimes against individuals", including doxing, swatting, and sextortion, as well as granting $20 million for law enforcement training to help tackle such crimes, and $4 million to establish the National Resource Center on Cybercrimes Against Individuals in order to study and collect statistics and information related to these crimes.[206][207]

Gaming industry response

The harassment of Quinn, Sarkeesian, Wu, and others led prominent industry professionals to condemn the Gamergate attacks for damaging the video gaming community and the public perception of the industry.[208][209] Vanity Fair's Laura Parker stated that the Gamergate situation led those outside of the video game industry to be "flooded with evidence of the video-game community as a poisonous and unwelcoming place", furthering any negative views they may have had of video games.[210] Independent game developer Andreas Zecher wrote an open letter calling upon the community to take a stand against the attacks, attracting the signatures of more than two thousand professionals within the gaming industry.[147][165] Many in the industry saw the signatures "as proof that the people sending vicious attacks at Quinn and Sarkeesian weren't representative of the video game industry overall".[211] Writing for The Guardian, Jenn Frank described the tactics used in the harassment campaign and the climate of fear it generated through its attacks on women and their allies, concluding that this alienating and abusive environment would harm not only women but also the industry as a whole.[212] Frank herself received significant harassment for writing this article, and announced an intention to quit games journalism as a result.[138] Games designer Damion Schubert wrote that Gamergate was "an unprecedented catastrof**k [sic]", and that silencing critiques of games harms games developers by depriving them of feedback.[213] Several video game developers, journalists, and gamers from across various gender, racial, and social backgrounds adopted new Twitter hashtags, such as #INeedDiverseGames, #StopGamergate2014 and #GamersAgainstGamergate, to show solidarity with the people targeted by the harassment and their opposition to the reactionary messages from Gamergate supporters.[214][215]

The Electronic Frontier Foundation characterized Gamergate as a "magnet for harassment", and notes the possible financial risk for companies dealing with it on social media platforms.[216] The Entertainment Software Association (ESA) issued a statement condemning the harassment, stating that "[t]here is no place in the video game community—or our society—for personal attacks and threats".[217] ESA president Mike Gallagher, speaking at the June 2015 Electronic Entertainment Expo, clarified that the ESA did not become more involved as they felt it was an argument that was outside their industry and their involvement would have been disruptive, but praised the efforts to counter harassment that will benefit the industry in the future.[218] At BlizzCon 2014, Blizzard Entertainment president and co-founder Mike Morhaime denounced recent harassment; blaming a "small group of people [who] have been doing really awful things" and "tarnishing our reputation" as gamers. He called on attendees to treat each other with kindness and demonstrate to the world that the community rejects harassment. His statements were widely interpreted as referring to Gamergate.[219][220][221] CEOs of both the American and European branches of Sony Computer Entertainment, Shawn Layden and Jim Ryan respectively, said the harassment and bullying were absolutely horrific and that such inappropriate behavior would not be tolerated at Sony.[222][223][224] The Swedish Games Industry issued a statement denouncing the harassment and sexism from Gamergate supporters.[225] In 2016, Nintendo of America denounced Gamergate, calling it "an online hate campaign" and that "Nintendo firmly rejects the harassment of individuals in any way".[226]

Responses to Gamergate have encouraged the video game industry to review its treatment of women and minorities, and to make changes to support them.[227][228][229][230] Intel, following its accidental involvement in Gamergate, pledged more than $300 million to help support a "Diversity in Technology" program with partners including Sarkeesian's Feminist Frequency organization and the IGDA, aimed at increasing the number of women and minorities in the industry. Intel CEO Brian Krzanich stated in announcing the program that "it's not good enough to say we value diversity, and then have our industry not fully represent".[231][232][233] Electronic Arts (EA) COO Peter Moore said the controversy made EA pay more attention to diversity and inclusion, telling Fortune "[i]f there's been any benefit to Gamergate, [...] I think it just makes us think twice at times".[234] Speaking about Gamergate harassment to the Seattle Times, IGDA executive director Kate Edwards said, "Gaming culture has been pretty misogynistic for a long time now. There's ample evidence of that over and over again... What we're finally seeing is that it became so egregious that now companies are starting to wake up and say, "We need to stop this. This has got to change."[235]

The Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 included markedly more female protagonists in these new games, as well as more visible presence by women at the event. Some commentators characterized this as a response to Gamergate and a rejection of the misogynistic Gamergate harassment.[236][237][238][239]

The game Batman, released in 2015, references Gamergate with the hashtag #CrusaderGate, which the Riddler uses to unsuccessfully try to rally the Internet against Batman; bemoaning its failure, the Riddler describes those who use the hashtag as "idiotic and easily roused rabble".[240][239]

Representation in media

"Intimidation Game", an episode of the crime television series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, portrays a fictionalized version of the Gamergate controversy, including a character whom some observers said resembled Sarkeesian and whose story seemed based on those of women subject to the harassment campaign.[241][242] The 2015 documentary film GTFO analyzed issues of sexism and harassment in video gaming. The film's director, Shannon Sun-Higginson, stated Gamergate was "a terrible, terrible thing, but it's actually symptomatic of a wider, cultural, systemic problem".[243][244] The Gamergate situation was covered as part of a larger topic of online harassment of women in the June 21, 2015, episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver.[245] The impact of the Gamergate controversy on Brianna Wu was the subject of the March 16, 2016, episode of The Internet Ruined My Life.[246]

Reducing online harassment

In January 2015, Quinn and Alex Lifschitz created the Crash Override Network, a private group of experts who provide free support and counsel to those that have been harassed online, including as a result of Gamergate, and to work with law authorities and social media sites in response to such threats.[247][248] Software developer Randi Harper founded a similar group, the Online Abuse Prevention Initiative, a non-profit organization that also seeks to provide aid to those harassed online.[249]

Anita Sarkeesian was named as one of Time (magazine) magazine's list of the 30 most influential people on the Internet in March 2015, and later in the magazine's Top 100 Most Influential People of 2015, in recognition of her role in highlighting sexism in the video game community in the wake of the Gamergate controversy.[196][250][251] She was also highlighted as one of Cosmopolitan's fifty "Internet's Most Fascinating" in a 2015 list due to her efforts to curb online harassment.[252]

An online abuse panel (itself the subject of controversy) at the 2016 SXSW festival said that there was no technological solution to the problem of harassment given human nature;[253] although policy changes have been made, the larger issue is more societal than platform-specific.[254][255] Referring to the discussion at SXSW in a speech for Women's History Month, President of the United States Barack Obama said that "We know that women gamers face harassment and stalking and threats of violence from other players. When they speak out about their experiences, they're attacked on Twitter and other social media outlets, even threatened in their homes."[256] Obama urged targets of harassment to speak out, praising the courage of those who had resisted online harassment. "And what's brought these issues to light is that there are a lot of women out there, especially young women, who are speaking out bravely about their experiences, even when they know they'll be attacked for it".[256][257]

Legacy

The women targeted by Gamergate have continued to be attacked in right-wing media and on men's rights websites, and have been forced to limit their public appearances and social media activity.[258]

It has been argued that Gamergate helped in the election of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency in 2016 along with other right-wing movements,[259][260][261][262][263] with Alyssa Rosenberg even calling Trump "The Gamergate of Republican politics" in an opinion article for The Washington Post in 2015.[264] Likewise, Steve Bannon remarked that through Milo Yiannopoulos, who rose to fame during the controversy as the technology journalist for Breitbart, he had created an army of kids that came in "through Gamergate and then get turned onto politics and Trump".[265][156]

In 2016, Vox said that Gamergate's "success" "gave many on the extreme right a template for how to attack their perceived enemies." and that "The methods deployed in this ground-zero Gamergate event have since become standard practice for internet mobs wishing to attack seemingly anyone they believe to be a foe."[266] As of 2018, "Not only are Gamergate supporters still active, but its most visible advocates seem to be thriving in the age of President Trump."[267]

In a retrospective for Slate in August 2019, Evan Urquhart wrote that Gamergate was still active on Reddit and that its members continue to harass journalists. However, Urquhart also commented that Gamergate had not stopped socially-conscious games journalism, efforts to increase diversity in games, or individuals like Quinn and Sarkeesian.[268] In a retrospective for Vox in January 2020, Aja Romano stated that police, businesses, and social media platforms are still susceptible to Gamergate-like tactics and that they would have to change in order to keep victims safe.[269]

In a retrospective for Polygon in December 2019, Sarkeesian said that "GamerGate’s real goals were expressed in the explicit racism, sexism, and transphobia of the memes the movement generated, and the posts its supporters wrote on the message boards where they organized and strategized. Later, the flimsiness of the "ethics in games journalism" pretense would became a mocking meme signifying a bad faith argument. It would almost be funny, if GamerGate hadn’t done so much harm, and caused so much lasting trauma."[270]

In the aftermath of the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Brianna Wu said that "everything I tried to get the FBI to act on in the aftermath of GamerGate has now come true...We told people that if social media companies like Facebook and Reddit did not tighten their policies about these communities of organized hate, that we were going to see violent insurrection in the United States … We told people that these communities were organizing online for violence and extremism. That, unfortunately, has proven to be true."[271][269] Joan Donovan, research director at Harvard's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, said that key figures in Gamergate worked to raise online fury ahead of the attempted coup.[272]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Quinn uses they/them pronouns.[12]
  2. ↑ Gjoni initially published the post on the video-game sites Penny Arcade and Something Awful. After it was removed by the sites' moderators, Gjoni published "The Zoe Post" via the blogging platform WordPress.[16]
  3. ↑ Baldwin, known for his right-wing political views,[28] tweeted the hashtag #GamerGate near the end of August alongside a pair of videos promoting the "Quinnspiracy" by a YouTube user called Internet Aristocrat.[29] He would later tell an interviewer that a left-wing "culture war" was imposing "political crap" on gamers.[30][31]

References

  1. ↑ Kidd, Dustin; Turner, Amanda J. (2016). "The #GamerGate Files: Misogyny in the Media". Defining Identity and the Changing Scope of Culture in the Digital Age. Hershey, Penn.: IGI Global. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-52-250212-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=L9k6DAAAQBAJ&q=gamergate&pg=PA122. Retrieved November 11, 2020. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Massanari, Adrienne L. (2017). "'Damseling For Dollars': Toxic Technocultures and Geek Masculinity". in Lind, R.A.. Race and Gender in Electronic Media: Content, Context, Culture. New York: Routledge. pp. 316–7. ISBN 978-1-13-864010-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ptpRDQAAQBAJ&q=gamergate+ethical. Retrieved August 30, 2020. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hanson, Ralph E. (2017). Mass Communication: Living in a Media World (6th ed.). SAGE Publications. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-50-634446-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX5ZDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate. Retrieved August 30, 2020. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Parkin, Simon (September 9, 2014). "Zoe Quinn's Depression Quest". The New Yorker. https://newyorker.com/tech/elements/zoe-quinns-depression-quest. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Jane, Emma A. (2017). Misogyny Online: A Short (and Brutish) History. London, UK; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-47-391600-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=PxwZDQAAQBAJ&q=gamergaters. Retrieved August 30, 2020. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Salter, Michael (2017). "Gamergate and the subpolitics of abuse in online publics". Crime, Justice and Social Media. New York: Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-13-891966-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=jDolDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate. Retrieved August 30, 2020. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mantilla, Karla (2015). Gendertrolling: How Misogyny Went Viral. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-44-083317-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=kKNZCgAAQBAJ&q=gamergate. Retrieved August 30, 2020. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Eördögh, Fruzsina (November 25, 2014). "Gamergate and the new horde of digital saboteurs". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Tech-Culture/2014/1125/Gamergate-and-the-new-horde-of-digital-saboteurs. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Romano, Aja (December 21, 2014). "The battle of Gamergate and the future of video games". The Kernel (The Daily Dot). http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/11195/battle-of-gamergate-2014/. Retrieved December 22, 2014. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Romano, Aja (August 20, 2014). "The sexist crusade to destroy game developer Zoe Quinn". The Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/geek/zoe-quinn-depression-quest-gaming-sex-scandal/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Malone, Noreen (July 26, 2017). "Zoë and the Trolls". New York. https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/07/zoe-quinn-surviving-gamergate.html. 
  12. ↑ "Also speaking of that, which pronouns do you prefer to be called?" (in en). June 30, 2019. https://twitter.com/lovelynxie/status/1145234319260233728. 
  13. ↑ Salter (2017), pp. 43–45.
  14. ↑ Salter (2017), p. 44.
  15. ↑ Jane (2017), p. 29.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Jason, Zachary (April 28, 2015). "Game of Fear". Boston (May 2015 issue): pp. 102–. http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/article/2015/04/28/gamergate. 
  17. ↑ Jane (2017), pp. 29-30.
  18. ↑ Salter (2017), p. 44; Jane (2017), p. 30; Massanari (2017), p. 316; Mantilla (2015), p. 84
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Steele, Chandra (October 21, 2014). "Everything You Never Wanted to Know About GamerGate". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2470723,00.asp. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Singal, Jesse (September 20, 2014). "Gaming's summer of rage". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2014/09/20/gaming-summer-rage/VNMeHYTc5ZKoBixYHzi1JL/story.html. 
  21. ↑ O'Rourke, Patrick (October 16, 2014). "GamerGate has nothing to do with ethics in journalism". Canada.com. http://o.canada.com/technology/gaming/gamergate-has-nothing-to-do-with-ethics-in-journalism. 
  22. ↑ Jane (2017), p. 30; Salter (2017), p. 44; Murray (2018), p. 36; Mantilla (2015), p. 84
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Kaplan, Sarah (September 12, 2014). "With #GamerGate, the video-game industry's growing pains go viral". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/12/with-gamergate-the-video-game-industrys-growing-pains-go-viral/. 
  24. ↑ Massing, Michael (June 2015). "Digital Journalism: The Next Generation". The New York Review of Books (June 25, 2015). ISSN 0028-7504. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/jun/25/digital-journalism-next-generation/. Retrieved June 16, 2015. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 Heron, Michael James; Belford, Pauline; Goker, Ayse (2014). "Sexism in the circuitry". ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 44 (4): 18–29. doi:10.1145/2695577.2695582. ISSN 0095-2737. 
  26. ↑ Shaw, Adrienne; Chess, Shira (2016). "Reflections on the casual games market in a post-GamerGate world". Social, Casual and Mobile Games: The Changing Gaming Landscape. New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-50-131060-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=525yCwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate. Retrieved August 30, 2020. 
  27. ↑ Aghazadeh, S.A. (2018). "GamerGate: A Case Study in Online Harassment". in Golbeck, Jennifer. Online Harassment. Springer. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-31-978582-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=6-1lDwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate. Retrieved August 30, 2020. 
  28. ↑ Kidd & Turner (2016), p. 130; Salter (2017), p. 45
  29. ↑ Kidd & Turner (2016), pp. 129–130; Shaw & Chess (2016), p. 279
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Salter (2017), p. 45.
  31. ↑ Kaufman, Scott (November 10, 2014). "Actor Adam Baldwin: #GamerGate defeated the Left, but there will be no parade". https://www.rawstory.com/2014/11/actor-adam-baldwin-gamergate-defeated-the-left-but-there-will-be-no-parade/. 
  32. ↑ Salter (2017), p. 45; Murray (2018), p. 36
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Stuart, Bob (October 24, 2014). "#GamerGate: the misogynist movement blighting the video games industry — Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/11180510/gamergate-misogynist-felicia-day-zoe-quinn-brianna-wu.html. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Massanari, Adrienne (2015). "#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit's algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures". New Media & Society 19 (3): 329–346. doi:10.1177/1461444815608807. ISSN 1461-4448. http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/10/07/1461444815608807.full.pdf. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 Johnston, Casey (September 9, 2014). "Chat logs show how 4chan users created #GamerGate controversy". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/09/new-chat-logs-show-how-4chan-users-pushed-gamergate-into-the-national-spotlight/. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Quinn, Zoë (October 29, 2014). "Zoe Quinn: GamerGate must be condemned" (Interview). Interviewed by Dave Lee. BBC News. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  37. ↑ Parkin (2014), cited in (Salter 2017); (Mantilla 2015)
  38. ↑ Mantilla (2015), p. 86.
  39. ↑ Quinn, quoted in Mantilla (2015), p. 86
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Vorel, Jim (August 22, 2014). "Fez Creator Phil Fish and Polytron Corporation Hacked, Doxxed". Paste (Wolfgang's Vault). https://pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/08/fez-creator-phil-fish-and-polytron-corporation-hac-1.html. 
  41. ↑ Levy, Karyne (September 2, 2014). "Game Developers Are Finally Stepping Up To Change Their Hate-Filled Industry". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/fed-up-game-developers-sign-open-letter-2014-9. 
  42. ↑ Romano, Aja (August 22, 2014). "4chan hacks and doxes Zoe Quinn's biggest supporter". The Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/geek/4chan-hacks-phil-fish-over-his-defense-of-zoe-quinn/. 
  43. ↑ Maiberg, Emanuel (August 23, 2014). "Phil Fish Selling Rights to Fez After Being Hacked". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/phil-fish-selling-rights-to-fez-after-being-hacked/1100-6421882/. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Rao, Aruna; Sandler, Joanne; Kelleher, David; Miller, Carol (2015). Gender at Work: Theory and Practice for 21st Century Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3174-3707-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=wIr4CgAAQBAJ&q=%22prominent%22%20Anita%20Sarkeesian&pg=PT166. Retrieved January 1, 2021. "According to Anita Sarkeesian (2014), a prominent feminist critic of video games [...]" [page needed]
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Reed, T.V (2014). Digitized Lives: Culture, Power, and Social Change in the Internet Era. Routledge. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-1366-8996-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=zqHAAwAAQBAJ&q=%22prominent%22%20Anita%20Sarkeesian&pg=PA153. Retrieved January 1, 2021. "Anita Sarkeesian, a prominent feminist pop culture critic [...]" 
  46. ↑ Murray, Soraya (2018). On Video Games: The Visual Politics of Race, Gender and Space. London, UK: I.B.Tauris. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-1-78-453741-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDw7DwAAQBAJ&q=gamergate. Retrieved August 30, 2020. 
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  56. ↑ Takahasi, Dean (October 31, 2014). "The DeanBeat: Like it or hate it, #GamerGate isn't losing steam". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2014/10/31/the-deanbeat-like-it-or-hate-it-gamergate-isnt-losing-steam/. 
  57. ↑ Opsahl, Kevin (December 13, 2014). "USU awaits FBI report on Sarkeesian death threat". The Herald Journal (Logan, Utah). http://news.hjnews.com/allaccess/usu-awaits-fbi-report-on-sarkeesian-death-threat/article_87f4d88c-8332-11e4-80f4-5f738c57bca5.html. 
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  262. ↑ "Under Trump, Gamergate Can Stop Pretending It Was About Games" (in en). https://www.vice.com/en/article/bm5wd4/under-trump-gamergate-can-stop-pretending-it-was-about-games. 
  263. ↑ Snider, Mike. "Steve Bannon learned to harness troll army from 'World of Warcraft'" (in en-US). https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/07/18/steve-bannon-learned-harness-troll-army-world-warcraft/489713001/. 
  264. ↑ Rosenburg, Alyssa (December 7, 2015). "Opinion:Donald Trump is the Gamergate of Republican politics". https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-is-the-gamergate-of-republican-politics/. 
  265. ↑ Green, Joshua (2017-09-01) (in en). Devil's Bargain: Steve Bannon, Donald Trump, and the storming of the presidency. Scribe Publications Pty Limited. ISBN 978-1-925548-82-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=LlgyDwAAQBAJ. 
  266. ↑ VanDerWerff, Todd; Romano, Aja (July 27, 2018). "Alt-right internet mobs are attacking celebrities with their own jokes. The irony is stark.". Vox. https://www.vox.com/2018/7/27/17604604/alt-right-internet-mobs-shock-humor-gamergate-james-gunn-dan-harmon. 
  267. ↑ Nieborg & Foxman (2018), p. 113.
  268. ↑ Urquhart, Evan (August 23, 2019). "Gamergate Never Died" (in en). https://slate.com/technology/2019/08/gamergate-video-games-five-years-later.html. 
  269. ↑ 269.0 269.1 Romano, Aja (January 20, 2020). "What we still haven't learned from Gamergate" (in en). https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/1/20/20808875/gamergate-lessons-cultural-impact-changes-harassment-laws. 
  270. ↑ Sarkeesian, Anita (2019-12-23). "Anita Sarkeesian looks back at GamerGate" (in en). https://www.polygon.com/2019/12/23/20976891/anita-sarkeesian-gamergate-review-feminist-frequency-game-industry. 
  271. ↑ "How the U.S. Capitol attack highlights the challenges of thwarting online right-wing extremism" (in en-us). 2021-01-13. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/how-the-u-s-capitol-attack-highlights-the-challenges-of-thwarting-online-right-wing-extremism. 
  272. ↑ CNN, Eliott C. McLaughlin. "Violence at Capitol and beyond reignites debate over America's defense of extremist speech". https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/us/capitol-riots-speech-hate-extremist-first-amendment/index.html. 




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