Social:Glagolitic script

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Short description: Oldest known Slavic alphabet
Glagolitic
Samples of text from "Kiev Missal" and "Reims Gospel"
Type
LanguagesByzantine Greek, Old Church Slavonic and local recensions, Chakavian Croatian, Old Croatian, Old Czech, Old Serbian, Old Slovene, Old Slovak
CreatorSaint Cyril of Thessalonica
Time period
862/863 to the Middle Ages (survival in Croatia into the 19th century)
Parent systems
Egyptian hieroglyphs
DirectionLeft-to-right
ISO 15924Glag, 225
Unicode alias
Glagolitic
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Template:Alphabet

A page from the Zograf Codex with text of the Gospel of Luke

The Glagolitic script (/ˌɡlæɡəˈlɪtɪk/ GLAG-ə-LIT-ik,[1] Template:Script/Glagolitic, glagolitsa) is the oldest known Slavic alphabet. It is generally agreed that it was created in the 9th century for the purpose of translating liturgical texts into Old Church Slavonic by Saint Cyril, a monk from Thessalonica. He and his brother Saint Methodius were sent by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III in 863 to Great Moravia after an invitation from Rastislav of Moravia to spread Christianity there. After the deaths of Cyril and Methodius, their disciples were expelled from Moravia, and they moved to the First Bulgarian Empire instead. The Early Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed gradually in the Preslav Literary School by scribes who incorporated some Glagolitic letters when writing in the Greek alphabet, gradually replaced Glagolitic in that region. Glagolitic remained in use alongside the Latin script in the Kingdom of Croatia and alongside Cyrillic until the 14th century in the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Serbian Empire; in later periods, it was used mainly for cryptographic purposes.[2]

Glagolitic also spread to the Kievan Rus' and the Kingdom of Bohemia. Although its use declined there in the 12th century, some manuscripts in the territory of the former retained Glagolitic inclusions for centuries. It had also spread to Duklja and Zachlumia in the Western Balkans, from where it reached the March of Verona. There, the Investiture Controversy afforded it refuge from the opposition of Latinizing prelates and allowed it to entrench itself in Istria, from which place it spread to nearby lands.[3][4][5] It survived there and as far south as Dalmatia without interruption into the 20th century for Church Slavonic in addition to its use as a secular script in parts of its range, which at times extended into Bosnia, Slavonia, and Carniola, in addition to 14th–15th century exclaves in Prague and Kraków, and a 16th-century exclave in Putna.[6]

Its authorship by Cyril was forgotten, having been replaced with an attribution to St. Jerome by the early Benedictine adopters of Istria in a bid to secure the approval of the papacy. The bid was ultimately successful, though sporadic restrictions and repressions from individual bishops continued even after its official recognition by Pope Innocent IV.[7] These had little effect on the vitality of the script, which evolved from its original Rounded Glagolitic form into an Angular Glagolitic form, in addition to a cursive form developed for notary purposes.[8] The Ottoman conquests left the script without most of its continental population, and as a result of the Counter-Reformation its use was restricted in Istria and the Diocese of Zagreb,[7][9] and the only active printing press with a Glagolitic type was confiscated,[10] leading to a shift towards Latinic and Cyrillic literacy when coupled with the Tridentine requirement that priests be educated at seminaries. The result was its gradual death as a written script in most of its continental range, but also the unusually late survival of medieval scribal tradition for the reproduction of Glagolitic texts in isolated areas like the island of Krk and the Zadar Archipelago. Although the Propaganda Fide would eventually resume printing Glagolitic books, very few titles were published, so the majority of Glagolitic literary works continued to be written and copied by hand well into the 18th century.[11]: 9  Of the major European scripts, only the Arabic script is comparable in this regard.

In the early 19th century, the policies of the First French Empire and Austrian Empire left the script without legal status, and its last remaining centers of education were abolished, concurrent with the weakening of the script in the few remaining seminaries that used the cursive form in instruction, resulting in a rapid decline.[12] But when the Slavicists discovered the script and established it as the original script devised by Cyril, Glagolitic gained new niche applications in certain intellectual circles, while a small number of priests fought to keep its liturgical use alive, encountering difficulties but eventually succeeding to the point that its area expanded in the early 20th century.[13][14]

Latinic translations and transliterations of the matter of the missal in this period led to its decline in the decades before Vatican II,[15][16] whose promulgation of the vernacular confined regular use of Glagolitic to a few monasteries and academic institutions, in addition to a small population of enthusiasts, whose numbers grew and shrank with the prevalence of the script in literature, but grew exponentially in pious and nationalist circles in the years leading up to and following Independence of Croatia, and again more broadly with the Internet.

Name and etymology

The word glagolitic comes from Neo-Latin glagoliticus and Croatian glagoljica, ultimately deriving from the Old Church Slavonic word ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱏ (glagolŭ), meaning 'utterance' or 'word'.[1] The name glagoljica / glagolitsa is thought to have developed in Croatia around the 14th century from the word glagolity, which referred to those who used the Slavonic liturgy.[17] The Croatian language portal (based on the work of Vladimir Anić) notes the etymology of today's word glagoljica as glagòljati, that has a historical meaning of celebrating mass in Old Church Slavonic.[18][19]

In the languages now spoken in the places where Glagolitic script was once used,[20][21] the script is known as глаголица (romanized as glagolitsa or glagolica, depending on which language) in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Russian; glagoljica (глагољица) in Croatian and Serbian; глаголиця (hlaholytsia) in Ukrainian; глаголіца (hlaholitsa) in Belarusian; hlaholice in Czech; hlaholika in Slovak; głagolica in Polish; and glagolica in Slovene and Sorbian.

History

Origins

The Baška tablet, found in the 19th century on Krk, conventionally dated to about 1100[22]
The first page of the Gospel of Mark from the 10th–11th century Codex Zographensis, found in the Zograf Monastery in 1843
The first page of the Gospel of John from the Codex Zographensis
In a book printed in 1591, Angelo Rocca attributed the Glagolitic script to Saint Jerome.
The final Glagolitic entry in the Omišalj parish's baptismal register, by the cleric Nicholas in 1817

The creation of the characters is popularly attributed to Saints Cyril and Methodius, who may have created them to facilitate the introduction of Christianity.[23][24][25][26][27] It is believed that the original letters were fitted to Slavic dialects in geographical Macedonia specifically (the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica).[24][28] The words of that language could not be easily written by using either the Greek or Latin alphabets.[29]


The source of the other consonantal letters is unknown. If they were added by Cyril, it is likely that they were taken from an alphabet used for Christian scripture. It is frequently proposed that the letters sha Template:Script/Glagolitic, tsi Template:Script/Glagolitic, and cherv Template:Script/Glagolitic were taken from the letters shin ש and tsadi צ of the Hebrew alphabet, and that Template:Script/Glagolitic zhivete derives from Coptic janja Ϫ.[28] However, Cubberley[28] suggests that if a single prototype were presumed, the most likely source would be Armenian. Several other scripts have been proposed as such single prototypes of the Glagolitic alphabet. A different set of hypotheses assumes that Cyril designed the letters from scratch on the basis of a common principle. Most notably, Georg Tschernochvostoff argued that all the Glagolitic letters were constructed from the Christian symbols cross, circle and triangle.[30] A widely accepted example of deliberate construction are the symmetric letters i Template:Script/Glagolitic and slovo Template:Script/Glagolitic, which together form the abbreviation Template:Script/Glagolitic of the nomen sacrum Template:Script/Glagolitic Isusъ ‘Jesus’, but a general design principle like in the Canadian syllabics could not be proven. A plausible hypothesis is that “Cyril freely invented the Glagolitic letters, sometimes being inspired by theological ideas […] and sometimes using associations with other scripts he knew”.[31]

For writing numbers, the Glagolitic numerals use letters with a numerical value assigned to each based on their native alphabetic order. This differs from Cyrillic numerals, which inherited their numeric value from the corresponding Greek letter (see Greek numerals).[32]


In 885, Pope Stephen V issued a papal bull to restrict spreading and reading Christian services in languages other than Latin or Greek. Around the same time, Svatopluk I, following the interests of the Frankish Empire and its clergy, persecuted the students of Cyril and Methodius, imprisoned and expelled them from Great Moravia.[33]


Spread of the script

From there, the students travelled to other places and spread the use of their alphabet. Students of the two apostles who were expelled from Great Moravia in 886, notably Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum, brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the First Bulgarian Empire and were received and accepted officially by Boris I of Bulgaria. This led to the establishment of the two literary schools: the Preslav Literary School and the Ohrid Literary School.[34][35][36] Some went to Croatia (Dalmatia), where the squared variant arose and where Glagolitic remained in use for a long time. In 1248, Pope Innocent IV granted the Croatians of southern Dalmatia the unique privilege of using their own language and this script in the Roman Rite liturgy.[37] Formally granted to bishop Philip of Senj,[38] permission to use the Glagolitic liturgy (the Roman Rite conducted in the Slavic language instead of Latin, not the Byzantine rite), actually extended to all Croatian lands, mostly along the Adriatic coast. The Holy See had several Glagolitic missals published in Rome. Authorization for the use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935.[39] In missals, the Glagolitic script was eventually replaced with the Latin alphabet, but the use of the Slavic language in the Mass continued, until replaced by modern vernacular languages. At the end of the 9th century, one of these students of Methodius – Saint Naum, one of the founders of the Pliska Literary School (commonly known as the Preslav Literary School, where the Bulgarian capital, along with the school, was transferred to in 893) – is often credited, at least by supporters of glagolitic precedence, for the "creation" or wider adoption of the Cyrillic script,[40] which almost entirely replaced Glagolitic during the Middle Ages. The Cyrillic alphabet is derived from the Greek alphabet used at that time, with some additional letters for sounds peculiar to Slavic languages (like ⟨ш⟩, ⟨ц⟩, ⟨ч⟩, ⟨ъ⟩, ⟨ь⟩, ⟨ѣ⟩), likely derived from the Glagolitic alphabet.[41][42] The decision by a great assembly of notables summoned by Boris in the year 893 in favor of Cyrillic created an alphabetical difference between the two literary centres of the Bulgarian state in Pliska and Ohrid. In the western part the Glagolitic alphabet remained dominant at first. However, subsequently in the next two centuries, mostly after the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire to the Byzantines, Glagolitic gradually ceased to be used there at all.[43] Nevertheless, particular passages or words written with the Glagolitic alphabet appeared in Bulgarian Cyrillic manuscripts till the end of the 14th century.[44] Some students of the Ohrid academy went to Bohemia where the alphabet was used in the 10th and 11th centuries, along with other scripts. It is not clear whether the Glagolitic alphabet was used in the Duchy of Kopnik before the Wendish Crusade, but it was certainly used in Kievan Rus'. Another use of Glagolitic is presumed in now southern Poland (Duchy of Vistula/White Croats state) and the Transcarpathia region.[45]

Survival and use in Croatia

It was believed that Glagolitsa in Croatia was present only in those areas. But, in 1992, the discovery of Glagolitic inscriptions in churches along the Orljava river in Slavonia totally changed the picture (churches in Brodski Drenovac, Lovčić, and some others), showing that use of the Glagolitic alphabet was spread from Slavonia also.[46]

Sporadic instances aside, Glagolitic survived beyond the 12th century as a primary script in Croatian lands alone, although from there a brief attempt at reintroduction was made in the West Slavic area in the 14th century through the Emmaus Benedictine Monastery in Prague, where it survived well into the 15th century, the last manuscript with Glagolitic script dating to 1450–1452.[47][48] Its use for special applications continued in some Cyrillic areas, for example in the Bologna Psalter (1230–1241), the Sinodalna 895 Menaion (1260), the RPK 312 Gospel (13th), the Karakallou Epistolary (13th), the NBKM 933 Triodion (13th), the Skopje 1511 Octoechos (13th), the BRAN 4.9.39 Miscellany (13th), the Hilandar Chrysorrhoas (13th/14th), the Mazurin 1698 Pandects (13th/14th), the Sofia Psalter (1337), the SANU 55 Epistolary (1366–1367), the RNB F.п.I.2 Psalter (14th), the Čajniče Gospel (late 14th), the Radosav Miscellany (1444–1461), the Prague NM IX.F.38 Psalter (18th) and in the initials of many manuscripts of the Prophets with Commentary dating to the late 15th and early 16th centuries from Muscovy and Russia. Most later use in the Cyrillic world was for cryptographic purposes, such as in the Krushedol Miscellany (15th), the RNB F.п.I.48 Prologue (1456), the Piskarev 59 Isaac (1472), the Shchukin 511 Miscellany (1511) and the Hludov Gospel (17th/18th).[6]


Development of the Glagolitic script over the centuries, from the Baška tablet, through the Missale Romanum Glagolitice,[49] a combination of the Žgombić miscellany, the Petris miscellany (hr), and the Senj Quaderna,[50] and the Law code of Vinodol[51]

The early development of the Glagolitic minuscule script alongside the increasingly square majuscule is poorly documented, but a mutual relationship evolved between the two varieties: the majuscule being used primarily for inscriptions and higher liturgical uses, and the minuscule being used in both religious and secular documents. Ignoring the problematic early Slavonian inscriptions, the use of the Glagolitic script at its peak before the Croatian-Ottoman wars corresponded roughly to the area that spoke the Chakavian dialect at the time, in addition to some adjacent Kajkavian regions within the Zagreb bishopric. As a result, vernacular impact on the liturgical language and script largely stems from Chakavian sub-dialects, although South Chakavian speakers mostly used Cyrillic, with Glagolitic only in certain parishes as a high liturgical script until a Glagolitic seminary was opened in Split in the 18th century, aside from a period of time in the parish of Kučiće-Vinišće.[52]

Decline in Croatia

Bishoprics by size of 16th century Glagolitic inscriptional corpus (in letters).

  Poreč (22.4%)
  Trieste (19.9%)
  Pula (18.9%)
  Krk (14.9%)
  Pićan (6.0%)
  Zadar (5.4%)
  Diocese of Modruš (hr) (5.0%)
  Other (7.5%)

The Ottoman Empire's repeated incursions into Croatia in the 15th and 16th centuries posed the first major existential threat to the script's survival. The Counter-Reformation, alongside other factors, led to the suppression of Glagolitic in Istria in the 16th–17th centuries as well as in the Zagreb archdiocese.[53] The Latinisation of the coastal cities and islands took much longer, where the script continued to be used by the notaries of Krk into the first decade of the 19th century,[54] with education by rural chapters on that island ensuring the survival of the script until well after their abolition by the Napoleon administration in the second decade of the 19th century.[55] Novitiates continued to be educated primarily in the Glagolitic script as late as the third decade of the 19th century. But without centres of education, Latin script and Italian rapidly took over, so that very little was written in the script after the third quarter of the 19th century except for ceremonial purposes, and soon very few could read the cursive script apart from a few scholars.[56]

Because knowledge of Glagolitic became rare even in academia, most efforts surrounding Glagolitic manuscripts in the late modern period focused on transliteration. For example, an ongoing project run by the Centre for Research in Glagolitism of the University of Zadar uses crowdsourcing to speed up the pace of transliterating cursive Glagolitic manuscripts.[57]

Academic debates

The exact nature of relationship between the Glagolitic alphabet and the Early Cyrillic alphabet, their order of development, and influence on each other has been a matter of great study, controversy, and dispute in Slavic studies since the 19th century.

Versions of authorship and name

A once common belief was that the Glagolitic was created or used in the 4th century by St. Jerome, hence the alphabet was sometimes named "Hieronymian".[58]


In the Middle Ages, Glagolitsa was also known as "St. Jerome's script" due to a popular mediaeval legend (created by Croatian scribes in the 13th century) ascribing its invention to St. Jerome (342–429). The legend was partly based on the saint's place of birth on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia. He was viewed as a "compatriot" and anachronistically as belonging to the same ethnic group; this helped the spread of the cult of the saint in Dalmatia and was later used to support the idea of the presence of Slavic communities in the Eastern Adriatic Coast from ancient times, but the legend was probably firstly introduced for other reasons, like giving a more solid religious justification for the use of this script and Slavic liturgy.[59] The theory nevertheless gained much popularity and spread to other countries before being resolutely[clarification needed] disproven.

Until the end of the 18th century, a strange but widespread opinion dominated that the Glagolitic writing system, which was in use in Dalmatia and Istria along with neighboring islands, including the translation of the Holy Scripture, owe their existence to the famous church father St. Jerome. Knowing him as the author of the Latin Vulgate, considering him – by his own words, born on the border between Dalmatia and Pannonia (remembering that the Dalmatian borders extended well into Istria at that time) – presumed to be an Illyrian, the self-styled Slavic intellectuals in Dalmatia very early began to ascribe to him the invention of glagolitsa, possibly with the intention of more successfully defending both Slavic writing and the Slavic holy service against prosecutions and prohibitions from Rome's hierarchy, thus using the opinion of the famous Latin Father of the Church to protect their church rituals which were inherited not from the Greeks Cyril and Methodius but unknown. We do not know who was the first to put in motion this unscientifically-based tradition about Jerome's authorship of the Glagolitic script and translation of the Holy Scripture, but in 1248 this version came to the knowledge of Pope Innocent IV. <...> The belief in Jerome as an inventor of the Glagolitic lasted many centuries, not only in his homeland, i.e. in Dalmatia and Croatia, not only in Rome, due to Slavs living there... but also in the West. In the 14th century, Croatian monks brought the legend to the Czechs, and even the Emperor Charles IV believed them.[60]

— Jagić, Vatroslav, Glagolitica. Würdigung neuentdeckter Fragmente. Wien, 1890

The epoch of traditional attribution of the script to Jerome ended probably in 1812.[61] In modern times, only certain marginal authors share this view, usually "re-discovering" one of the already-known mediaeval sources.[62]

Characteristics

The Lord's Prayer shown in (from left) round, angular, and cursive versions of Glagolitic script


Alphabet

Unicode Round Angular Cyrillic Sound OCS name CS name Meaning Origin proposals
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph А /ɑ/ Azъ Az I Phoenician aleph 𐤀‎ or the sign of the cross[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Б /b/ Buky Buki letters Unknown,[63] possibly Hebrew bet בּ,[64] Aramaic bīt Template:Script/Aramaic[65] or Samaritan mem Template:Script/Samaritan
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph В /ʋ/ Vědě Vedi (you/he/she/it) knew Possibly Latin V,[63] cursive Greek upsilon υ[66] or an inverted dobro Template:Script/Glagolitic[67]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Г, Ґ /ɡ/ Glagoli Glagoli speak (past or imperative) Possibly cursive Greek gamma γ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Д /d/ Dobro Dobro kindness/good/well Greek delta Δ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Є, Е, Э, Ё /ɛ/ Jestъ Yest is/exists Possibly Samaritan īy Template:Script/Samaritan or Greek sampi ϡ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ж /ʒ/ Živěte Zhivete life/live
(2nd plural imperative) 		Unknown,[63] possibly Coptic janja ϫ[66] or astrological symbol for Pisces ♓︎, Tifinagh Template:Script/Tifinagh[68]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ѕ /d͡z/ Dzělo Zelo very Unknown,[63] possibly Armenian ja Ձ[69]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph З /z/ Zemlja Zeml(j)a Earth/ground/soil Possibly a variant of Greek theta θ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph, Template:Glyph Template:Glyph И /i/, /j/ Iže Izhe which is/the Possibly Greek upsilon Y[70] or Greek iota with dieresis ϊ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ι, Ї, Ꙇ /i/, /j/ I/ižei I/izhey and Possibly mimicking the shape of a fish, .[70]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ꙉ, Ћ, Ђ /dʑ/, /tɕ/ Djervь, ǵervь Cherv, Djerv tree/wood
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph К /k/ Kako Kako how/as Hebrew qoph ק‎[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph, Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Л, Љ /l/, /ʎ/ Ljudie Lyudi people Possibly Greek lambda λ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph М /m/ Myslite Mislete think (2nd plural) Greek mu μ.[63] In squared glagolitic it was eventually replaced by a Latin/Cyrillic like form, partly due to its complexity[71]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph, Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Н, Њ /n/, /ɲ/ Našь Nash ours Possibly minuscule Greek nu ν[66]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph О /ɔ/ Onъ On he, that Unknown, possibly half of Ot/Omega[66]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph П /p/ Pokoj Pokoy calmness/peace Possibly a variant of early Greek pi Template:GrGl[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Р /r/ Rьci Rtsi speak!/pronounce! Possibly Greek rho ρ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph С /s/ Slovo Slovo word/speech Inverse of I/Izhey, possibly for symmetry in the abbreviation ΙΣ for Ἰησοῦς ("Jesus")[66]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Т /t/ Tvrьdo Tverdo solid/hard/surely Perhaps from crossbar of Greek tau τ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph У, ОУ /u/ Ukъ Uk teaching Ligature of onъ Template:Script/Glagolitic and izhitsa Template:Script/Glagolitic[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ф /f/ Frьtъ Fert Variant of Greek phi φ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Х /x/ Xěrъ Kher [unknown] (similar to glagoli Template:Script/Glagolitic and Latin h)[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Khlъmъ Kholm,
[spidery kh] 		hill Tetraskelion, possibly as a variant of Georgian k'ani Template:Script/Khutsuri[72]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ѡ /ɔ/ Otъ Ot, Omega from Ligature of onъ Template:Script/Glagolitic and its mirror image[63] or Greek omicron Ο[66]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Щ /tʲ/, /ʃ͡t/ Šta/Šča Shta/Shcha Ligature of sha Template:Script/Glagolitic over tvrьdo Template:Script/Glagolitic[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ц /t͡s/ Ci Tsi Final form of Hebrew tsade ץ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ч, Џ /t͡ʃ/ Črьvъ Cherv worm [unknown] (similar to shta Template:Script/Glagolitic;[63] perhaps non-final form of Hebrew צ); possibly from Gothic Template:Script/Gothic[73]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ш /ʃ/ Ša Sha silence/quiet Hebrew shin ש‎[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic, Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph, Template:Glyph Template:Glyph, Štapić Ъ Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ŭ" not found in list, /ʊ/ Jerъ Yer Possibly modification of onъ Template:Script/Glagolitic.[63] The rod-shaped "štapić" variant is probably derived from the apostrophe character.[74]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Ꙑ /ɯ/ Jery Yerɨ Ligature; digraph of either yer (Template:Script/Glagolitic) or yerь (Template:Script/Glagolitic), followed by either izhe (Template:Script/Glagolitic) or i (Ⰻ).[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph, Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ь Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ĭ" not found in list, /ɪ/ Jerь Yer` Possibly modification of onъ Template:Script/Glagolitic[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Template:Glyph Ѣ, Ꙗ, Я /æ/, /jɑ/ Jatь Yat, Ya Possibly epigraphic Greek alpha Α[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic 40px Ё /jo/ Unknown:[63] Hypothetical component of jonsь Template:Script/Glagolitic below; /jo/ was not possible at the time
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Ю /ju/ Ju Yu Unknown[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Ѧ /ɛ̃/ [Ensь] [small yus] Greek epsilon ε, also used to denote nasality[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Ѩ /jɛ̃/ [Jensь] [iotated small yus] Ligature of jestъ Template:Script/Glagolitic and ensь Template:Script/Glagolitic for nasality[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Ѫ /ɔ̃/ [Onsь] [big yus] Ligature of onъ Template:Script/Glagolitic and ensь Template:Script/Glagolitic for nasality[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Ѭ /jɔ̃/ [Jonsь] [iotated big yus] Ligature of unknown letter and ensь Template:Script/Glagolitic for nasality[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Ѳ /θ/, /t/ [Thita] Fita Theta Greek theta θ[63]
Template:Script/Glagolitic Template:Glyph Ѵ /ʏ/, /i/ Ižica Izhitsa

In older texts, uk (Template:Script/Glagolitic) and three out of four yuses (Template:Script/Glagolitic) also can be written as digraphs, in two separate parts. The order of izhe (Template:Script/Glagolitic) and i (Template:Script/Glagolitic) varies from source to source, as does the order of the various forms of yus (Template:Script/Glagolitic).[75] Correspondence between Glagolitic izhe (Template:Script/Glagolitic) and i (Template:Script/Glagolitic) with Cyrillic И and І is unknown. The Proto-Slavic language did not have the phoneme /f/, and the letters fert (Template:Script/Glagolitic) and fita (Template:Script/Glagolitic) were used for transcribing words of Greek origin, and so was izhitsa (Template:Script/Glagolitic) for the Greek upsilon.

Unicode

Main articles: Glagolitic (Unicode block) and Glagolitic Supplement (Unicode block)

The Glagolitic alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2005 with the release of version 4.1.[76]

The Unicode block for Glagolitic is U+2C00–U+2C5F.[76]

Template:Unicode chart Glagolitic

The Glagolitic combining letters for Glagolitic Supplement block (U+1E000–U+1E02F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0:[77]

Template:Unicode chart Glagolitic Supplement

Pre-Glagolitic Slavic writing systems

Main article: Social:Pre-Christian Slavic writing
Croatian 5¢ coin with Ⱈ͏Ⱃ ligature

Glagolitic script is the writing system used in the world of The Witcher video game series.[78] It is also featured, in various uses, in several of the point and click adventure games made by Cateia Games, a Croatian game studio.[79]


It is also featured on 1 euro cent, 2 euro cent and 5 euro cent coins minted in Croatia.[80]

See also

  • Glagolitic numerals
  • Glagolitic Mass (by Janáček)
  • Lists of Glagolitic inscriptions
  • Lists of Glagolitic manuscripts
  • List of Glagolitic printed works

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "glagolitic". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/glagolitic. 
  2. ↑ Miltenov, Yavor (2021) (in bg). Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo Sv. Kliment Okhridski. pp. 35–49. ISBN 9789540752228. OCLC 1336964601. https://www.academia.edu/51094428. 
  3. ↑ Fučić, Branko (1981). "Kulturno-povijesni vidovi glagoljske epigrafike" (in hr). Croatica Christiana Periodica 5 (8): 135–189. https://hrcak.srce.hr/98067. 
  4. ↑ Gau, Melanie; Miklas, Heinz; Hürner, Dana (2000). "Preliminary Remarks on the Old Church Slavonic Psalterium Demetrii Sinaitici". The Bible in Slavic Tradition. Studia Judaeoslavica. pp. 21–88. doi:10.1163/9789004313675_003. ISBN 9789004313675. https://www.academia.edu/31310426. 
  5. ↑ Tomović, Gordana (2005). (in sr)Istorijski časopis 52: 23–32. https://www.iib.ac.rs/istorijskicasopis/assets/files/52(2005).pdf. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Miltenov, Yavor (2009). (in bg)Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch (Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften) 55: 191–219. https://www.academia.edu/1016558/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jelić, Luka (1906) (in la). Fontes historici liturgiae glagolito-romanae a 13 ad 19 saeculum. Prague, Krk, Zadar, Ljubljana. https://archive.org/details/fonteshistoricil00jeliuoft. 
  8. ↑ Žagar, Mateo (2013). Uvod u glagoljsku paleografiju. 1. 
  9. ↑ Strohal, Rudolf (1915). Hrvatska glagolska knjiga. Zagreb. http://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:238:277993. 
  10. ↑ Jembrih, Alojz (2007) (in hr). Stipan Konzul i "Biblijski zavod" u Urachu. Folia Protestantica Croatica. Zagreb. ISBN 978-953-7307-11-0. 
  11. ↑ Bolonić, Mihovil (1980). "Tiskane glagoljske knjige krčkih glagoljaša". Croatica Christiana Periodica 4 (5): 1–40. ISSN 0350-7823. https://hrcak.srce.hr/97510. 
  12. ↑ Bolonić, Mihovil (1980). "Profil krčkog glagoljaša u prošlosti" (in hr). Croatica Christiana Periodica 4 (6): 96–115. https://hrcak.srce.hr/97532. 
  13. ↑ Prodan, Ivo (1900–1904). Borba za glagoljicu. 1-2. http://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:238:480570. 
  14. ↑ Okey, Robin (1992). "Austro-Hungarian Diplomacy and the Campaign for a Slavonic Liturgy in the Catholic Church, 1881-1914". The Slavonic and East European Review 70 (2): 258–283. 
  15. ↑ Pavlinović, Mihovil (1913). Molitve za puk što se pivaju preko svete mise po župama Dalmacije: prevedene iz Rimskoga misala: s dozvolom crkovne vlasti (3rd ed.). http://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:238:059659. 
  16. ↑ Vajs, Josef (1927). Rimski misal slověnskim jezikom prěsv. G. N. Urbana papi VIII povelěnjem izdan. Rome. https://archive.org/details/rimski_misal_staroslavenski_1927. 
  17. ↑ Corbett, Greville G.; Comrie, Bernard (2003). The Slavonic Languages. Milton Park, UK: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-136-86137-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=euI4CQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2021-04-20. 
  18. ↑ "glagòljica". Znanje d.d. and University Computing Centre. https://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=fFdgXxg%3D&keyword=glagoljica. 
  19. ↑ "glagòljati". Znanje d.d. and University Computing Centre. http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=fFdgXxY%3D&keyword=glagoljati. 
  20. ↑ "Slavic languages | List, Definition, Origin, Map, Tree, History, & Number of Speakers | Britannica" (in en). 2023-11-02. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavic-languages. 
  21. ↑ "Alphabet - Cyrillic, Glagolitic, Scripts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/alphabet-writing/Cyrillic-and-Glagolitic-alphabets. 
  22. ↑ Fučić, Branko (21 September 1971). "Najstariji glagoljski natpisi" (in hr). Slovo 21: 227–254. 
  23. ↑ Alan Timberlake, A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 14
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Florin Curta & Paul Stephenson, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 , Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 125
  25. ↑ Simon Franklin, Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 93: "East Christian Slays used two alphabets, Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Just to confuse matters, the script devised by Cyril was probably Glagolitic, while Cyrillic—which came to predominate, emerged somewhat later."
  26. ↑ Henri-Jean Martin, The History and Power of Writing, University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 40
  27. ↑ Jean W. Sedlar,East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, University of Washington Press, 1994, p. 144
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets" . In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 347. ISBN 978-0195079937. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/347. 
  29. ↑ "Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them." (in en-US). 2018-11-26. https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/glagolitic/. 
  30. ↑ Tschernochvostoff, Georg. 1995. Zum Ursprung der Glagolica. Studia Slavica Finlandensia 12. 141–150.
  31. ↑ Bunčić, Daniel. 2024. Scripts. In Šipka, Danko & Browne, Wayles (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Slavic linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (DOI: 10.1017/9781108973021), 675–696, here: 678.
  32. ↑ Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–182. ISBN 978-1-139-48533-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178. Retrieved 2016-12-28. 
  33. ↑ Binns, J. (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA151. Retrieved 2024-08-16. 
  34. ↑ Price, Glanville (2000-05-18). Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Wiley. ISBN 9780631220398. https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA43. Retrieved 2019-07-14. 
  35. ↑ Parry, Ken (2010-05-10). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444333619. https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA51. Retrieved 2019-07-14. 
  36. ↑ Rosenqvist, Jan Olof (2004). Interaction and Isolation in Late Byzantine Culture. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781850439448. https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNlKqyNC7EC&pg=PA58. Retrieved 2019-07-14. 
  37. ↑ "Crkva u Hrvatskoj". http://www.benedictines-cib.org/meetings/2009Croatia/Jozo_Crkva_u_Hrvatskojna_hrv.pdf. 
  38. ↑ Kraft Soić, Vanda (2016). "OTPIS INOCENTA IV. SENJSKOM BISKUPU (1248.) POD PATRONATOM SV. JERONIMA I. Senjski privilegij iz godine 1248". Croatica Christiana Periodica 40 (77): 1–23. https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=242853. Retrieved 24 May 2021. 
  39. ↑ "The right to use the Glagolitic language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south-western Balkan countries, and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes..." Dalmatia , Catholic Encyclopedia; "In 1886 it arrived to the Principality of Montenegro, followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state..." The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage , Marko Japundzić.
  40. ↑ The A to Z of the Orthodox Church, Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, Michael D. Peterson, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, ISBN 0810876027 p. 91.
  41. ↑ The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church, J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0191614882, p. 100.
  42. ↑ Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, pp. 221–222.
  43. ↑ Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780295972916. https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA146. Retrieved 2013-05-01. 
  44. ↑ Велчева, Б. Късната българска глаголица. Кирило-Методиевски студии, кн. 12, София, 1999, 87–152.
  45. ↑ Dvornik, Francis (1994). The Making of Central and Eastern Europe. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780875690230. https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA146. 
  46. ↑ "Glagoljaška baština u Slavonskom Kobašu". Slavonskobrodska televizija. February 25, 2007. http://www.sbtv.hr/Vijesti/2007%20vijesti/04%202007%20travanj/SB_INFO_2007-01%2003.htm. 
  47. ↑ Pacnerová, Ludmila (2008). "Staročeské literární památky a charvátská hranatá hlaholice" (in cs). Slovo (Zagreb) (56–57): 405–420. ISSN 0583-6255. https://hrcak.srce.hr/22374. 
  48. ↑ Šmahel, František (2016) (in cs). Alma mater Pragensis. Studie k počátkům Univerzity Karlovy.. Prague. ISBN 978-80-246-3203-2. 
  49. ↑ Žubrinić, Darko (2011-08-28). "Nenad Hancic created a new high quality Croatian Glagolitic font for Windows". https://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/10164/1/Nenad-Hancic-created-a-new-high-quality-Croatian-Glagolitic-font-for-Windows.html. 
  50. ↑ Bogović, Mile (2019-12-20). "Bilježnica ili kvaderna senjskog kaptola iz 17. stoljeća" (in hr). Senjski zbornik: prilozi za geografiju, etnologiju, gospodarstvo, povijest i kulturu (46): 159–232. doi:10.31953/sz.46.1.8. https://hrcak.srce.hr/231932. 
  51. ↑ Hančić, Nenad (2025-06-25). "Suvremeni font s tipografskim načelima za hrvatsku glagoljicu i hrvatsku ćirilicu za spašavanje tih dvaju pisama u elektronsko doba". http://nenad.bplaced.net/lib/exe/fetch.php/:hidden:font_velebit_-_opis.pdf. 
  52. ↑ Kovačić, Slavko (2010). "Knjiga Оpćena, matica crikvena – stara matična knjiga župe Kučiće-Vinišće, djelo župnika glagoljaša". Slovo (60): 477–504. ISSN 0583-6255. https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/98555. 
  53. ↑ Strohal, Rudolf (1915) (in hr). Hrvatska glagolska knjiga. Zagreb: Merkur. https://books.google.com/books?id=AXg4AAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2020-12-12. 
  54. ↑ Štefanić, Vjekoslav (1960) (in hr). Glagoljski rukopisi otoka Krka. Zagreb: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 
  55. ↑ Bolonić, Mihovil (1976). "Ekonomsko-socijalno stanje krčkih glagoljaša". Bogoslovska smotra 46 (4): 478–503. https://hrcak.srce.hr/34961. 
  56. ↑ Kero, Pavao (2015) (in cu). ⰒⰑⰒⰋⰔ ⰃⰎⰀⰃⰑⰎⰌⰔⰍⰋⰘ ⰍⰑⰄⰅⰍⰔⰀ ⰈⰀⰄⰀⰓⰔⰍⰅ ⰐⰀⰄⰁⰋⰔⰍⰖⰒⰋⰌⰅ (2nd ed.). Zagreb. ISBN 978-953-331-073-2. 
  57. ↑ Tomić, Marijana; Grzunov, Laura; Dragija Ivanović, Martina (2021-11-01). "Crowdsourcing transcription of historical manuscripts: Citizen science as a force of revealing historical evidence from Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts". Education for Information 37 (4): 443–464. doi:10.3233/EFI-211555. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/EFI-211555. 
  58. ↑ Verkholantsev, Julia (2021). The Slavic Letters of St. Jerome: The History of the Legend and Its Legacy, or, How the Translator of the Vulgate Became an Apostle of the Slavs. NIU Series in Orthodox Christian Studies. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-5792-1. 
  59. ↑ Ivić, Ines (2018). "The "Making" of a National Saint: Reflections on the Formation of the Cult of Saint Jerome in the Eastern Adriatic". Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage Supplementi 07/2018. doi:10.13138/2039-2362/1795. http://riviste.unimc.it/index.php/cap-cult/article/view/1795. Retrieved 2021-01-20. 
  60. ↑ До конца XVIII века господствовало странное, но широко распространенное мнение, что глаголическое письмо, бывшее в употреблении в Далмации и Истрии с прилегающими островами и в приморской Хорватии, вместе с переводом священного писания, обязано своим существованием знаменитому отцу церкви св. Иерониму. Зная о нем как авторе латинской «Вульгаты», считая его же как уроженца Далмации славянином, в частности хорватом, домашняя славянская интеллигенция Далмации стала очень рано присваивать ему изобретение глаголицы, быть может, нарочно, с тем умыслом, чтобы успешнее отстаивать и письмо, и богослужение славянское от преследований и запретов со стороны римской иерархии, прикрывая авторитетным именем знаменитого латинского отца церкви свой от греков Кирилла и Мефодия унаследованный обряд. Кем впервые пущено в ход это ни на чем не основанное ученое предание об авторстве св. Иеронима по части глаголического письма и перевода св. писания, мы не знаем, но в 1248 году оно дошло уже до сведения папы Иннокентия IV. <...> Много столетий продолжалась эта вера в Иеронима как изобретателя глаголического письма, не только дома, т. е. в Далмации и Хорватии, не только в Риме, через проживавших там славян... но также и на западе. В Чехию предание занесено в XIV столетии хорватскими монахами-глаголитами, которым поверил даже император Карл IV. (Jagić 1911, pp. 51–52)
  61. ↑ P. Solarić's "Букварь славенскiй трiазбучный" (Three-alphabet Slavic Primer), Venice, 1812 mentions the version as a fact of science (see Jagić 1911, p. 52; Vajs 1932, p. 23).
  62. ↑ For example, K. Šegvić in Nastavni vjesnik, XXXIX, sv. 9–10, 1931, refers to a work of Rabanus Maurus. (see Vajs 1932, p. 23).
  63. ↑ 63.00 63.01 63.02 63.03 63.04 63.05 63.06 63.07 63.08 63.09 63.10 63.11 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.15 63.16 63.17 63.18 63.19 63.20 63.21 63.22 63.23 63.24 63.25 63.26 63.27 63.28 63.29 63.30 63.31 63.32 63.33 63.34
    Schenker, Alexander M. (1995). "Early writing". The Dawn of Slavic: An introduction to Slavic philology. New Haven, CT/London, UK: Yale University Press. pp. 168–172. ISBN 978-0-300-05846-8. 
  64. ↑ Ilievski, Petar H.R. (2002). "Glagolica: An iconic script for visual evangelic preaching". Illinois Classical Studies 27–28: 153–164. ISSN 0363-1923. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23065457. Retrieved 2020-08-26. 
  65. ↑ Jung, Hakyung (January 2013). "On the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet" (in en). Scripta 5: 105–130. https://www.academia.edu/24232159. Retrieved 2020-08-26. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.5 Ikonomova, Zhivka (1987) (in bg). Sofia, Bulgaria: Народна Просвета. pp. 29, 30. 
  67. ↑ Uspenskij, Boris (2013). "Glagolitic script as a manifestation of sacred knowledge" (in en). Studi Slavistici (Firenze University Press) 10: 7–27, 358. ProQuest 1550519312. ISSN 1824-7601. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1550519312. 
  68. ↑ Bernal, Martin (1990). Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean and Further West Before 1400 B.C.. Eisenbrauns. p. 119. ISBN 0-931464-47-1. 
  69. ↑ "Wiener slawistischer Almanach". https://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/wsa/Blatt_bsb00000477,00291.html. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Kuznetsov, Anatoly Mikhailovich (2012). ""Бывают странные сближенья…": греческий юпсилон и глаголица" (in ru). Slavistica Vilnensis 57: 7–14. doi:10.15388/SlavViln.2012.2.1207. ISSN 2351-6895. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=461622. Retrieved 2020-08-26. 
  71. ↑ Čunčić, Marica (1999). "Duktus tipaua glagoljskoga pisma" (in Croatian). Filologija (Zagreb: Staroslavenski institut) 32: 33. https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=244114. Retrieved 2021-02-27. 
  72. ↑ Kempgen, Sebastian (2016). The Glagolitic ‘spidery kh’ <Ⱒ>, its origin and relatives (Thesis). Archived from the original on 2025-07-05. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  73. ↑ Peţan, Aurora (1994-11-13). Plăcile de plumb de la Sinaia. p. 46. https://archive.org/details/colectia-carti-istorice/Aurora%20Petan%20-%20Placile%20de%20plumb/page/46. 
  74. ↑ Žagar, Mateo (2003). "Osnovni procesi konstituiranja ustavne glagoljice". in Božilova, Rumjana. B'lgari i H'rvati prez vekovete. Sofija. pp. 31–42. https://www.academia.edu/31710109. Retrieved 3 January 2024. 
  75. ↑ Examples of glagolitic abecedaria, numeraria and alphabet acrostics with some considerations about the original order of letters can be found in Veder, William R. (2004). "The glagolitic alphabet as a text". Staroslavenski Institut. ISBN 9789536080052. https://www.academia.edu/8615898. Retrieved 2021-03-22. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "Unicode 4.1.0". https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0/. 
  77. ↑ "Unicode® 9.0 Versioned Charts Index". https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-9.0/. 
  78. ↑ "Wiedźmiński alfabet – o czym informują nas plakaty w grze Wiedźmin 3: Dziki Gon?". http://www.grynieznane.pl/2016/04/wiedzminski-alfabet-co-napisane-jest-na.html. 
  79. ↑ "About Us – Cateia Games". https://www.cateia.com/games/about.php#top. 
  80. ↑ "Designs of Croatian national sides of euro and cent coins presented". 4 February 2022. https://www.croatiaweek.com/designs-of-croatian-national-sides-of-euro-and-cent-coins-presented/. 

Further reading

  • Branko Franolić (hr), and Mateo Žagar: A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian and The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture. Erasmus, Zagreb 2008. ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5
  • Fučić, Branko: Glagoljski natpisi. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb 1982.
  • Fullerton, Sharon Golke: Paleographic Methods Used in Dating Cyrillic and Glagolitic Manuscripts. Ohio State University, Columbus 1971.
  • Jagić, Vatroslav: Gramatika jezika hèrvatskoga. A. Jakić, Zagreb 1864.
  • Marko Japundžić (hr): Hrvatska glagoljica. Hrvatska uzdanica, Zagreb 1998.
  • Marko Japundžić (hr): Tragom hrvatskog glagolizma. Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb 1995.
  • Heinz Miklas (bg), Sylvia Richter, and Velizar Sadovski : Glagolitica. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2000. ISBN 3700128959
  • Josef Vajs (cs): Abecedarium palaeoslovenicum in usum glagolitarum. Staroslavenska akademija, Krk 1917.
  • Josef Vajs (cs): Rukověť hlaholské paleografie. Orbis, Prague 1932.
  • Darko Žubrinić (hr): Crtice iz povijesti glagoljice. Hrvatsko književno društvo sv. Jeronima, Zagreb 1994. ISBN 953-6111-15-2

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