Social:Golyad language
| Golyad | |
|---|---|
| East Galindian, Golyadsky | |
| *Galindai | |
| Region | Protva basin |
| Ethnicity | Eastern Galindians |
| Extinct | 12th century AD[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xgl (shared with West Galindian) |
xgl | |
| Glottolog | None |
 Eastern Europe in 7–8th century with Baltic tribes shown in dark purple and Golyad people being shown in the isolated pocket within Slavic territory. | |
Golyad (Russian: голя́дский язык) or East Galindian (Latvian: austrumgalindu valoda, Lithuanian: rytų galindų kalba) is a poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Dnieper Balts living in the Protva basin in present-day Russia.[2] The Golyad people are believed to have descended from the Moshchiny culture and is the only known ethnonym for the Dnieper-Oka language.[1] Due to there being no known written documents of the Golyad language, the language is poorly known.[3] The language went extinct in the 12th century due to Early Slavic migration and assimilation.[1] It is believed the vernaculars of the Finno-Ugrians and Volga Finns adopted loanwords from East Galindian.[4]
Phonology
Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:[5][6]
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | nʲ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʲ | tʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d | dʲ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | |||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | |||
| Trill | r | rʲ | ||||
| Approximant | l | lʲ | j | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | i | iː | u | uː | ||
| Mid | eː | oː | ||||
| Mid-low | ɛ | |||||
| Low | a | aː | ||||
Lexicon
There are some Russian dialectal words from the Protva basin region suspected to be of Baltic origin:[7]
| Russian | Transliteration | Translation | Proposed Baltic cognates |
|---|---|---|---|
| алáня | alánja | 'beer' | Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš |
| кромсáть | kromsát' | 'to break something into pieces' | Lithuanian: kramsė́ti, Latvian: kramstīt |
| нóрот | nórot | 'fishing gear' | Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink' |
| пикýлька | pikúl'ka | 'type of weed' | Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium' |
It is believed that the hydronyms "Lama", "Yauza", "Nudol" and "Churilikha" have Baltic origins.[8] Specifically, the Churilikha's name has origins in the Lithuanian word for narrow and other names for the Churilikha such as Goledyanka have origins from the Golyad themselves.[9] It is also believed that the name of the two villages of Golyadi has their names originate from the Golyads.[8][10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Балтийские языки" (in Russian). http://lingvarium.org/eurasia/IE/balt.shtml.
- ↑ Dini (2014), p. 307.
- ↑ "The Galindan language". https://tied.verbix.com/tree/balt/galindan.html.
- ↑ Marija Gimbutas (1963). The Balts. Praeger. pp. 27, 28. https://prussia.online/Data/Book/th/the-balts/Gimbutas%20M.%20The%20Balts%20%281963%29,%20OCR.pdf. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- ↑ Dini, Pietro Umberto (2014). Foundations of Baltic languages. Vilnius University. pp. 311–312. ISBN 978-609-437-263-6. https://www.flf.vu.lt/dokumentai/Mokslas/Elektroniniai_istekliai/Projektas_Lietuva_cia_ir_ten/2014_Foundations_of_Baltic_Languages.pdf#page=311.
- ↑ Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" (in de). Baltistica (Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai) 19 (2): 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.
- ↑ Dini (2014), p. 312.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Evgeny Mikhailovich Pospelov (2008). "Географические названия Московской области: топонимический словарь: более 3500 единиц" (in Russian). pp. 174. https://xn--80aegcb0anqti.xn--p1ai/moskraeved/info/pospelov_geonazvaniya_%20mosobl2007.pdf.
- ↑ "В поисках реки Голедянки" (in Russian). http://goledyanka.narod.ru/River.htm.
- ↑ Walther Friesen (11 December 2020). "1". The Russia-Germans - An Indigenous People of Eastern Europe: An Outline of Its History. Books on Demand. pp. 20. ISBN 9783752646337. https://books.google.com/books?id=g20OEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
Bibliography
- Dini, Pietro U. (2014), Foundations of Baltic languages, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, ISBN 978-609-437-263-6
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