Social:Green Imperialism

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Green imperialism or eco-imperialism or eco-colonialism or environmental imperialism is the meddling of Western mostly progressive forces in the internal affairs of mostly developing nations in the name of environmentalism.[1][2][3][4][5] As a derogatory epithet,[6][7] it denotes a type of imperialism, which uses the moral appeals of climate change and resource protection to facilitate the political and practical control of the resources of the global South by the global North.[8] For instance, EU tries to regulate potential negative effects of biomass production also beyond its borders by transnational regulation.[9]

Etymology

The sceptical perception of the Brundtland report by the Third World elites was summarized as green imperialism by Helge Ole Bergesen in 1988.[10] In 1999, the same meaning was used by Deepak Lal in his book "Green Imperialism: A Prescription for Misery and War in the World's Poorest Countries".[1] Nonetheless, the same term is used differently in Richard Grove's book "Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism 1600–1860" in 1995.[11] In Grove's book, it means the impact of utopian tropical islands on European data-driven scientists resulting in early environmentalism.[12]

The first mentions of the terms environmental colonialism or eco-colonialism appeared in connection with debt-for-nature swaps since 1989.[13][5] It was feared that the however well-intentioned environmental protection programs could be perceived as middlesome and imperialistic.[5] The establishment of national parks in Africa has in some cases led to the impoverishment and displacement of local populations.[14]

Eco-imperialism also known as ecoimperialism[15] was originally an abbreviation for ecological imperialism as in the book by Alfred Cosby, but changed its meaning after the publication of Paul Driessen's book "Eco-Imperialism: Green Power Black Death" in 2003.[16] Cosby's eco-imperialism is interference with a degrading effect on the environment of targeted countries, while Driessen's eco-imperialism is interference with a degrading effect on the economy in the name of environmental improvement.[16]

Potential examples

Several European governments announced boycotts of Malaysian timber due to unsustainable deforestation in Malaysia.[17] Malaysia's Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamed, opposed the boycotts, arguing that "we are not exploiting the forests for no good reason. We need money. We have to export wood because we need the foreign exchange without which we cannot buy what we want"[18]

During "Battle in Seattle" in 1999, media presented environmentalism as a new form of imperialism.[19] The rich, developed countries impose their environmental preferences and priorities on the developing countries.[20]

In 2009, Germany called French proposal of carbon tariffs as eco-imperialism.[21] Back then, greenhouse tariffs have met strong opposition from developing countries such as India and China, since these tariff would impact their exports.[21]

In 2014, Joji Morishita, a Japanese commissioner, expressed his concerns about calls of sustainable whaling from the International Whaling Commission by the words "The whaling issue is seen as a symbol of a larger issue sometimes in Japan... You might have heard the word 'eco-imperialism'".[22]

The approval of the World Bank loan of $3.05bn (£2.4bn loan) for 4,764 MW Medupi Power Station drew criticism for supporting increased global emissions of greenhouse gases.[23][24] If the coal plant was not built, there would have been significant limitations placed on industrial development in the country.[24]

Relation to neoliberalism

It is sometimes described as a combination of global environmental and broad neoliberal agendas.[7] Eco-imperialism is perceived to result in a policy of commodification of all resources of earth.[25] This tendency of commodification of nature for environmental goals is also known as "selling nature to save it".[26][27]

Polical debates

Critical voices depreciate environmentalism as an excuse for hindering economic development of developing countries.[24] Critics see alternative energy sources as far from realistic, and fossil fuels as the key to lifting entire populations out of poverty.[8] Developing nations, led by Brazil, India and Singapore, opposed entangling global trade with pollution controls in 1994, calling them hidden protectionism, which will keep jobs in the developed countries and deprive poor nations of their competitive advantages.[28] The agenda of environmentalist NGOs is called neo-colonialism and eco-imperialism in 2022 by Japan, Peru, South Africa, Kenya and Bolivia.[29]

According to Anil Agarwal, a 1990 study[30] by the World Resources Institute allocated responsibility for global warming to developing countries.[31] Agarwal considered this study to be flawed, politically motivated, and unjust, and saw it more as exacerbating the North-South divide.[31] In his 1991 paper, he called this an example of environmental colonialism and blamed U.S. overconsumption for global warming.[32]

Environmental colonialism became a subject in the book "Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All" by Michael Shellenberger. In The Wall Street Journal , John Tierney, a long-standing critic of environmentalism, wrote that "Shellenberger makes a persuasive case, lucidly blending research data and policy analysis with a history of the green movement and vignettes of people in poor countries suffering the consequences of “environmental colonialism.”"[33]

Public opinion

A 1990s worldwide survey "Bicycles, Yes — Cheap Shoes, No" by WorldPaper showed that 66% of the participants did not agree to perceive debt-for-nature swaps as eco-colonialism.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lal, Deepak (1999) (in en). Green Imperialism: A Prescription for Misery and War in the World's Poorest Countries. Social Affairs Unit. ISBN 978-0-907631-87-3. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Green_Imperialism/UBsuAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 16 August 2022. 
  2. ↑ "Eco-imperialism: The West's New Kind of Colonialism" (in en). 2 August 2021. https://mises.org/wire/eco-imperialism-wests-new-kind-colonialism. 
  3. ↑ Singh, Amit (24 July 2007) (in en). International Legal Aspects of Eco-Labelling in the Context of North-South Division on International Trade Rules. Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1694663. Retrieved 14 August 2022. 
  4. ↑ Morgan, H. M. (1992). "The Same Wind That Carries Them Back Would Bring Us Hither". AMPLA Bulletin 11: 7. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ausreen11&div=8&id=&page=. Retrieved 14 August 2022. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Dillon, Nina M. (1991). "The Feasibility of Debt-For-Nature Swaps". North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 16: 127. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ncjint16&div=15&id=&page=. Retrieved 28 August 2022. 
  6. ↑ Dyer, Hugh (2005). "Environmental Imperialism: Theories of Governance and Resistance Hugh Dyer". University of Leeds. https://fdocuments.in/document/environmental-imperialism-university-of-leeds-a-environmental-imperialism.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dyer, Hugh (1 April 2011). "Eco-imperialism: governance, resistance, hierarchy" (in en). Journal of International Relations and Development 14 (2): 186–212. doi:10.1057/jird.2011.2. ISSN 1581-1980. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2011.2. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Soomin, L.; Shirley, S. (2019). "A NEW TYPE OF IMPERIALISM: THE GLOBAL NORTH'S WEAPON OF MASS INTERVENTION AND ECO-IMPERIALISM.". Konfrontasi Journal. https://www.konfrontasi.net/index.php/konfrontasi2. 
  9. ↑ Potthast, Thomas; Meisch, Simon (13 August 2012) (in en). Climate change and sustainable development: Ethical perspectives on land use and food production. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-90-8686-753-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=kha0N2yg3RMC. Retrieved 14 August 2022. 
  10. ↑ Bergesen, Helge Ole (1988). "Reformism Doomed to Failure? A Critical Look at the Strategy Promoted by the Brundtland Commission" (in en). International Challenges Bd. 8, Ausg. 2. https://www.proquest.com/openview/48ccc17f2723e46e0c71128c87c0ea08/. Retrieved 16 August 2022. 
  11. ↑ Grove, Richard (1995). "Green imperialism : colonial expansion, tropical island Edens, and the origins of environmentalism, 1600-1860". Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/de/academic/subjects/history/regional-history-after-1500/green-imperialism-colonial-expansion-tropical-island-edens-and-origins-environmentalism-16001860?format=PB&isbn=9780521565134. 
  12. ↑ Mollins, Julie (22 February 2021). "Selective memories: The historical roots of environmentalism". CIFOR Forests News. https://forestsnews.cifor.org/71123/selective-memories-the-historical-roots-of-environmentalism. 
  13. ↑ Bedarff, Hildegard; Holznagel, Bernd; Jakobeit, Cord (1989). "Debt-for-Nature Swaps: Environmental Colonialism or a Way Out from the Debt Crisis that Makes Sense?". Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 22 (4): 445–459. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-1989-4-445. ISSN 0506-7286. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43109906. 
  14. ↑ Nelson, Robert H. (2003). "Environmental Colonialism: "Saving" Africa from Africans". The Independent Review 8 (1): 65–86. ISSN 1086-1653. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24562597. 
  15. ↑ Middleton, Nick (2019) (in en). The Global Casino: An Introduction to Environmental Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-06784-4. https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Global_Casino/n7jqtgEACAAJ. Retrieved 14 August 2022. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 DOUBLEDEE, S.D.. "THE INVERSION OF ECOLOGICAL IMPERIALISM.". Dissertation. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9351300. Retrieved 14 August 2022. 
  17. ↑ Mahathir bin Mohamed, Datuk Seri (1999). "The Green Flag of Eco-Imperialism". New Perspectives Quarterly 16 (2): 8–9. doi:10.1111/0893-7850.00214. 
  18. ↑ Varkkey, Helena; Tyson, Adam; Choiruzzad, Shofwan Al Banna (1 July 2018). "Palm oil intensification and expansion in Indonesia and Malaysia: Environmental and socio-political factors influencing policy" (in en). Forest Policy and Economics 92: 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2018.05.002. ISSN 1389-9341. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1389934117304483. 
  19. ↑ Gonzalez, Carmen G. (2001). "Beyond Eco-Imperialism: An Environmental Justice Critique of Free Trade". Denver University Law Review 78: 979. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/denlr78&div=46&id=&page=. Retrieved 14 August 2022. 
  20. ↑ Bryant, Bill (1999). "Bully's Folly: Imposing Our Ways on Others Could Lead to More Environmental Harm, Not Less". Financial Times (SEATLE POST-INTELLIGENCER). 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Germany calls carbon tariffs "eco-imperialism"" (in en). Reuters. 24 July 2009. https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-tariffs-idINLO69334820090724. 
  22. ↑ Lies, Elaine (2014). "Japanese Official: It's 'Eco-Imperialism' To Tell Us We Can't Eat Whales". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/r-opposing-japans-whaling-program-is-eco-imperialism-official-2014-11. 
  23. ↑ Friedman, Lisa (2010-04-09). "South Africa Wins $3.75 Billion Coal Loan". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/04/09/09climatewire-south-africa-wins-375-billion-coal-loan-17887.html?pagewanted=2. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "The fight against eco-imperialism | Andrew Chambers" (in en). the Guardian. 11 April 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/apr/11/eco-imperialism-climate-change-carbon. 
  25. ↑ Nygren, Anja (2013). "Eco-imperialism and environmental justice". Routledge International Handbook of Social and Environmental Change. doi:10.4324/9780203814550. ISBN 9781136707995. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203814550-6/eco-imperialism-environmental-justice-anja-nygren. 
  26. ↑ McAfee, Kathleen (April 1999). "Selling Nature to save It? Biodiversity and Green Developmentalism". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17 (2): 133–154. doi:10.1068/d170133. 
  27. ↑ Pellegrini, Lorenzo; Arsel, Murat; Falconí, Fander; Roldan, Muradia (2013). "A New Conservation and Development Policy: Exploring the Tensions of the Yasuní ITT Initiative.". CoCoon-NEBE Working Paper. 
  28. ↑ Drozdiak, William (14 April 1994). "POOR NATIONS RESIST TOUGHER TRADE RULES". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/04/14/poor-nations-resist-tougher-trade-rules/81550f05-d94c-4cd2-a2c8-f62c59d26074/. 
  29. ↑ "Bolivia's Morales pushes controversial TIPNIS highway forward". Mongabay Environmental News. 18 August 2015. https://news.mongabay.com/2015/08/bolivias-morales-pushes-controversial-tipnis-highway-forward/. 
  30. ↑ Institute, World Resources (7 January 1990) (in en). World Resources 1990-91. ISBN 978-0-19-506229-8. https://www.wri.org/research/world-resources-1990-91. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Agarwal, Anil; Narain, Sunita (21 November 2019). "Global Warming in an Unequal World: A Case of Environmental Colonialism" (in en). India in a Warming World: Integrating Climate Change and Development. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199498734.003.0005. https://academic.oup.com/book/35227/chapter/299750611. 
  32. ↑ Agarwal, A.; Narain, S. (1 January 1991). "Global warming in an unequal world: a case of environmental colonialism" (in English). CLA. https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/6842576. 
  33. ↑ Tierney, John (21 June 2020). "'Apocalypse Never' Review: False Gods for Lost Souls". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/apocalypse-never-review-false-gods-for-lost-souls-11592770585. 

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