Social:Hakka Pinyin System

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Short description: Romanization system for Taiwanese Hakka

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Hakka Pinyin System
Type
LanguagesTaiwanese Hakka
Sister systems
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
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The Hakka Pinyin System (客家語拼音方案, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hak-kâ-ngî Phîn-yîm Fông-on), originally known as the Taiwanese Hakka Pinyin System (臺灣客家語拼音方案, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Thòi-vàn Hak-kâ-ngî Phîn-yîm Fông-on), also known as the Hakka Romanisation System or the Taiwanese Hakka Romanisation System, is the Romanization system for Taiwanese Hakka currently used by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China.

The 2008 Taiwanese Hakka Pinyin System was revised based on the 2003 "Taiwanese Hakka Tongyong Pinyin System[1]", and was expanded to include transcription support for five additional dialects: Sixian, Hailu, Dabu, Raoping, and Zhaoan. It was re-published after further revisions in 2009. In 2012, transcription support for the Southern Sixian dialect was added, descriptions were adjusted, and the name was changed to the Hakka Pinyin System.[2][3]

Current System

Initials

The top-left of each cell is the Hakka Pinyin, the top-right is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and at the bottom are Extended Bopomofo symbols.

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Alveolo-palatal Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless
Nasal m [m]
ㄇ		 n [n]
ㄋ		 ngi [ɲ]
ㄬ		 ng [ŋ]
ㄫ
Plosive Unaspirated b [p]
ㄅ		 bb [b]
ㆠ		 d [t]
ㄉ		 g [k]
ㄍ		 [ʔ]
（Unmarked）
Aspirated p [pʰ]
ㄆ		 t [tʰ]
ㄊ		 k [kʰ]
ㄎ
Affricate Unaspirated z [ʦ]
ㄗ		 zh [ʧ]
ㄓ		 j [ʨ]
ㄐ
Aspirated c [ʦʰ]
ㄘ		 ch [ʧʰ]
ㄔ		 q [ʨʰ]
ㄑ
Fricative f [f]
ㄈ		 v [ʋ]
ㄪ 		s [s]
ㄙ		 sh [ʃ]
ㄕ		 rh [ʒ]
ㄖ 		x [ɕ]
ㄒ		 h [h]
ㄏ
Approximant r [j]
一
Lateral l [l]
ㄌ
  • bb [b] is used for the Zhaoan dialect in Yunlin, Guoxing Township in Nantou, and parts of the southern Hakka speaking regions in Taiwan, where bb [b] often replaces v [ʋ].
  • j [ʨ], q [ʨʰ], and x [ɕ] are only used in the Sixian dialect; other dialects use z [ʦ], c [ʦʰ], and s [s].
  • r [j] is only used in the Southern Sixian dialect.
  • h (ㄏ) is pronounced as [x] in Mandarin, which is different from the [h] in Hakka.

Vowels

Front vowel Central vowel Back vowel
Close vowel i [i]
ㄧ		 ii [ɨ]/[ɹ̩]
ㄭ 		u [u]
ㄨ
Close-mid vowel e [e]
ㄝ		 er [ɤ]
ㄜ 		o [o]
ㄛ
Open-mid vowel ee [ɛ]
ㆤ		 oo [ɔ]
ㆦ
Open vowel a [a]
ㄚ
  • The original "Taiwanese Hakka Tongyong Pinyin System" did not include phonetic symbols for ee [ɛ] and oo [ɔ].[1][4]
  • ee [ɛ] and oo [ɔ] are only used in the Zhaoan dialect.
  • er [ɤ] is used in the Hailu and Raoping dialects.

Final Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Velar
Nasal -m [m]
ㄇ		 -n [n]
ㄋ		 -ng [ŋ]
ㄫ
Plosive -b [p̚]
ㄅ		 -d [t̚]
ㄉ		 -g [k̚]
ㄍ

Tones

Tone marks are placed at the top-right after the syllable.

Chinese Tone Name Tone Mark Diacritics Examples (Sixian dialect) Examples (Hailu dialect) Examples (Dabu dialect) IPA
去聲 (Departing);
陽入 (Light Entering) 		v Unmarked 富 fu
服 fug 		55(˥˥)
5(˥)
陰平 (Dark Level) vˊ Acute accent 夫 fuˊ 24(˨˦)
v˖ Modifier Letter Plus Sign 護 fu˖ 33(˧˧)
上聲 (Rising);
陰入 (Dark Entering) 		vˋ/vˆ[5] Grave accent/
Circumflex 		府 fuˋ
福 fugˋ 		虎 fuˆ 31(˦˨)
2(˨)
陽平 (Light Level) vˇ Caron 糊 fuˇ 11(˩˩)
  • Tone 33 is absent from the Sixian dialect, except in regions that speak the Southern Sixian dialect, e.g. Meinong District, Kaohsiung (see Sixian dialect).

Examples

Using the words: "臺灣客家語拼音方案" as an example:

  • Northern Sixian dialect: toiˇ vanˇ hagˋ gaˊ ngiˊ pinˊ imˊ fongˊ on
  • Southern Sixian dialect: toiˇ vanˇ hagˋ gaˊ ngiˊ pinˊ (r)imˊ fongˊ on
  • Hailu dialect: toi van hag gaˋ ngiˋ pinˋ rhimˋ fongˋ onˇ
  • Dabu dialect: toiˇ vanˇ kagˆ ga˖ ngi˖ pin˖ rhim˖ fong˖ onˋ
  • Raoping dialect: toi van kagˋ gaˇ ngiˇ pinˇ rhimˇ fongˇ onˋ
  • Zhaoan dialect: taiˋ bbanˋ kaˊ gaˇ ngiˆ pinˇ rhimˇ fongˇ onˆ

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "客語通拼方案". http://taiwantp.net/eternity/hakkafangan.htm. 
  2. ↑ "Kèjiāyǔ pīnyīn fāng'àn" (in zh). https://ws.moe.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=C099358C81D4876C5303003B8BD1CBF53CB4C042BF06A309AEA627F8C9877253567B3EADCD0C31D3F8716A45265C7884E22EE84B2E9148BF67B67398193AF281466AB111E6EC30DAA0158C7FF60B2C7C&n=7943FD1CFE79AA2A08F55034909CAB3A990E4013DF852A4B&icon=..pdf. 
  3. ↑ "Kèjiāyǔ pīnyīn fāng'àn" (in zh). http://www.yaes.tn.edu.tw/resources/files/hakka_pinyin1.pdf. 
  4. ↑ [1](http://www.yaes.tn.edu.tw/resources/files/hakka_pinyin1.pdf) Hakka Pinyin System] . Revised and announced by Tai-Yu-Zi No. 1010161610, September 12, 2012, Republic of China.
  5. ↑ In some dialects of Hakka (e.g. Dabu dialect, Raoping dialect, Zhaoan dialect), the 上聲 (Rising) tone is marked with vˆ.



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