Social:List of communist states

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A map of current communist states

The following are lists of current and former communist states.

Current communist states

The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism. They are listed here together with the year of their founding and their respective ruling parties.[1]

Overview of current states espousing Marxism–Leninism
Country Local name Since Ruling party Ideology
 People's Republic of China[nb 1] Chinese: 中华人民共和国
Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó 		1 October 1949 (1949-10-01) Communist Party of China Socialism with Chinese characteristics
 Republic of Cuba Spanish: República de Cuba 1 January 1959 (1959-01-01)
24 February 1976 (1976-02-24) (communist constitution adopted) 		Communist Party of Cuba
Template:Country data Lao People's Democratic Republic Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ
Lao romanisation: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 		2 December 1975 (1975-12-02) Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
 Socialist Republic of Vietnam Vietnamese: Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam 2 September 1945 (North Vietnam[nb 2])
30 April 1975 (South Vietnam)
2 July 1976 (unified) 		Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought

Although founded as a Marxist–Leninist state, North Korea began moving away from orthodox Marxism–Leninism and replaced all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea with Juche in 1992.[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.[3] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.[4] The government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism. The ruling Workers' Party of Korea reinstated its goal towards communism in 2021.[5]

Country Local name Since Ruling party Ideology
 North Korea Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국
MR: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk 		9 September 1948 (1948-09-09) Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism

Multi-party states with governing communist parties

There are multi-party states with communist parties leading the government. Such states are not considered to be communist states because the countries themselves allow for multiple parties and do not provide a constitutional role for their communist parties. Nepal was previously ruled by the Nepal Communist Party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) between 1994 and 1998 and then again between 2008 and 2018 while states formerly ruled by one or more communist parties include San Marino (1945–1957), Nicaragua (1984–1990), Moldova (2001–2009), Cyprus (2008–2013), and Guyana (1992–2015).

Venezuela is currently ruled by Nicolás Maduro, who has been President since 2013 (disputed since 2019). Maduro is the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which is considered far-left and Marxist.[6]

During the socialist Free Peru party's rule over Peru, many international observers described the party as being somewhat Marxist[7][8][9] or even Marxist–Leninist.[10][11]

Former communist states

States that had communist governments in red, states that the Soviet Union believed at one point to be moving toward socialism in orange, and states with constitutional references to socialism in yellow
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     Officially ruling parties in communist states
     Communist parties as ruling parties or part of a governing coalition in multi-party states
     Formerly ruling in a one-party system
     Formerly ruling in a parliamentary majority or minority government
     Formerly ruling as a coalition partner or supporter

The following communist states were socialist states committed to communism. Some were short-lived and preceded the widespread adoption of Marxism–Leninism by most communist states.

  • Russia Russia
    • Chita Republic (1905–1906)
    • Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)
      • Amur Socialist Soviet Republic (1918)
      • North Caucasian Soviet Republic (1918-1919)
        • Terek Soviet Republic (1918)
        • Stavropol Soviet Republic (1918)
        • Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic (1918)
        • Don Soviet Republic (1918)
      • Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924)
      • Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941)
      • Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
      • Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
      • Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
      • Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1924)
      • Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)
      • Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1941; 1944–1945)
      • Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
      • Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1990)
      • Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991)
      • Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1925–1936)
      • Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)
      • Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
      • Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
      • Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935–1943; 1957–1991)
      • Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
      • Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
      • Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
      • Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
      • North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1993)
      • Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
      • Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1957)
      • Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961–1992)
      • Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
    • Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar (1917–1918)
    • Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (1918)
    • Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (1919)
    • Template:Country data Far Eastern Republic Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
    • Template:Country data Tuvan People's Republic Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)
    • Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
  • Ukraine Ukraine
  • Finland Finland
    • Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918)
    • Finland Finnish Democratic Republic (1939–1940).[12][13][14]
    • Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
  • Germany Germany
  • Italy Italy
    • Labin Republic (1921)
  • France France
  • Estonia Estonia
    • Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919)[34]
    • Soviet Union First Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940–1941)[35]
    • Soviet Union Second Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944–1945)
    • Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
  • Latvia Latvia
    • Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia (1917–1918)
    • Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920)
    • Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
  • Lithuania Lithuania
    • Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)
    • Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
    • Soviet Union First Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940–1941)
    • Soviet Union Second Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944–1945)
    • Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
  • Belarus Belarus
  • Hungary Hungary
  • Belgium Belgium
    • Brussels Soldiers' Council (1918)
  • Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
  • Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
    • Slovak Soviet Republic (1919)
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia (1944–1948)
    • Czechoslovakia Fourth Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)
    • Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
  • Tajikistan Tajikistan
  • Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
  • Uzbekistan Uzbekistan
    • Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
    • Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
    • Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)
      • Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1929)
      • Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1932–1991)
  • Iran Iran
    • Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1921)
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of Iran (1941–1946)
    • Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946)
    • Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947)
  • Poland Poland
    • Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
    • Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
    • Poland Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
    • Poland Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)
  • Armenia Armenia
  • Georgia (country) Georgia
  • Mongolia Mongolia
    • Provisional People's Government of Mongolia (1921–1924)
    • Mongolia Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
  • China China
    • Hailufeng Soviet (1927)
    • Hunan Soviet (1927)
    • Guangzhou Commune (1927)
    • Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949)
      •  Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)
        • Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)
    • People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934)
    • Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation (1935–1936)
    • Tibetan People's Republic (1936)
    • Template:Country data Second East Turkestan Republic Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)
    • Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945)
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of Manchuria (1945–1946)
  • Spain Spain
    • Asturian Socialist Republic (1934)
  • Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
    • Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
  • Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan
    • Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
  • Romania Romania
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (1940)
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of Romania (1944–1947)
    • Romania Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)
    • Romania Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
  • Moldova Moldova
  • Greece Greece
    • Political Committee of National Liberation (1944–1949)
    • Provisional Democratic Government (1947–1949)
  • Albania Albania
    • Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
    • Albania People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
    • Albania People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1992)
  • Bulgaria Bulgaria
    • Strandzha Commune (1903)
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of Bulgaria (1944–1946)
    • Bulgaria People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
  • Norway Norway
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of Northern Norway (1944–1946)
  • Denmark Denmark
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of Bornholm (1945–1946)
  • Japan Japan
    • Soviet Union Soviet occupation of the Kuril Islands (1945)
  • Korea Korea
    • Soviet Union Soviet Civil Administration (1945–1946)
    • Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947)
    • People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948)
    • North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–1992/2009)[nb 3]
  • Yugoslavia
  • Colombia Colombia
    • Marquetalia Republic (1948–1958)
  • Vietnam Vietnam
    • Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet
    • Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1954–1975)
    • Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976)
  • Yemen Yemen
    • South Yemen People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1990)
  • Somalia Somalia
    • Somalia Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)
  • Nicaragua Nicaragua
    • Nicaragua Junta of National Reconstruction (1979-1985)
  • Chile Chile
    • Chile Socialist Republic of Chile (1932)
  • Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo
    • Republic of the Congo People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992)
  • Ethiopia Ethiopia
    • Ethiopia Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987)
    • People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1991)
  • Mozambique Mozambique
    • Mozambique People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)
  • Angola Angola
    • Angola People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)
  • Benin Benin
    • Benin People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990)
  • Cambodia Cambodia
    • Democratic Kampuchea (1976–1979)
    • Cambodia People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
    • State of Cambodia (1989–1992)
    • Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1992)
    • Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (1994–1998)
  • Afghanistan Afghanistan
  • Republic of Ireland Republic of Ireland
    • Irish soviets
  • Grenada Grenada
    • Grenada People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979–1983)[40]
  • Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
    • Burkina Faso National Council for the Revolution (1984–1987)
  • Turkey Turkey
  • Seychelles Seychelles
    • Republic of Seychelles (1977–1991)
  • Madagascar Madagascar
    • Madagascar Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992)

Notes

  1. ↑ Hong Kong and Macau are administrated under the "one country, two systems" principle.
  2. ↑ Vietnam was divided on 21 July 1954
  3. ↑ Although the government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism, it is still considered a socialist state. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea were dropped and replaced with Juche.[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.[38] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.[39]

References

  1. ↑ "North Korea". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html?countryName=Korea,%20North&countryCode=KN&regionCode=eas&#kn. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). "The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications". Fordham International Law Journal 27 (4): 1289–1305. http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1934&context=ilj. Retrieved 10 August 2020. 
  3. ↑ Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). "Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" (in ko). Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/first_millitary-09232009120017.html. 
  4. ↑ Worden, Robert L. (2008). North Korea: A Country Study (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0. http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/no/northkoreacountr00word/northkoreacountr00word.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용". Yonhap News Agency. 1 June 2021. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210601170100504. 
  6. ↑ "Libro Rojo" (in es). December 2014. http://www.psuv.org.ve/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Nuevo_Libro_Rojo_PSUV.pdf. 
  7. ↑ "Pedro Castillo: The primary school teacher who became Peru's president". BBC News. 28 July 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57941309. 
  8. ↑ "Peru president challenged by his own party over Cabinet" (in en). AP News. 14 October 2021. https://apnews.com/article/peru-environment-biden-cabinet-cabinets-8744cfa5dc72d5812e40b8b13230843a. 
  9. ↑ "Havana-Trained Marxist Pushes Peru's New President to the Left". Bloomberg News. 23 August 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-23/havana-trained-marxist-pushes-peru-s-new-president-to-the-left. 
  10. ↑ "Peru's Congress postpones Cabinet confirmation vote to next week" (in en). Reuters. 25 October 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-congress-mulls-whether-confirm-new-moderate-left-cabinet-2021-10-25/. 
  11. ↑ "Peru confirms new moderate-left cabinet" (in en). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/peru-appoints-new-cabinet-in-blow-to-presidents-opponents. 
  12. ↑ Tanner, Väinö (1956). The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114. 
  13. ↑ Trotter, William (2013). A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940. Algonquin Books. p. 58, 61. 
  14. ↑ Kokoshin, Andrei (1998). Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917–91. MIT Press. p. 93. 
  15. ↑ Tarnas, R. (2006). Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View. Viking. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-670-03292-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=k35piIm2C90C&pg=PA158. Retrieved 6 February 2023. 
  16. ↑ Gallardo, P.; Russell, E. (2014). Yesterday's Tomorrows: On Utopia and Dystopia. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4438-5877-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=opYxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26. Retrieved 6 February 2023. 
  17. ↑ Hoffrogge, Ralf (2014). "Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution". in Müller, Richard. The Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-21921-2. 
  18. ↑ Ostrowski, Marius S. (2019). Eduard Bernstein on the German Revolution. Selected Historical Writings. New York: Springer International. pp. 111. ISBN 9783030277192. https://books.google.com/books?id=BJO7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111. 
  19. ↑ Till Schelze-Brandenburg, Till (2008). "Die Bremer Räterepublik". http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~bremhist/Raeterepublik.html. 
  20. ↑ Hooglund, Eric James (1966). The Munich Soviet Republic of April, 1919. Orono, Maine: University of Maine. https://books.google.com/books?id=tXn3tgAACAAJ. 
  21. ↑ Mitchell, Allan (1965). Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-1400878802. 
  22. ↑ Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 978-0820486062. 
  23. ↑ Kletzin, Jochen (1978). "Die Würzburger Sozialdemokratie in der Weimarer Republik". in Loew, Hans Werner; Schönhoven, Klaus (in de). Würzburgs Sozialdemokraten: vom Arbeiterverein zur Sozialdemokratischen Volkspartei. Würzburg: Stürtz. pp. 60–64. 
  24. ↑ Stickler, Matthias (2007). "Neuanfang und Kontinuität: Würzburg in der Weimarer Republik.". in Wagner, Ulrich (in de). Geschichte der Stadt Würzburg. Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 1269 note 18. ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9. 
  25. ↑ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-14-303469-3. 
  26. ↑ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-14-303469-3. 
  27. ↑ Major, Patrick; Osmond, Jonathan (2002). The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6289-6. 
  28. ↑ Milza, Pierre (2009) (in fr). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5. 
  29. ↑ Rougerie, Jacques (2014). La Commune de 1871. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-062078-5. 
  30. ↑ Gluckstein, Donny (2006) (in en). The Paris Commune: A Revolutionary Democracy. Bookmarks. ISBN 978-1-905192-14-4. http://archive.org/details/pariscommunerevo0000gluc. 
  31. ↑ Archer, Julian P. W. (April 1972). "The Crowd in the Lyon Commune and the Insurrection of La Guillotiere" (in en). International Review of Social History 17 (1): 183–188. doi:10.1017/S0020859000006489. ISSN 0020-8590. 
  32. ↑ Moissonnier, Maurice (1972) (in fr). La premiere internationale et la commune a Lyon (1865–1871). Paris: Editions sociales. OCLC 902707001. 
  33. ↑ Cordillot, Michel (1990) (in fr). La naissance du mouvement ouvrier à Besançon - la Première internationale 1869-1872. Besançon: Cahier d'Études comtoises. ISBN 2251604197. 
  34. ↑ Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991) (in et). Eesti ajalugu. Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261. 
  35. ↑ Attitudes of Major Soviet Nationalities. II. The Baltics. Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1973. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a093831.pdf. Retrieved 22 January 2020. 
  36. ↑ Swanson, John C. (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8229-8199-2. 
  37. ↑ Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly 1 (4): 58. ISSN 0012-8449. 
  38. ↑ Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). "Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" (in ko). Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/first_millitary-09232009120017.html. 
  39. ↑ Worden, Robert L. (2008). North Korea: A Country Study (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0. http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/no/northkoreacountr00word/northkoreacountr00word.pdf. 
  40. ↑ Layne, Joseph Ewart (2014). We Move Tonight: The Making of the Grenada Revolution. Grenada Revolution Memorial Foundation. 
  41. ↑ Khadzhiev, Georgi (1992). "The Transfiguration Uprising and the 'Strandzha Commune': The First Libertarian Commune in Bulgaria" (in bg). Nat︠s︡ionalnoto osvobozhdenie i bezvlastnii︠a︡t federalizŭm. Sofia: Artizdat-5. pp. 99–148. OCLC 27030696. http://www.savanne.ch/tusovka/en/will-firth/bulgaria.html#strandzha. 
  42. ↑ Vasséva, Sonia (2 August 2013). "2 août: Insurrection de la Saint Elie et de la Transfiguration" (in fr). Radio Bulgaria. http://bnr.bg/fr/post/100208160/2-aot-insurrection-de-la-saint-elie-et-de-la-transfiguration. 

Bibliography

General

References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.

Articles and journal entries

Books

  • Blasko, Dennis (2006). The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135988777. 
  • Dimitrov, Vessellin (2006). "Bulgaria: A Core Against the Odds". in Dimitrov, Vessellin; Goetz, H. Klaus; Wollmann, Hellmut. Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 159–203. ISBN 9780742540095. 
  • Ellman, Michael (2014). Socialist Planning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107427327. 
  • Evans, Daniel (1993). Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780275947637. 
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