Social:One-party state

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Short description: State where one party may form a government
Not to be confused with Dominant-party system.
This page is about one-party political states. For telephone call recording laws and notification and requirements, see Telephone call recording laws § One-party consent states. For the album, see One Party State (album). For other uses, see One party (disambiguation).
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A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or have limited and controlled participation in elections. The term "de facto one-party " is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.[2]

Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population.[3] Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into multi-party democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[4] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for independent candidates to stand for election in competition with party candidates. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[5] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[6] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[7]

One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[8] To account for this, the regimes have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[9] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[10] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[10] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[10] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[4] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[7] Data on one-party regimes can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.[5]

Current one-party states

The following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country Head of party Leader title Party Ideology Date of establishment Duration Notes
China[11]
Xi Jinping 		General Secretary Template:CCP flag Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Marxism-Leninism 		1 October 1949 76 years, 102 days Eight minor parties have legal status as part of the "united front" system, but their leadership is determined by the Chinese Communist Party's United Front Work Department[12]
Cuba[13]
Miguel Díaz-Canel 		First Secretary Communist Party of Cuba Marxism–Leninism
Castroism
Guevarism
Left-wing nationalism 		3 October 1965 64 years, 270 days
Eritrea[14]
Isaias Afwerki 		Chairperson People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Statism
Left-wing nationalism 		16 February 1994 31 years, 329 days
Laos[15]
Thongloun Sisoulith 		General Secretary Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
Marxism-Leninism 		2 December 1975 50 years, 40 days
North Korea[16]
Kim Jong-un 		General Secretary Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
Juche 		9 September 1948 77 years, 124 days
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Brahim Ghali 		Secretary General Polisario Front Sahrawi nationalism
Arab socialism 		27 February 1976 49 years, 318 days State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria
Vietnam[17]
Tô Lâm 		General Secretary Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought
Marxism-Leninism 		2 September 1945[note 1] 80 years, 131 days Two minor parties, the Democratic Party of Vietnam and Socialist Party of Vietnam, had legal status within the Vietnam Fatherland Front until 1988

De facto one-party states

A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.[21] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.[22][23][24] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.

Country Party Date of establishment Information
 Azerbaijan New Azerbaijan Party 2010 Although Azerbaijan is officially a constitutional democracy, and opposition parties remain active within the country, the New Azerbaijan Party and the ruling Aliyev family have maintained power uninterrupted since 1993. Founded by Heydar Aliyev, the former head of state of the Azerbaijan SSR, his son Ilham Aliyev has maintained the presidential position since 2003. Aliyev amended the Constitution to remove term limits in 2009, and while presidential elections are held, Aliyev consistently receives over 80% of the vote. Legislatively, the National Assembly has nominal powers under the Azerbaijan Constitution, but in practice power is heavily concentrated in the ruling party. Between 1993 and 2010, major opposition parties were allowed some representation in the Assembly in each election. However, since 2010, no opposition parties have held seats in the Assembly. There are nominal opposition parties and independents but they are supportive of the Aliyev regime.[25][26] Consequently, parliamentary elections are not considered free or fair.[27][26]
 Cambodia Cambodian People's Party 2017 While Cambodia is constitutionally a multi-party state,[28] the Cambodian People's Party dominates its political system, and the party dissolved its main opposition party in 2017, making Cambodia a de facto one-party state.[29]
 Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement 1997 Although multiparty elections have been held since 1992 and other parties have minimal legislative seats, the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), the ruling party since independence, has always retained control of the National Assembly. The Cameroonian political system invests overwhelming power in the hands of the President of the Republic, Paul Biya, and the RDPC exists essentially to support Biya and his policies. The RDPC has held supermajorities in the National Assembly since 2002, and in the Senate since its formation in 2013.
 Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea 2013 Equatorial Guinea, historically a one party-state under the PDGE from 1987–1992, has one nominal opposition party with the Convergence for Social Democracy. However, the opposition has only held at most 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies since 1999, and had held no seats in neither the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate since 2013. The PDGE, by comparison, has held all seats in the Senate since 2013 and in the Chamber of Deputies since 2022.
 Nicaragua Sandinista National Liberation Front 2021 Although Nicaragua has been practicing multiparty elections since 1990, the country has become a de facto one-party state with Sandinista National Liberation Front as the sole dominating party and was consolidated after the 2021 Nicaraguan general election.[30]
 Rwanda Rwandan Patriotic Front 1994
 Togo Union for the Republic 2024 The official continuation of the Rally of the Togolese People, which ruled Togo as a one-party state under Gnassingbe Eyadema from 1967–1994, the Union for the Republic has maintained power under Eyadema's son, Faure Gnassingbe, since its establishment in 2012. Although opposition parties exist within the country and other parties nominally hold seats in the National Assembly, the Union for the Republic has maintained an absolute majority since 2018 due to opposition boycotts while other represented parties only expedite the ruling party's legislation. This is demonstrated by the legislature's extension of Gnassingbe's term limit in 2019, extending it to 2030. With the 2024 Togolese parliamentary election, the UPLR received 108 seats out of 113, while also enabling Gnassingbe's revision of the Constitution to name him the "President of the Council of Ministers". With this position elected directly by Parliament over popular vote, the outright lack of term limits, and the removal of presidential powers from the President in favor of Gnassingbe directly, the party solidified Gnassingbe to rule for life like his father previously.
 Venezuela[31] United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2017 Since 2014, the country has been going through a period of crisis of legitimacy and exceptionality due to the order to close the National Assembly and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly by Nicolás Maduro on May 1, 2017, composed mostly of PSUV politicians. Since then, different laws have been approved to restrict political participation, including informal persecution and the disqualification of certain politicians (including complaints of electoral fraud), concluding in 2024, at which point, because of new laws, the majority of opposition politicians have been disqualified and their organizations banned, leaving only a controlled opposition.[32][33]
 Russia United Russia 2009 As of 2009, United Russia won a majority of seats in almost every Russian municipality. Opposition candidates stated they were hindered from campaigning for the elections, and some were denied places on the ballot. There were allegations of widespread ballot stuffing and voter intimidation, as well as statistical analysis results supporting these accusations.

Former one-party states

Country Party Ideology Date of establishment Date of dissolution Duration Continent
Republic of Afghanistan National Revolutionary Party Pashtun nationalism
Pashtunization
Republicanism
Secularism 		1977[34][35] 1978 1 year, 73 days Asia
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism
Pashtun nationalism
Anti-imperialism 		1978 1979 1 year, 238 days Asia
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front) Communism (until 1990)
Marxism–Leninism (until 1990)
Afghan nationalism
Anti-imperialism 		1979 1992 12 years, 217 days Asia
Albanian Kingdom Albanian Fascist Party Albanian nationalism
Greater Albania
Fascism
Italophilia
Serbophobia
Hellenophobia 		1939 1943 4 years, 55 days Europe
Albanian Kingdom Guard of Greater Albania Albanian nationalism
Fascism 		1943 1943 43 days Europe
Albanian Kingdom National Front Albanian nationalism
Greater Albania
Anti-communism
Republicanism
Big tent
Agrarian socialism 		1943 1943 76 days Europe
Democratic Government of Albania Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Hoxhaism
Anti-revisionism
Albanian nationalism
State atheism 		1944 1945 289 days Europe
Democratic Government of Albania Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) 1945 1946 159 days Europe
Albania 1946 1990 44 years, 334 days Europe
 Algeria National Liberation Front Arab socialism
Algerian nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Anti-imperialism 		1962 1989 26 years, 235 days Africa
Angola People's Republic of Angola People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Communism
Left-wing nationalism
Marxism–Leninism 		1975 1991 15 years, 200 days Africa
Armenia Communist Party of Armenia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1920 1922 2 years, 28 days Asia
Transcaucasia Communist Party of Armenia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1922 1922 293 days Asia
Federal State of Austria Fatherland Front Clerical fascism 1934 1938 3 years, 316 days Europe
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1920 1922 2 years, 244 days Asia
Transcaucasia Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1922 1922 293 days Asia
 Bangladesh Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Mujibism
Bengali nationalism
Socialism 		1975 1975 203 days Asia
 Bangladesh Jatiya Party Bangladeshi nationalism
Conservatism
Authoritarianism
Militarism 		1988 1990 2 years, 270 days Asia
Dahomey Dahomeyan Democratic Party African nationalism 1963 1965 1 year, 354 days Africa
Benin Benin People's Revolutionary Party of Benin Communism
Marxism–Leninism (nominally) 		1975 1990 14 years, 91 days Africa
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia National Partnership Collaborationism, Nazism 1939 1945 6 years, 33 days Europe
Bulgaria Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1946 1990 43 years, 122 days Europe
State of Burma Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon[36] 1943 1944 1 year, 0 days Asia
State of Burma 1944 1945 1 year, 0 days Asia
Myanmar Burma Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism 1962 1988 26 years, 200 days Asia
Republic of Burundi Union for National Progress Burundian nationalism
Tutsi interests 		1974 1992 17 years, 246 days Africa
Byelorussia Communist Party of Byelorussia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1920 1922 2 years, 152 days Europe
 Cambodia (Sangkum era) Sangkum Khmer nationalism
National conservatism
Royalism
Statism
Buddhist socialism
Economic nationalism 		1955 1970 14 years, 361 days Asia
Kampuchea Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Communism
Socialism
Marxism–Leninism
Revisionism
Left-wing nationalism 		1979 1989 10 years, 114 days Asia
Republic of Cameroon Cameroonian National Union Big tent 1966[37] 1985 18 years, 204 days Africa
 Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Big tent
Nationalism
Francophilia 		1975 1990 15 years, 0 days Africa
 Cape Verde African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1975 1981 5 years, 203 days Africa
 Cape Verde African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1981 1990 9 years, 251 days Africa
Carpatho-Ukraine Ukrainian National Union (1939) (uk)[38] Nationalism[39] 1939[40] 1939 60 days Europe
 Central African Republic Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa African nationalism
Anti-colonialism
Progressivism
Anti-imperialism 		1962 1980 18 years, 0 days Africa
 Central African Republic Central African Democratic Union African nationalism
Republicanism 		1980 1981 1 year, 185 days Africa
 Central African Republic Central African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Democratic socialism
Social democracy
Republicanism 		1987 1991[41] 4 years, 75 days Africa
Chad Chadian Progressive Party African nationalism
Pan-Africanism
Anti-imperialism
African socialism
Federalism 		1962 1973 10 years, 355 days Africa
 Chad National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution African nationalism
Pan-Africanism
Anti-imperialism
African socialism
Federalism 		1973 1975 2 years, 7 days Africa
 Chad National Union for Independence and Revolution Nationalism 1984 1990 6 years, 162 days Africa
Guangzhou Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism 		1927 1927 Asia
Hunan Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism 		1927 1927 Asia
Jinggang Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism 		1927 1928 1 year, 0 days Asia
Southwest Jiangxi Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism 		1930 1931 1 year, 0 days Asia
Chinese Soviet Republic Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism 		1931 1937 5 years, 319 days Asia
Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association Six Great Policies 1935 1942 6 years, 243 days Asia
 Republic of China[note 2]/Taiwan Kuomintang Tridemism Template:DTS Template:DTS 62 years, 14 days Asia
Yan'an Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism 		1937 1949 12 years, 0 days Asia
 Comoros Comorian Union for Progress Nationalism 1982 1990 8 years, 0 days Africa
Republic of the Congo People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1969 1992 23 years, 47 days Africa
Tinoquista Costa Rica Peliquista Party Nationalism
Personalism
Authoritarianism 		1917 1919 2 years, 197 days North America
Template:Country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czechoslovakia Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism
Husakism 		1948 1989 41 years, 278 days Europe
Dahomey Dahomeyan Unity Party African nationalism
Republicanism 		1961 1963 2 years, 216 days Africa
Danzig Nazi Party Nazism 1937[42][43] 1939 1 year, 315 days Europe
 Djibouti People's Rally for Progress Issa interests 1981 1992 10 years, 339 days Africa
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Dominican Party Trujillism
National conservatism
Right-wing populism
Antihaitianismo 		1931 1961 30 years, 148 days North America
East GermanyEast Germany East Germany Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1949 1950 174 days Europe
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1950 1989 39 years, 246 days Europe
 Egypt Liberation Rally Egyptian nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Socialism 		1953 1957 4 years, 0 days Africa
National Union Nasserism
Pan-Arabism
Socialism 		1957 1962 5 years, 0 days Africa
Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism 		1961 1976 15 years, 0 days Africa
El Salvador El Salvador National Pro Patria Party Fascism
Anti-communism
Conservatism
Agrarian oligarchy 		1933 1944 11 years, 0 days Central America
 Equatorial Guinea United National Workers' Party African nationalism
Personalism
Anti-imperialism
Anti-colonialism
Anti-racism
Pan-Africanism
Anti-intellectualism
Totalitarianism 		1970 1979 9 years, 49 days Africa
 Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea African nationalism
Militarism 		1987 1991 4 years, 36 days Africa
 Eritrea Eritrean People's Liberation Front Left-wing nationalism 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

1994 3 years, 0 days Africa
Estonia Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) Estonian nationalism
Personalism 		1935 1940 5 years, 134 days Europe
Estonia Communist Party of Estonia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1940 1940 19 days Europe
Ethiopia Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1984 1987 2 years, 163 days Africa
Ethiopia Workers' Party of Ethiopia Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1987 1991 4 years, 65 days Africa
 Gabon Gabonese Democratic Party Conservatism 1968 1990 22 years, 71 days Africa
Georgia Communist Party of Georgia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1921 1922 1 year, 308 days Asia
Transcaucasia Communist Party of Georgia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1922 1922 293 days Asia
Nazi Germany National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism 1933 1945 11 years, 313 days Europe
Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism 1941 1945 3 years, 143 days Europe
 Ghana Convention People's Party Nkrumaism
African socialism
African nationalism
Pan-Africanism 		1964 1966 2 years, 24 days Africa
Grenada Grenada New Jewel Movement Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1979 1983 4 years, 226 days North America
Guatemala Guatemala Progressive Liberal Party Ubicoism
Liberalism
Nationalism
Anti-communism 		1931 1944 Central America
Guatemala Guatemala National Liberation Movement Neo-fascism
Ultraconservatism
Anti-communism 		1954 1958 Central America
 Guinea Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally African nationalism
African socialism
Pan-Africanism 		1960 1984 Africa
 Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1974 1991 Africa
Haiti Haiti National Unity Party Black nationalism
Haitian nationalism
Right-wing populism
Anti-communism
Anti-Americanism 		1957 1985 28 years, 38 days North America
Hawaii Reform Party Americanisation
Annexationism 		1894 1898 4 years, 39 days North America
Government of National Unity Arrow Cross Party Magyarism
Fascism
Collaborationism
Agrarianism 		1944 1945 203 days Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary Hungarian Working People's Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism 		1949 1956 7 years, 72 days Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Kádárism 		1956 1989 32 years, 350 days Europe
 Indonesia Indonesian National Party Nationalism
Marhaenism 		1945 1945 78 days Asia
Iran Imperial State of Iran Rastakhiz Party Monarchism
Populism
Secularism
Democratic centralism
Third Position 		1975 1978 3 years, 244 days Asia
Iraq Iraqi Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism 		1964 1968 4 years, 3 days Asia
Iraq Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Saddamist Ba'athism
Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Militarism 		1968 2003 34 years, 266 days Asia
Fascist Italy National Fascist Party Fascism
Corporatism
Ultranationalism
Totalitarianism 		1928[44] 1943 Europe/Africa
Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Fascism
Corporatism
Ultranationalism
Totalitarianism
Antisemitism
Collaborationism 		1943 1945 Europe
 Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Conservatism
Populism
Houphouëtism
Pan-Africanism 		1960 1990 Africa
Empire of Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa statism
Militarism 		1940 1945 Asia
Philippine Executive Commission Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism
National conservatism
Fascism
Japanophilia
Collaborationism 		1942 1943 310 days Asia
Kampuchea Communist Party of Kampuchea Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Agrarianism
Autarky
Khmer nationalism
Ultranationalism 		1975 1979 2 years, 265 days
 Kenya Kenya African National Union Kenyan nationalism
Conservatism 		1969 (de facto)
1982 (de jure) 		1991 Africa
Template:Country data First Republic of Korea Liberal Party Ilminism
Conservatism
Korean nationalism 		17 December 1951 19 April 1960 Asia
Template:Country data Third Republic of Korea Democratic Republican Party Korean nationalism
Conservatism
Corporatism 		2 February 1963 12 December 1979 Asia
Template:Country data Fifth Republic of Korea Democratic Justice Party Conservatism
Authoritarianism 		15 January 1981 16 December 1987 Asia
Independent State of Croatia Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement Croatian irredentism
Croatian ultranationalism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Clerical fascism
Fascist corporatism
Political Catholicism
Anti-communism 		1941 1945 4 years, 28 days Europe
Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
democratic centralism
state socialism 		1918 1920 1 year, 27 days Europe
Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1940 1940 Europe
Liberia Liberia True Whig Party Black conservatism
Centralization
Protectionism
Whiggism (until 1940s) 		1878 April 1980 Africa
Libya Libya Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism 		1971 1977 Africa
Lithuania–Byelorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1919 1919 Europe
Lithuania Lithuania Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lithuanian nationalism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Fascist corporatism
Anti-communism 		1926[45] 1940 14 years Europe
Lithuania Communist Party of Lithuania Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1940 1940 Europe
Madagascar Democratic Republic of Madagascar National Front for the Defense of the Revolution Left-wing nationalism
Scientific socialism 		1976 1989 Africa
 Malawi Malawi Congress Party Ubuntu
Conservatism
African nationalism
Anti-colonialism 		1964 1993 Africa
 Mali Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Pan-Africanism
African socialism 		1960 1968 Africa
 Mali Democratic Union of the Malian People African socialism
Democratic centralism 		1976 1991 Africa
Manchukuo Concordia Association Fascism
Monarchism
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism
Anti-communism
Personalism
collaborationism 		1932[46] 1945[46] Asia
 Mauritania Mauritanian People's Party Nationalism
Centralism
Islamic socialism 		1961 1978 Africa
 Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party Revolutionary nationalism
Big tent 		Template:DTS [[2000 Mexican general election|Template:DTS]] 71 years, 120 days North America
Mongolia Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1921 1990 Asia
Mozambique FRELIMO Marxism–Leninism 1975 1990 15 years, 159 days Africa
 Niger Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Pan-Africanism 		1960 1974 Africa
 Niger National Movement for the Development of Society Conservatism 1989 1991 Africa
 Vietnam (partially) Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Ho Chi Minh Thought 		1945 Asia
 North Vietnam Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Ho Chi Minh Thought 		1955 1976 Asia
 North Yemen General People's Congress Yemeni nationalism
Arab nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Big tent 		1982 1988 Asia
Norway National Government National Rally Fascism
Nazism
Fascist corporatism
Anti-communism
Collaborationism 		1940 1945 4 years, 225 days Europe
 Ottoman Empire Union and Progress Party[47] İttihadism Template:DTS 1918 Asia/Europe
Paraguay Paraguay Colorado Party Conservatism
National conservatism 		1947 1962 South America
Persia Communist Party of Persia Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1920 1921 Asia
Republic of the Philippines Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 1943 1945 Asia
Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Poland Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1947 1982 Europe
Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Poland Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1982 1989 Europe
Portugal Portugal National Union Salazarism
corporatism
Integralismo Lusitano 		1930[48] 1945[48] Europe
Portugal Portugal National Union Salazarism
corporatism
Integralismo Lusitano 		1948[49] 1969[note 3] Europe
Portugal Portugal People's National Action (formerly National Union) Corporatism
Integralismo Lusitano 		1970 1974 Europe
Romania Romania Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination National Renaissance Front Big tent
Romanian nationalism
Monarchism 		1938 1940 Europe
Romania National Legionary State Iron Guard Legionarism
Clerical fascism
Christian nationalism 		1940 1941 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1948 1968 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
National Communism 		1968 1980 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
National Communism 		1980 1989 Europe
 Rwanda Parmehutu Hutu Power 1965 1973 Africa
 Rwanda National Revolutionary Movement for Development Hutu Power
Ultranationalism
Social conservatism
Anti-communism 		1978 1991 Africa
San Marino San Marino Sammarinese Fascist Party Italian fascism
Corporatism 		1926 1943 Europe
 San Marino Republican Fascist Party of San Marino Italian fascism 1943 1944 Europe
 Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal African nationalism
African socialism 		1966 1974 Africa
 Seychelles Seychelles People's Progressive Front Communism
Marxism-Leninism 		1979 1991 Africa
 Sierra Leone All People's Congress African nationalism
Democratic socialism 		1978 1991 Africa
Slovak Republic Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism 		1939 1945 Europe
Somalia Somalia Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party Islamic socialism
Marxism–Leninism
Pan-Somalism
Scientific socialism
Somali nationalism 		1976 1991 Africa
 People's Republic of Southern Yemen National Liberation Front,

Yemeni Socialist Party

Arab nationalism
Arab socialism 		1967 1978 Asia
 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1978 1990 Asia
Democratic Republic of Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1994 1994 Asia
Estonia Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1918 1919 188 days Europe
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1918[50] 1922 4 years, 297 days Europe/Asia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1918 1918[50] 48 days Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1922 1925[50] 3 years, 1 day Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics All-Union Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism
Stalinism 		1925[50] 1952[50] 26 years, 287 days Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1952[50] 1990[51] 37 years, 361 days Europe/Asia
Kingdom of Spain Patriotic Union Spanish nationalism
Political Catholicism
Monarchism
Conservatism 		1924 1930 Europe
Spanish State FET y de las JONS Francoism
Falangism
Spanish nationalism
traditionalism
National Catholicism
anti-liberalism
corporatism 		1939 1976[52] Europe
Sudan Democratic Republic of the Sudan Sudanese Socialist Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Anti-communism 		1971 1985 Africa
 Sudan National Congress Party Islamism
Arab nationalism
Salafism
Social conservatism 		1989 2005 Africa
Syrian Republic Arab Liberation Movement Syrian nationalism
Modernization
Pro-Western 		1953 1954 Asia
Syrian Arab Republic Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Neo-Ba'athism
Pan-Arabism
Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Militarism 		8 March 1963 2012[53][54]
2024 (de-facto) [note 4][55] 		Asia
 São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1975 1990 Africa
Template:Country data Tanganyika (1961–1964) Tanganyika African National Union African nationalism
African socialism
Ujamaa 		1961 1977 Africa
 Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi Ujamaa
African socialism 		1977 1992 Africa
 Togo Party of Togolese Unity African nationalism 1962 1963 Africa
 Togo Rally of the Togolese People African nationalism
Right-wing populism 		1969 1991 Africa
 Tunisia Neo Destour Tunisian nationalism
Bourguibism
Arab nationalism
Secularism 		1963 1964 Africa
 Tunisia Socialist Destourian Party Tunisian nationalism
Secularism
Bourguibism 		1964 1981 Africa
 Turkey (one-party period) Republican People's Party Kemalism 1923 1945 Asia/Europe
 Turkmenistan Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism
Secularism
Social conservatism
Catch-all party 		1992 2008 Asia
Tuva Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1921 1944 Asia
 Uganda Uganda People's Congress Social democracy
African nationalism
Pan-Africanism 		1969 1971 Africa
Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		1919 1922 Europe
Template:Country data United Arab Republic National Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism 		1958 1961 Africa
Template:Country data Upper Volta Upper Volta Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Pan-Africanism 		1960 1966 Africa
Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy Royalism
Yugoslav nationalism
Agrarianism
Centralism
Anti-liberalism 		1929 1931 Europe
Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) Marxism–Leninism
Titoism
Yugoslavism 		1945 1990 Europe
Zaire Zaire Popular Movement of the Revolution Mobutism
Zairean nationalism
Authenticité 		1970 1990 Africa
 Zambia United National Independence Party African socialism
African nationalism 		1972 1990 Africa
 Zanzibar Afro-Shirazi Party African nationalism
Marxism–Leninism 		1964 1977 Africa

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 to 25 April 1976.[18] Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[19][20]
  2. ↑ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
  3. ↑ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.
  4. ↑ While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remained a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtails independent political activities.

References

  1. ↑ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012) (in en). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. pp. 611. ISBN 9781608716791. https://books.google.com/books?id=2KFvJwi8_jwC&pg=PA611. 
  2. ↑ "One-Party | Encyclopedia.com". https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/one-party-states. 
  3. ↑ Angiolillo, Fabio (2023-04-27). "Introducing the One-Party Membership Dataset: A dataset on party membership in autocracies" (in en). Journal of Peace Research 61 (4): 694–708. doi:10.1177/00223433231155278. ISSN 0022-3433. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Magaloni, Beatriz; Kricheli, Ruth (2010-05-01). "Political Order and One-Party Rule". Annual Review of Political Science 13 (1): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529. ISSN 1094-2939. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (2018-08-10). "Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos". Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5): 693–716. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849. ISSN 0047-2336. 
  6. ↑ Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (2022-05-12). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science 25 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. ISSN 1094-2939. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Malesky, Edmund; Schuler, Paul (2011-10-26). "The Single-Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition". Legislative Studies Quarterly 36 (4): 491–530. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. ISSN 0362-9805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. 
  8. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902. 
  9. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (2009-06-01). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939. 
  11. ↑ "China" (in en), The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency), 2023-01-26, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#government, retrieved 2023-02-05 
  12. ↑ Baptista, Eduardo (11 June 2021). "Communist Party is not China's only political party – there are eight others". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3136835/communist-party-not-chinas-only-political-party-there-are-eight. 
  13. ↑ Roman, Peter (2003). People's Power: Cuba's Experience with Representative Government. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2564-3. 
  14. ↑ "Eritreans hope for democracy after peace deal with Ethiopia" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2018-07-17. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44848184. 
  15. ↑ "Laos: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/laos/freedom-world/2020. 
  16. ↑ "North Korea: Country Profile" (in en). 18 August 2022. https://freedomhouse.org/country/north-korea. 
  17. ↑ "Vietnam: Country Profile" (in en). 30 March 2022. https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam. 
  18. ↑ "How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy – 551 Words | Bartleby". https://www.bartleby.com/essay/How-Did-The-Vietnam-War-Affect-The-PJ7JU393ERV. 
  19. ↑ Dror, Olga (2020). "Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul". Contemporary Southeast Asia 42 (2): 311–313. doi:10.1355/cs42-2j. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26937807. 
  20. ↑ "Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung". 29 August 2019. https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/40931/ho-chi-minh-on-independence-and-freedom. 
  21. ↑ McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "One-Party State". doi:10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100250211. 
  22. ↑ Ziemer, Klaus (1995), Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Bach, Daniel, eds., "The African One-Party State" (in en), State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence, St Antony’s/Macmillan Series (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK): pp. 97–105, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7, ISBN 978-1-349-23826-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7, retrieved 2023-08-27 
  23. ↑ Mitchinson, Naomi (January 1984). "One party rule in Africa" (in en). The Round Table 73 (289): 38–44. doi:10.1080/00358538408453617. ISSN 0035-8533. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00358538408453617. 
  24. ↑ Schachter, Ruth (June 1961). "Single-Party Systems in West Africa" (in en). American Political Science Review 55 (2): 294–307. doi:10.2307/1952240. ISSN 0003-0554. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400123329/type/journal_article. 
  25. ↑ "Azerbaijan: Country Profile" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/azerbaijan. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Altstadt, Audrey L. (2017). Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Columbia University Press. pp. 23. doi:10.7312/alts70456. ISBN 978-0-231-70456-4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/alts70456. 
  27. ↑ "Azerbaijan: Nations in Transit 2021 Country Report" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/azerbaijan/nations-transit/2021. 
  28. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA". Office of the Council of Ministers. 25 January 2017. https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/. 
  29. ↑ Barrett, Chris (2022-11-10). "Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Cambodia" (in en). https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html. 
  30. ↑ "Under Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has become a one-party state" (in en). The Economist. 2022-11-10. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/11/10/under-daniel-ortega-nicaragua-has-become-a-one-party-state. 
  31. ↑ "NA: "Regime wants to build a one-party political system" (in es). 2020-06-18. https://www.eluniversal.com/politica/73521/an-regimen-quiere-construir-un-sistema-politico-unipartidista. 
  32. ↑ Itriago Acosta, Andreina (April 2, 2024). "'Anti-Fascism' Law to Tighten Crackdown on Venezuelan Opposition". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-02/-anti-fascism-law-to-tighten-crackdown-on-venezuelan-opposition. 
  33. ↑ Maria Delgado, Antonio (April 5, 2024). "Maduro prepared harsh law to further punish criticism of Venezuela regime". Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article287431415.html. 
  34. ↑ (in en) Afghanistan: A Country Study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=X0CLyC39MEgC&pg=PA70. 
  35. ↑ "Afghanistan 1977". https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/afghan1977.html. 
  36. ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X. https://books.google.com/books?id=aTyk_neEmg0C. 
  37. ↑ Mokam, David (2012). "The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (23): 85–108. doi:10.4000/cea.533. https://journals.openedition.org/cea/533. 
  38. ↑ Vehesh, M. M.; Palinchak, M. M.; Marchuk, V. V.; Kontsur-Karabinovych, N. M. (2020). Carpathian Ukraine in the Central European political crisis on the eve of World War II (1938-1939): collective monograph. Liha-Pres. pp. 21, 22, 24. ISBN 9789663972121. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/30834/1/SENSE_Carpathian%20Ukraine.pdf. 
  39. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання". Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Серія: Історія (11): 105–112. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/32865/1/%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF%20%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%86%D0%99%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%87%20%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%87.pdf. 
  40. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання". Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Серія: Історія (11): 106. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/32865/1/%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF%20%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%86%D0%99%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%87%20%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%87.pdf. 
  41. ↑ "Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/central-african-republic-unions-strike-democracy-1990-1993. 
  42. ↑ Schneiderman, Harry (1938). "Danzig". The American Jewish Year Book 40: 226–228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23602316. 
  43. ↑ Hepburn, A. (2004-04-07) (in en). Contested Cities in the Modern West. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-53674-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=81vNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56. 
  44. ↑ Delzell, Charles Floyd (1971-06-18) (in en). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-00240-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=e7qwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70. 
  45. ↑ "Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari, Kristina. POLITINIŲ PARTIJŲ TEISINIO STATUSO RAIDA LIETUVOJE 1918–1940 M. Doctoral dissertation. p. 1937". https://cris.mruni.eu/server/api/core/bitstreams/28fde780-25ce-44fa-bbba-7887e33ada25/content. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007) (in en). China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5509-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=zeSeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136. 
  47. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat’s Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time" (in en). End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Portugal > History and Events > Date Table > Second Republic". http://portugal-info.net/history/second-republic.htm. 
  49. ↑ Raby, D. L. (1988) (in en). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2514-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=2sZRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA29. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 Henderson, Jane (2011-05-04) (in en). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-648-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=gBncBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1. 
  51. ↑ Kumar, Kundan (2003) (in en). Ideology And Political System. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-638-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8mN6O0Hc-LYC&pg=PA222. 
  52. ↑ "BOE-A-1976-11502 Ley 21/1976, de 14 de junio, sobre el Derecho de Asociación Política.". https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1976-11502. 
  53. ↑ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/02/28/403103.htm. 
  54. ↑ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/27/syrian-rockets-bombard-homs. 
  55. ↑ Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021). "How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule". EA Worldview. https://eaworldview.com/2021/02/how-assad-regime-tightened-syrias-one-party-rule/. 



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