Social:List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology

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The following is a list of inscribed artifacts, items made or given shape by humans, that are significant to biblical archaeology.

Selected artifacts significant to biblical chronology

This table lists inscriptions which are of particular significance to the study of biblical chronology. References are from ANET[1] and COS[2] and link to editio princeps (EP), if known.

Egyptian

Name Image Current location Discovered Date Writing Significance Refs
Autobiography of Weni Autobiography of Weni, from Abydos, now at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.png Cairo Museum 1880, Abydos -2280 c.2280 BC


Egyptian hieroglyphs Records the earliest known Egyptian military campaigns in Sinai and the Levant. ANET 227–228
Sebek-khu Stele Sebek-khu Stele.png Manchester Museum 1901, Abydos -1860 c.1860 BC


Egyptian hieroglyphs Records the earliest known Egyptian military campaign in Retjenu, including Sekmem (s-k-m-m, thought to be Shechem). ANET 230
Merneptah Stele Merneptah Steli (cropped).jpg Cairo Museum 1896, Thebes -1209 c. 1209 BC


Egyptian hieroglyphs The text is largely an account of a military campaign against the ancient Libyans, but the last three of the 28 lines deal with a separate campaign in Canaan, including the first documented instance of the name Israel in the historical record, and the only documented record in Ancient Egypt.
Bubastite Portal Bubastis portal at Karnak.jpg Original location 1828, Karnak -0925 c. 925 BC


Egyptian hieroglyphs Records the conquests and military campaigns in c.925 BC of Shoshenq I, of the Twenty-second Dynasty, identified with the biblical Shishaq. Towns identified include Rafah (rph), Megiddo (mkdi) and Ajalon (iywrn) ANET 242–243

Other significant Egyptian artifacts

  • Execration texts – earliest references to many Biblical locations
  • Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446 – A document that lists the names of 45 individuals, including a Canaanite woman named "Šp-ra." Scholars assume that this is a hieroglyphic transliteration of the Hebrew name "Shiphrah," which also appears in Exodus 1:15–21. However, while the name may be related, the document dates to c. 1833–1743 BCE (centuries before the biblical Shiphra would have lived).[3][4]
  • Ipuwer Papyrus – poem describing Egypt as afflicted by natural disasters and in a state of chaos. The document is dated to around 1250 BC[5] but the content is thought to be earlier, dated back to the Middle Kingdom, though no earlier than the late Twelfth Dynasty.[6] Once thought to describe the biblical Exodus, it is now considered the world's earliest known treatise on political ethics, suggesting that a good king is one who controls unjust officials, thus carrying out the will of the gods.[7]
  • Berlin pedestal relief – considered by many modern scholars to contain the earliest historic reference to ancient Israel.[8][9] Experts remain divided on this hypothesis.[10]

Cuneiform

Name Image Current location Discovered Date Writing Significance Refs
Statue of Idrimi Idrimi of Alalakh.jpg British Museum 1939, Alalakh -1500 c.1500 BC


Akkadian cuneiform Records the earliest certain cuneiform reference to Canaan ANET 557
Kurkh Monoliths Karkar.jpg British Museum 1861, Üçtepe, Bismil -0850 c.850 BC


Assyrian cuneiform The Shalmaneser III monolith contains a description of the Battle of Qarqar at the end. This description contains the name "A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a" which is generally accepted to be a reference to Ahab king of Israel,[11][12] although it is the only known reference to the term "Israel" in Assyrian and Babylonian records, a fact brought up by some scholars who dispute the proposed translation. COS 2.113A / ANET 277-278
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III Black-obelisk.jpg British Museum 1846, Nimrud -0825 c.825 BC


Assyrian cuneiform Contains what is thought to be the earliest known picture of a biblical figure: possibly Jehu son Omri (mIa-ú-a mar mHu-um-ri-i), or Jehu's ambassador, kneeling at the feet of Shalmaneser III. COS 2.113F / ANET 278–281
Saba'a Stele Sabaa Stele.jpg Istanbul Archaeology Museums 1905, Saba'a -0800 c.800 BC


Assyrian cuneiform Records Adad-nirari III's Assyrian campaign to Pa-la-áš-tu (Philistia) COS 2.114E / ANET 282 / EP[13]
Nimrud Slab Nimrud Slab (Calah Slab) Inscription.png Unknown 1854, Nimrud -0800 c.800 BC


Akkadian cuneiform Describes Adad-nirari III's early Assyrian conquests in Palastu (Phillistia), Tyre, Sidon, Edom and Humri (the latter understood as the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)). COS 2.114G[14]
Nimrud Tablet K.3751 Nimrud Tablet K 3751.png British Museum 1850 c.1850

, Nimrud

-0733 c.733 BC


Akkadian cuneiform Describes Tiglath-Pileser III's (745 to 727 BC) campaigns to the region, including the first known archeological reference to Judah (Yaudaya or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a). COS 2.117 / ANET 282–284
Sargon II's Prism A Sargon's Prism A fragments.png British Museum 1850 c.1850

, Library of Ashurbanipal

-0710 c.710 BC


Akkadian cuneiform Describes Sargon II's (722 to 705 BC) campaigns to Palastu, Judah, Edom and Moab. COS 2.118i / ANET 287
Lachish relief Lachish inscription.jpeg British Museum 1845, Nineveh -0700 c.700 BC


Assyrian cuneiform Portion of the Sennacherib relief, which depicts captives from Judah being led into captivity after the Siege of Lachish in 701 BC COS 2.119C / EP[15]
Azekah Inscription K6205 Rawlinson and Smith Azekah Inscription.jpg British Museum 1850 c.1850

, Library of Ashurbanipal

-0700 c.700 BC


Akkadian cuneiform Describes an Assyrian campaign by Sennacherib against Hezekiah, King of Judah, including the conquest of Azekah. COS 2.119D
Sennacherib's Annals Taylor Prism-1.jpg British Museum, Oriental Institute of Chicago, and the Israel Museum 1830, likely Nineveh, unprovenanced -0690 c.690 BC


Assyrian cuneiform Describes the Assyrian king Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem in 701 BC during the reign of king Hezekiah. COS 2.119B / ANET 287–288
Esarhaddon's Treaty with Ba'al of Tyre Treaty of Esarhaddon with Baal of Tyre (K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235).png British Museum c.1850, Library of Ashurbanipal -0675 c.675 BC


Akkadian cuneiform Describes a treaty between Esarhaddon (reigned 681 to 669 BC) and Ba'al of Tyre with respect to pi-lis-te COS 2.120 / ANET 533
Cylinders of Nabonidus Nabonidus cylinder sippar bm1.jpg British Museum and Pergamon Museum 1854, Ur -0550 c.550 BC


Akkadian cuneiform Describes Belshazzar (Balthazar) as Nabonidus' eldest son COS 2.123A
Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle The cuneiform inscription highlights the conquest of Jerusalem and the surrender of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, in 597 BCE. From Babylon, Iraq.jpg British Museum 1896 (acquired), unprovenanced -0550 c.550 – 400 BC [16]


Akkadian cuneiform Describes Nebuchadnezzar's first siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC, the Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) COS 1.137 / ANET 301–307
Cylinder of Cyrus Cyrus Cylinder.jpg British Museum 1879, Babylon -0530 c.530 BC


Akkadian cuneiform King Cyrus's treatment of religion, which is significant to the books of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah. COS 2.124 / ANET 315–316
Nabonidus Chronicle Nabonidus chronicle.jpg British Museum 1879 (acquired), Sippar, unprovenanced -0250 4th –1st century BC[17]


Akkadian cuneiform Describes the conquest of Babylon by the Persian king Cyrus the Great COS 1.137 / ANET 301–307 / EP[18]

Other significant Cuneiform artifacts

  • Creation myths and flood myths – recorded on the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Atra-Hasis tablets, the Enûma Eliš, the Eridu Genesis and the Barton Cylinder
  • Law tablets – ancient Near East legal tablets: Code of Hammurabi, Laws of Eshnunna, the Code of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (c. 2050 BC), the Laws of Eshnunna (c. 1930 BC) and the Code of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin (c. 1870 BC).[19] Later codes than Hammurabi's include the Code of the Nesilim.[20] Hittite laws, the Assyrian laws, and Mosaic Law / Ten Commandments. (see Cuneiform law).
  • Tell al-Rimah stela (c. 780 BC) – tells of the exploits of Adad-nirari III, mentioning "Joash King of Samaria"[21]
  • Annals of Tiglath-Pileser III (740–730 BC):
    • Layard 45b+ III R 9,1 possibly refers to [KUR sa-me-ri-i-na-a-a] as ["land of Samaria"][22]
    • The Iran Stela refers to KUR sa-m[e]-ri-i-na-a-[a] "land of Samaria"[22]
    • Layard 50a + 50b + 67a refers to URU sa-me-ri-na-a-a "city of Samaria"[22]
    • Layard 66 refers to URU Sa-me-ri-na "city of Samaria"[22]
    • III R 9.3 50, refers to "Menahem the Samarian"[21][23]
    • Nimrud Tablet III R 10.2 28–29, refers to the overthrown of Pekah by Hoshea.[21][23]
    • one fragment refers to "Azriau" and another it has been joined to refers to "Yaudi". Some scholars have interpreted this as Ahaziah / Uzziah, although this is disputed and has not gained scholarly consensus.[24][25][26][27]
    • III R 10,2 refers to KUR E Hu-um-ri-a "land of Bit-Humri"[22]
    • ND 4301 + 4305 refers to KUR E Hu-um-ri-a "land of Bit-Humri"[22]
  • Babylonian Chronicle ABC1 (725 BC) – Shalmaneser V refers to URU Sa-ma/ba-ra-'-in "city of Samar(i)a"[22]
  • Annals of Sargon II (720 BC):
    • Nimrud Prism, Great Summary Inscription refers to URU Sa-me-ri-na "city of Samerina"[22]
    • Palace Door, Small Summary Inscription, Cylinder Inscription, Bull Inscription refers to KUR Bit-Hu-um-ri-a "land of Bit-Humri"[22]
  • Victory stele of Esarhaddon – a dolerite[28] stele commemorating the return of Esarhaddon after his army's second battle and victory over Pharaoh Taharqa in northern ancient Egypt in 671 BC, discovered in 1888 in Zincirli Höyük (Sam'al, or Yadiya) by Felix von Luschan and Robert Koldewey. It is now in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.
  • Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (written around 675 BCE) – Some scholars think that this treaty served as a literary model for the curses in Deuteronomy 28:15–64, as well as content in Deuteronomy 13, due to strong textual similarities.[29][30]
  • Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet (circa 595 BC) – a clay cuneiform inscription referring to an official at the court of Nebuchadrezzar II, king of Babylon, possibly the same official named in the Biblical Jeremiah.
  • Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets (6th century BC) – Describe the rations set aside for a royal captive identified with Jehoiachin, king of Judah (Cf. 2 Kings 24:12,15–16; 25:27–30; 2 Chronicles 36:9–10; Jeremiah 22:24–26; 29:2; 52:31–34; Ezekiel 17:12).[31]

Canaanite and Aramaic

Name Image Current location Discovered Date Writing Significance Refs
Mesha Stele Mesha stele.jpg Louvre 1868, Dhiban, Jordan -0850 c.850 BC


Moabite language Describes the victories of Moabite king Mesha over the House of Omri (kingdom of Israel). It bears the earliest certain extra-biblical reference to the Israelite god Yahweh, and—if French scholar André Lemaire's reconstruction of a portion of line 31 is correct—the earliest mention of the "House of David" (i.e., the kingdom of Judah). One of the only two known artifacts containing the "Moabite" dialect of Canaanite languages (the second is the El-Kerak Inscription) COS 2.23 / ANET 320–321
Tel Dan Stele Samuel and Saidye Bronfman Archaeology WingDSCN5105.JPG Israel Museum 1993, Tel Dan -0800 c.800 BC


Old Aramaic Significant as an extra-biblical corroboration of Israel's past, particularly in lines 8 and 9, which mention a "king of Israel" and a "house of David". The latter is generally understood by scholars to refer to the ruling dynasty of Judah. Although the meaning of this phrase has been disputed by a small minority of scholars,[32] today it is generally accepted as a reference to the Davidic dynasty.[33][34][35][36]
Siloam inscription Hashiloach.jpg Istanbul Archaeology Museums 1880, Siloam tunnel -0701 c.701 BC


Paleo-Hebrew Records the construction of Siloam tunnel COS 2.28 / ANET 321
LMLK seals Lmlk-seal impression-h2d-gg22 2003-02-21.jpg Various 1870 onwards -0700 c.700 BC


Phoenician alphabet (also known as Paleo-Hebrew) c.2,000 stamp impressions, translated as "belonging to the King" COS 2.77 / EP[37]
Ekron inscription Ekron inscription.jpg Israel Museum 1996, Ekron -0650 c.650 BC


Phoenician alphabet The first known inscription from the area ascribed to Philistines COS 2.42
Trumpeting Place inscription To the trumpeting place.jpg Israel Museum 1968, Jerusalem 50 c.1st century AD


Hebrew[38] Believed to be a directional sign for the priests who blew a trumpet, consistent with an account in Josephus

Other significant Canaanite and Aramaic artifacts

Gezer calendar in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums.
  • Early Paleo-Hebrew writing – contenders for the earliest Hebrew inscriptions include the Gezer calendar, Biblical period ostraca at Elah and Izbet Sartah,[39] and the Zayit Stone
  • Pim weight – evidence of the use of an ancient source for the Book of Samuel due to the use of an archaic term.
  • Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon – 10th century BC inscription – both the language it is written in and the translation are disputed. Was discovered in excavations near Israel's Elah valley.[40]
  • Tell es-Safi inscription (10th to mid 9th centuries BC) – Potsherd inscribed with the two names "alwt" and "wlt", etymologically related to the name Goliath and demonstrate that the name fits with the context of late-tenth/early-ninth-century BC Philistine culture. Found at Tell es-Safi, the traditional identification of Gath.
  • Ophel pithos is a 3,000-year-old inscribed fragment of a ceramic jar found near Jerusalem's Temple Mount by archeologist Eilat Mazar. It is the earliest alphabetical inscription found in Jerusalem written in what was probably Proto-Canaanite script.[41] Some scholars believe it to be an inscription of the type of wine that was held in a jar.[42]
  • Amman Citadel Inscription – 9th century BC inscription in the Ammonite language, one of the few surviving written records of Ammon.
  • Melqart stele – (9th–8th century BC) William F. Albright identifies Bar-hadad with Ben-hadad I, who was a contemporary of the biblical Asa and Baasha.
  • Ostraca House – (probably about 850 BC, at least prior to 750 BC) 64 legible ostraca found in the treasury of Ahab – written in early Hebrew.
  • Deir Alla Inscription (c. 840–760 BC)[43] 9th or 8th century BC inscription about a prophet named Balaam (cf. the Book of Numbers).[44]
  • Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions – (9th–8th century BC) Jar and plaster inscriptions, stone incisions, and art with "Yahweh and his Asherah".
  • Sefire steles (8th century BC) – described as "the best extrabiblical source for West Semitic traditions of covenantal blessings and curses".[45]
  • Stele of Zakkur (8th century BC) – Mentions Hazael king of Aram.
  • Shebna Inscription (8th–7th century BC?) – found over the lintel or doorway of a tomb, has been ascribed to Hezekiah's comptroller Shebna.
  • King Ahaz's Seal (732 to 716 BC) – Ahaz was a king of Judah but "did not do what was right in the sight of the Lord his God, as his ancestor David had done" (2 Kings 16:2; 2 Chronicles 28:1). He worshiped idols and followed pagan practices. "He even made his son pass through fire, according to the abominable practices of the nations" (2 Kings 16:3). Ahaz was the son and successor of Jotham.
  • Bullae (c. 715–687 BC or 716–687 BC)[46] (clay roundels impressed with a personal seal identifying the owner of an object, the author of a document, etc.) are, like ostraka, relatively common, both in digs and on the antiquities market. The identification of individuals named in bullae with equivalent names from the Bible is difficult, but identifications have been made with king Hezekiah[47] and his servants (????? avadim in Hebrew, [עבדים - slaves])
    • Bulla of Gemariah son of Shaphan (r. 609–598 BC) – possible link to a figure during the reign of Jehoiakim (Jeremiah 36:10). Archaeologist Yair Shoham notes: "It should be borne in mind, however, that the names found on the bullae were popular in ancient times and it is equally possible that there is no connection between the names found on the bullae and the person mentioned in the Bible."[48]
    • Seal of Jehucal (7th century BC) – Jehucal or Jucal is mentioned in chapters 37 and 38 of the Book of Jeremiah where King Zedekiah sends Jehucal son of Shelemiah and the priest Zephaniah son of Maaseiah to the prophet Jeremiah saying "Please pray for us to the Lord our God" (Jeremiah 37:3). His seal and also one of Gedaliah, son of Pashhur (also mentioned in Jeremiah 38:1 together with Jehucal) were found within a few yards from each other during excavations in the city of David, Jerusalem, in 2005 and 2008, respectively, by Eilat Mazar.[49]
  • Khirbet Beit Lei graffiti contains oldest known Hebrew writing of the word "Jerusalem", dated to 7th century BC "I am YHWH thy Lord. I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem" "Absolve us oh merciful God. Absolve us oh YHWH"[50]
  • Yavne-Yam ostracon is an inscribed pottery fragment dated to 7th century BC and written in ancient Hebrew language. It contains earliest extra-biblical reference to the observance of Shabbat.[51][52]
Ketef Hinnom Priestly Blessing
  • Ketef Hinnom scrolls – Probably the oldest surviving texts currently known from the Hebrew Bible – priestly blessing dated to 600 BC.[53] Text from the Book of Numbers in the Old Testament. Described as "one of most significant discoveries ever made" for biblical studies.[54][55]
  • Lachish letters – letters written in carbon ink by Hoshaiah (cf. Nehemiah 12:32, Jeremiah 42:1, 43:2), a military officer stationed near Jerusalem, to Joash the commanding officer at Lachish during the last years of Jeremiah during Zedekiah's reign (c.588 BC) (see Jeremiah 34:7). Lachish fell soon after, two years before the fall of Jerusalem.[56]
  • Lachish ewer: a pot with sacred trees and more, often mentioned in academic discussion
  • Arad ostraca: the "House of Yahweh" ostracon is an ancient pottery fragment discovered at Tel Arad probably referring to the Temple at Jerusalem.[57]
  • Elephantine papyri, ancient Jewish papyri dating to the 5th century BC, name three persons mentioned in Nehemiah: Darius II, Sanballat the Horonite and Johanan the high priest.
  • Hasmonean coinage (164 BC – 35 BC)

Greek and Latin

Name Image Current location Discovered Date Writing Significance Refs
Eunēlos inscription Eunelos.png Ras Macalister's excavations of Gezer Greek Early tetragrammaton attestation. Refers to a feast of Yahweh Inasios. [58]
Temple Warning inscription Jerusalem Temple Warning Inscription.jpg Istanbul Archaeology Museums 1871, Jerusalem 20 c.23 BC – 70 AD


Greek Believed to be an inscription from Herod's Temple, warning foreigners ("allogenē") to refrain from entering the Temple enclosure
Arch of Titus Arch of Titus Menorah.png Original location n.a., Rome 82 c.82 AD


Latin Relief showing spoils from the Sack of Jerusalem by Titus in 70 AD. Depicted are the menorah and trumpets, as well as what might be the Table of Showbread.

Other significant Greek and Latin artifacts

  • Pilate Stone (c. 36 AD) – carved inscription attributed to Pontius Pilate, a prefect of the Roman-controlled province of Judaea from 26 to 36 AD.
  • Delphi Inscription (c. 52 AD) – The reference to proconsul Gallio in the inscription provides an important marker for developing a chronology of the life of Apostle Paul by relating it to the trial of Paul in Achaea mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (18:12–17).
  • Erastus Inscription (Roman period) – an inscription found in 1929 near a paved area northeast of the theater of Corinth, dated to the mid-first century and reads "Erastus in return for his aedileship paved it at his own expense."[59] Some New Testament scholars have identified this aedile Erastus with the Erastus mentioned in the Epistle to the Romans but this is disputed by others.[60][61]
  • Judaea Capta coinage (after 70 AD) – a series of commemorative coins originally issued by the Roman Emperor Vespasian to celebrate the capture of Judaea and the destruction of the Jewish Second Temple by his son Titus in 70 AD during the First Jewish Revolt.
  • Nazareth Inscription bears an edict of Caesar prohibiting grave robbing.

Controversial (forgery, claimed forgery, or identification disputed)

  • Ebla tablets – once thought to have made references to, and thus confirmed, the existence of Abraham, David, Sodom and Gomorrah among other Biblical references.
  • Uzziah Tablet (8th century BC or 30–70 AD?) – controversial tablet discovered in 1931 by Professor E. L. Sukenik of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in a Russian convent.
  • Jehoash Inscription – controversial black stone tablet in Phoenician regarding King Jehoash's repair work. Suspected to be a forgery.
  • Ivory pomegranate – a thumb-sized semitic ornamental artifact bears an inscription: "Holy (sacred) to the Priest of the House of God (YHWH)", thought to have adorned the High Priest's sceptre within the Holy of Holies. Suspected to be a forgery.
  • James Ossuary – a 1st-century limestone box that was used for containing the bones of the dead, bearing an Aramaic inscription in the Hebrew alphabet, "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus", cut into one side of the box. Suspected to be a forgery.
  • Caiaphas ossuary – a highly decorated ossuary twice inscribed "Joseph, son of Caiaphas" which held the bones of a 60-year-old male, discovered in a burial cave in south Jerusalem in November 1990.
  • Miriam ossuary – a decorated ossuary inscribed "Miriam, daughter of Yeshua, son of Caiaphas", found in a tomb in the Valley of Elah in 2011.
  • Titulus Crucis – a piece of wood claimed to be a relic of the True Cross, which Christian tradition holds to be a part of the cross's titulus (inscription), now kept in the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome. Radiocarbon dating tests on the artifact have shown that it dates between 980 and 1146 AD.
  • Shapira Scroll, leather strips containing a somewhat different text of the Ten Commandments, belonging to Moses Wilhelm Shapira, a Jerusalem antiquities dealer. Widely discredited following its 1883 release, resulting in Shapira's suicide.[62][63] Has been reassessed following the 1946 discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.[62][63]
  • Seal of Manasseh– Stone seal of Manasseh, King of Judah c.687–642 BC. Reportedly offered to a private collector for one million dollars.[64]
  • Seals of Baruch – controversial bullae allegedly belonging to Baruch, son of Neriah. Suspected to be forgeries.[65]
  • Seal of Ahaz[why?]

Significant museums

  • Israel Museum, Jerusalem
  • Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem[66]
  • Hecht Museum
  • Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, Chicago
  • British Museum
  • The Louvre

Concordance of external lists

  • ANET: Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Third Edition with Supplement. Ed. James B. Pritchard. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969
  • COS: The Context of Scripture. 3 volumes. Eds. William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger. Leiden: Brill, 1997-2002
Inscription COS ANET
Ref. Title Ref. Title
Pyramid Texts 1.4 Pyramid Texts Spell 600 3 The Creation by Atum
1.9 Papyrus Bremer-Rind 6-7 The Repulsing of the Dragon and the Creation
Shabaka Stone 1.15 The "Memphite Theology" 4-6 The Theology of Memphis
1.17 Coffin Texts Spell 1130 7-8 All Men Created Equal in Opportunity
Book of the Dead 1.18 Book of the Dead 175 9-10 The Primeval Establishment of Order
Coffin Texts 1.19 Coffin Text 157 10 The Mythological Origin of Certain Unclean Animals
1.21 The Repulsing of the Dragon 11-12 The Repulsing of the Dragon
1.22 The Legend of Isis and the Name of Re 12-14 The God and His Unknown Name of Power
Astarte and the Insatiable Sea 1.23 The Legend of Astarte and the Tribute of the Sea 17-18 Astarte and the Tribute of the Sea
Book of the Heavenly Cow 1.24 The Destruction of Mankind 10 Deliverance of Mankind from Destruction
Great Hymn to the Aten 1.25 The Great Cairo Hymn of Praise to Amun-Re 365-367 A Hymn to Amon-Re
1.27 Two Hymns to the Sun-god 367-368 A Universalist Hymn to the Sun
1.28 The Great Hymn to the Aten 369-371 The Hymn to the Aton
Harper's Songs 1.30 The Song from the Tomb of King Intef 467 A Song of the Harper
1.31 The Song from the Tomb of Neferhotep 33-34 The Good Fortune of the Dead
Execration texts 1.32 Execration Texts 328-329 The Execration of Asiatic Princes
1.33 Dream Oracles 495 The Interpretation of Dreams
1.34 Daily Ritual of the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak 325-326 The Daily Ritual in the Temple
Teaching for King Merykara 1.35 Merikare 414-418 The Instruction for King Meri-ka-re
Instructions of Amenemhat 1.36 Amenemhet 418-419 The Instruction of King Amen-em-het
Story of Sinuhe 1.38 Sinuhe 18-22 The Story of Si-nuhe
Tale of Two Brothers 1.40 The Two Brothers 23-25 The Story of Two Brothers
Story of Wenamun 1.41 The Report of Wenamun 25-29 The Journey of Wen-Amon to Phoenicia
Ipuwer Papyrus 1.42 The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage: the Admonitions of Ipuwer 441-444 The Admonitions of Ipu-wer
The Eloquent Peasant 1.43 The Eloquent Peasant 407-410 The Protests of the Eloquent Peasant
Instruction of Any 1.46 Instruction of Any 420-421 The Instruction of Ani
Instruction of Amenemope 1.47 Instruction of Amenemope 421-424 The Instruction of Amen-em-Opet
The Satire of the Trades 1.48 Dua-khety or the Satire on the Trades 432-434 The Satire on the Trades
Famine Stela 1.53 The Famine Stela 31-32 The Tradition of Seven Lean Years in Egypt
Bentresh stela 1.54 The Legend of the Possessed Princess ("Butresh Stela”) 29-31 The Legend of the Possessed Princess
1.55 Elkunirsa and Asertu 519 El, Ashertu and the Storm-god
Illuyanka 1.56 The Storm-god and the Serpent (Iluyanka) 125-126 The Myth of Iluyankas
Telipinu 1.57 The Wrath of Telipinu 126-128 The Telepinus Myth
Muršili II 1.60 Plague Prayers of Mursili II 394-396 Plague Prayers of Mursilis
1.63 Uhhamuwa's Ritual Against Plague 347 Ritual Against Pestilence
Hittite military oath 1.66 The First Soldiers' Oath 353-354 The Soldiers' Oath
Šuppiluliuma I 1.74 Deeds of Suppiluliuma 319 Suppiluliumas and the Egyptian Queen
1.83 Instructions to Priests and Temple Officials 207-210 Instructions for Temple Officials
1.84 Instructions to Commanders of Border Garrisons 210-211 From the Instructions for the Commander of the Border Guards
Baal Cycle 1.86 The Ba`lu Myth 129-142 Poems about Baal and Anath
Legend of Keret 1.102 The Kirta Epic 142-149 The Legend of King Keret
Tale of Aqhat 1.103 The 'Aqhatu Legend 149-155 The Tale of Aqhat
1.108 The Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld 106-109 Descent of Ishtar to the Nether World
1.109 Nergal and Ereshkigal 507-512 Nergal and Ereshkigal
1.110 Nergal and Ereshkigal (Amarna Version) 103-104 Nergal and Ereshkigal
Enūma Eliš 1.111 Epic of Creation 60-72, 501-503 The Creation Epic
Dynasty of Dunnum 1.112 The Theogony of Dunnu 517-518 A Babylonian Theogony
1.115 Prayer to Gods of the Night 390-391 Prayer to the Gods of the Night
Great Prayer to Šamaš 1.117 The Shamash Hymn 387-389 Hymn to the Sun-god
1.129 The Adapa Story 101-103 Adapa
Atra-Hasis 1.130 Atra-Hasis 104-106, 512-514 Atrahasis
1.131 Etana 114-118, 517 Etana
Epic of Gilgamesh 1.132 Gilgamesh 72-99, 503-507 The Epic of Gilgamesh
1.133 The Birth Legend of Sargon of Akkad 119 The Legend of Sargon
1.134 Babylonian King Lists 271, 272, 566-567 The Babylonian King List B, The Babylonian King List A, A Seleucid King List
1.135 Assyrian King Lists 564-566 The Assyrian King List
Babylonian Chronicles 1.137 Babylonian Chronicle 301-307 The Neo-Babylonian Empire and its Successors
1.143 An Assurbanipal Hymn for Shamash 386-387 Prayer of Ashurbanipal to the Sun-God
Adad-guppi 1.147 The Adad-Guppi Autobiography 560-562 The Mother of Nabonidus
Ludlul bēl nēmeqi 1.153 The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer 596-600; 434 Ludlul Bēl Nēmeqi
Babylonian Theodicy 1.154 The Babylonian Theodicy 601-604 The Babylonian Theodicy
Dialogue of Pessimism 1.155 Dialogue of Pessimism or the Obliging Slave 600-601 The Dialogue of Pessimism
1.171 Gilgamesh and Akka 45-47 Gilgamesh and Agga
Dialogue between a Man and His God 1.179 "Man and his God" 589-591 Man and His God
2.1 The Tomb Biography of Ahmose of Nekheb 233-234 The Expulsion of the Hyksos
2.2A The Annals of Thutmose III 234 B-238 The Annals in Karnak
2.2B The Gebel Barkal Stela of Thutmose III 238C, 240D-C The Barkal Stela
2.2C The Armant Stela of Thutmose III 234 A The Armant Stela
2.3 The Memphis and Karnak Stelae of Amenhotep II 245-247 The Memphis and Karnak Stelae
Karnak 2.4A [Sethos I] Karnak, Campaign from Sile to Pa-Canaan, Year 1 254C, 254A, 254D Campaigns of Seti I in Asia
2.4C [Sethos I] Karnak, Campaign to Yenoam and Lebanon (Year 1 or Later) 254C Campaigns of Seti I in Asia
Beisan steles 2.4B [Sethos I] First Beth-Shan Stela, Year 1 253-254 A Campaign of Seti I in Northern Palestine
2.4D [Sethos I] Second Beth-Shan Stela, Year Lost 255 Beth-Shan Stelae of Seti I and Ramses II
Kadesh inscriptions 2.5A [Ramesses II] The Battle of Qadesh — The Poem, or Literary Record 255-256 The Asiatic Campaigning of Ramses II
Merneptah Stele 2.6 The (Israel) Stela of Merneptah 376-378 Hymn of Victory of Mer-ne-ptah (The "Israel Stela”)
2.10 Coffin Text 159 33 The Fields of Paradise
2.12 Book of the Dead 125 34-36 The Protestation of Guiltlessness
Mesha Stele 2.23 The Inscription of King Mesha 320-321 The Moabite Stone
Siloam inscription 2.28 The Siloam Tunnel Inscription 321 The Siloam Inscription
Yehimilk inscription 2.29 The Inscription of King Yahimilk 653-654 Yehimilk of Byblos
Kilamuwa Stela 2.30 The Kulamuwa Inscription 654-655 Kilamuwa of Y'dy-Sam'al
Yehawmilk Stele 2.32 The Inscription of King Yehawmilk 656 Yehawmilk of Byblos
Stele of Zakkur 2.35 The Inscription of Zakkur, King of Hamath 655-656 Zakir of Hamat and Lu`ath
Ahiram sarcophagus 2.55 The Sarcophagus Inscription of ‘Ahirom, King of Byblos 661 Ahiram of Byblos
Tabnit sarcophagus 2.56 The Sarcophagus Inscription of Tabnit, King of Sidon 662 Tabnit of Sidon
Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II 2.57 The Sarcophagus Inscription of 'Eshmun`azor, King of Sidon 662 Eshmun`azar of Sidon
Sefire steles 2.82 The Inscription of Bar Ga'yah and Mati`el from Sefire 659-661 The Treaty between KTK and Arpad
Gezer calendar 2.85 The Gezer Calendar 320 The Gezer Calendar
Arslan Tash amulets 2.86 An Amulet from Arslan Tash 658 The Amulet from Arslan Tash
Kurkh Monoliths 2.113A [Shalmaneser III] Kurkh Monolith 277-278 [Shalmaneser III] Annalistic Reports (i 29-ii 13)
2.113B [Shalmaneser III] Annals: Assur Clay Tablets Cf. 278-279 [Shalmaneser III] Annalistic Reports
2.113C [Shalmaneser III] Annals" Calah Bulls 279-280 [Shalmaneser III] Annalistic Reports (Bull Inscription)
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 2.113F [Shalmaneser III] Black Obelisk 278-281 [Shalmaneser III] Annalistic Reports (Black Obelisk)
2.113G [Shalmaneser III] Assur Basalt Statue 280 [Shalmaneser III] Various Inscriptions (a)
2.113H [Shalmaneser III] Black Stone Cylinder 281 [Shalmaneser III] Various Inscriptions (c)
Saba'a Stele 2.114E [Adad-nirari III] Saba'a Stela 282 [Adad-Nirari III] (b) Saba'a Stela
2.117A [Tiglath-Pileser III] The Calah Annals 282-283 [Tiglath-Pileser III] Annalistic Records (103-133)
2.117C [Tiglath-Pileser III] Summary Inscription 4 283-284 [Tiglath-Pileser III] Annalistic Records (1-34)
Annals of Sargon II 2.118A [Sargon II] The Annals 285 [Sargon II] From Annalistic Reports (23-57)
Sargon Stele 2.118E [Sargon II] The Great “Summary" Inscription 284-285 [Sargon II] Inscriptions of a General Nature (1)
Annals of Sargon II 2.118F [Sargon II] The Small “Summary" Inscription 285 [Sargon II] From Annalistic Reports (11-15)
Sargon II's Prisms 2.118i [Sargon II] The Nimrud Inscription 287 [Sargon II] From Broken Prisms (3)
Sennacherib's Annals 2.119B Sennacherib's Siege of Jerusalem 287-288 [Sennacherib] (a) The Siege of Jerusalem
Cyrus Cylinder 2.124 Cyrus Cylinder 315-316 Cyrus
Laws of Eshnunna 2.130 The Laws of Eshnunna 161-163 The Laws of Eshnunna
Code of Hammurabi 2.131 The Laws of Hammurabi 163-180 The Code of Hammurabi
2.132 The Middle Assyrian Laws 180-188 The Middle Assyrian Laws
2.133 The Neo-Babylonian Laws 197-198 The Neo-Babylonian Laws
Code of Ur-Nammu 2.153 The Laws of Ur-Nammu 523-525 The Laws of Ur-Nammu
Lipit-Ishtar 2.154 The Laws of Lipit-Ishtar 159-161 Lipit-Ishtar Lawcode
Gudea cylinders 2.155 The Cylinders of Gudea 268-269 Gudea, ENSI of Lagash
3.2 The Craft of the Scribe 475-479 A Satirical Letter
Papyrus Anastasi I 3.3 Praise of Pi-Ramessu (Papyrus Anastasi I) 471 In Praise of the City Ramses
3.4 A Report of Escaped Laborers (Papyrus Anastasi V) 259 The Pursuit of Runaway Slaves
3.5 A Report of Bedouin (Papyrus Anastasi VI) 259 The Report of a Frontier Official
Judicial Papyrus of Turin 3.8 The Turin Judicial Papyrus (The Harem Conspiracy against Ramesses III) 214-216 Results of a Trial for Conspiracy
3.10 A Lawsuit over a Syrian Slave 216-217 From the Record of a Lawsuit
Yavne-Yam ostracon 3.41 The Mesad Hashavyahu (Yavneh Yam) Ostracon 568 A Letter from the Time of Josiah
Lachish letters 3.42A Lachish Ostraca [2] 322 Lachish Ostracon II
3.42B Lachish Ostraca [3] 322 Lachish Ostracon III
3.42C Lachish Ostraca [4] 322 Lachish Ostracon IV
3.42D Lachish Ostraca [5] 322 Lachish Ostracon V
3.42E Lachish Ostraca [6] 322 Lachish Ostracon VI
3.42F Lachish Ostraca [9] 322 Lachish Ostracon IX
Arad ostraca 3.43A Arad Ostraca [1] 569B Three Ostraca from Arad (A)
3.43H Arad Ostraca [17] 569C Three Ostraca from Arad (B)
3.43i Arad Ostraca [18] 569A Three Ostraca from Arad (C)
Elephantine papyri and ostraca 3.46 [The Jedaniah Archive from Elephantine] The Passover Letter 491 "The Passover Papyrus"
3.51 [The Jedaniah Archive from Elephantine] Request for Letter of Recommendation (First Draft) 491-492 Petition for Authorization to Rebuild the Temple of Yaho
3.52 [The Jedaniah Archive from Elephantine] Recommendation for Reconstruction of Temple 492 Advice of the Governors of Juda and Samaria to the Jews of Elephantine
3.53 [The Jedaniah Archive from Elephantine] Offer of Payment for Reconstruction of Temple (Draft) 492 Petition by Elephantine Jews, Perhaps to Arsames
3.65 [The Mibtahiah Archive] Withdrawal from Goods 491 Settlement of Claim by Oath
3.87C Offer to Sew a Garment 491 Letter from One Jew to Another of Superior Station
3.87E Greetings from a Pagan to a Jew 491 Greeting from a Pagan to a Jew
Amarna letters 3.92A Letter of Abdi-heba of Jerusalem (EA 286) 487-488 [The Amarna Letters] EA, No. 286
3.92B Letter of Abdi-heba of Jerusalem (EA 289) 489 [The Amarna Letters] EA, No. 289
3.92C Letter of the Ruler of Gazru (EA 292) 489-490 [The Amarna Letters] EA, No. 292
3.92G Letter of Lab'ayu of Shechem (EA 254) 486 [The Amarna Letters] EA, No. 254
3.129 Inheritance of a Brother and Sister 545-546 (§ 14) Litigation Concerning Inheritance
Dispute between a man and his Ba 3.146 The Dispute Between a Man and His Ba 405-407 A Dispute Over Suicide
Anzû 3.147 The Akkadian Anzu Story 514-517 The Myth of Zu

Other external lists

See also

  • Archaeology of Israel
  • Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem
  • Assyro-Babylonian religion
  • The Bible and history
  • Biblical archaeology (excavations and artifacts)
  • Chronology of the Bible
  • Cities of the Ancient Near East
  • Hittite sites – Hittites – History of the Hittites
  • Levantine archaeology
  • Library of Ashurbanipal
  • List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
  • List of burial places of Biblical figures
  • List of Egyptian papyri by date
  • List of proposed Assyrian references to Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
  • List of megalithic sites
  • Model of Jerusalem in the Late 2nd Temple Period
  • Near Eastern archaeology
  • Nag Hammadi library – early Christian gnostic papyri.
  • Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
  • Oxyrhynchus Papyri – collection of Old and New Testament papyri, Apocryphal works and works of Philo

References

  1. ↑ ANET: Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Third Edition with Supplement. Ed. James B. Pritchard. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969
  2. ↑ COS: The Context of Scripture. 3 volumes. Eds. William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger. Leiden: Brill, 1997–2002
  3. ↑ van Heel, Koenraad Donker (2014). Mrs. Tsenhor. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-977-416-634-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=eBgnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114. 
  4. ↑ "Brooklyn Museum". Brooklyn Museum. https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3369. 
  5. ↑ Quirke 2014, p. 167.
  6. ↑ Willems 2010, p. 83.
  7. ↑ Gabriel 2002, p. 23.
  8. ↑ Veen, Pieter van der; Zwickel, Wolfgang (23 January 2017). "The Earliest Reference to Israel and Its Possible Archaeological and Historical Background". Vetus Testamentum 67 (1): 129–140. doi:10.1163/15685330-12341266. 
  9. ↑ Theis, Christoffer (2003). "Israel in Canaan. (Long) Before Pharaoh Merenptah? A fresh look at Berlin statue pedestal relief 21687". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 2 (4). doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i4_van_der_veen. 
  10. ↑ Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion, Second By K. L. Noll, P:138
  11. ↑ The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, NYU Press, 2008 p. 11
  12. ↑ Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives By Jonathan Michael Golden, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 275
  13. ↑ Unger, Eckhard; Istanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri (1 January 1916). "Reliefstele Adadniraris 3 aus Saba'a und Semiramis". Konstantinopel Druck von Ahmed Ihsan. https://archive.org/details/reliefsteleadadn00ungeuoft. 
  14. ↑ The Philistines in Transition: A History from Ca. 1000–730 B.C.E. By Carl S. Ehrlich P:171
  15. ↑ "Discoveries among the ruins of Nineveh and Babylon;". https://archive.org/stream/discoveriesamon00layagoog#page/n159/mode/1up. 
  16. ↑ "Babylonian Chronicle Tablet (The British Museum, #21946)". https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=320055&partId=1&searchText=Nebuchadnezzar+Chronicle&page=1. 
  17. ↑ Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell G. Reddish, Lost Treasures of the Bible: Understanding the Bible Through Archaeological Artifacts in World Museums , p. 228. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008. ISBN:0-8028-2881-7
  18. ↑ Sidney Smith, 1924
  19. ↑ Charles F. Horne (1915). "The Code of Hammurabi: Introduction". Yale University. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hammint.htm. 
  20. ↑ "Code of Nesilim". Fordham.edu. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1650nesilim.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Text and History: Historiography and the Study of the Biblical Text , page 168
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 Kelle, Brad (2002), "What's in a Name? Neo-Assyrian Designations for the Northern Kingdom and Their Implications for Israelite History and Biblical Interpretation", Journal of Biblical Literature 121 (4): 639–666, doi:10.2307/3268575 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kalimi, Isaac (2005). The Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History in Chronicles. Eisenbrauns. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-57506-058-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=--IvHbPo024C&pg=PA106. Retrieved 14 March 2013. 
  24. ↑ Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802837110. https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA273. Retrieved 8 December 2016. 
  25. ↑ Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1 January 2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802849601. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw6U05qBiXcC&pg=PA18. Retrieved 8 December 2016. 
  26. ↑ Bible.org , Quote: "For a defense of the idea that Azariah of Judah headed up an anti-Assyrian coalition, see Tadmor, 'Azarijau of Yaudi' Scripta Hierosolymitana 8 (1961): 232–271. However, Israelite and Judaean History, Old Testament Library. Edited by John H. Hayes and J. Maxwell Miller. London: SCM Press, 1977 says, 'Recently, Na'aman [Nadav Na'aman. "Sennacherib's 'Letter to God' on His Campaign to Judah", BASOR CCXIV (1974) 25–39] has shown conclusively that the fragment presumably mentioning Azriau king of Yaudi actually belongs to the time of Sennacherib and refers not to Azariah but to Hezekiah. In Tiglath-Pileser's annals there are two references to an Azariah (in line 123 as Az-ri-a-[u] and in line 131 as Az-r-ja-a-í) but neither of these make any reference to his country. Thus the Azriau of Tiglath-pileser's annals and Azariah of the Bible should be regarded as two different individuals. Azriau's country cannot, at the present, be determined.' Na'aman separates the country (Yaudi) from the name Azriau (p. 36). Also p. 28 on line 5 where the original transcription was '[I]zri-ja-u mat Ja-u-di' he reads 'ina birit misrija u mat Jaudi'. However, Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (OROT), p. 18, is less dogmatic. He says 'Hence we cannot certainly assert that this Azriau (without a named territory!) is Azariah of Judah; the matter remains open and undecided for the present and probably unlikely.' See Also CAH, 3:35–36."
  27. ↑ Davies, Philip R. (June 1992). In Search of "Ancient Israel": A Study in Biblical Origins. p. 63. ISBN 9780567449184. https://books.google.com/books?id=5D5GNju1-ggC&pg=PA63. "The reference to az-ri-a-u (? ANET ia-u-ha-zi) (mat)ia-u-da-a is seen by a minority of scholars (see e.g. ANET) as a reference to Azariah of Judah; the majority, however, identify the state in question as Y’di, mentioned in the Zinjirli inscription and located in northern Syria." 
  28. ↑ Verzeichnis der in der Formerei der Königl. Museen käuflichen Gipsabgüsse (1902) page 20
  29. ↑ Levinson, Bernard M. (2010). "Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty as the Source for the Canon Formula in Deuteronomy 13:1". Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society) 130 (3): 337–347. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23044955. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  30. ↑ Steymans, Hans U. (1 January 2013). "Deuteronomy 28 and Tell Tayinat : original research". Verbum et Ecclesia (University of Pretoria) 34 (2). doi:10.4102/ve.v34i2.870. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4102/ve.v34i2.870. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  31. ↑ Thomas, D. Winton (1958) Documents from Old Testament Times; 1961 ed. Edinburgh and London: Thomas Nelson and Sons; p. 84.
  32. ↑ Rainey 1994, p. 47.
  33. ↑ Grabbe, Lester L. (28 April 2007). Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN:9780567251718. "The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus."
  34. ↑ Cline, Eric H. (28 September 2009). Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN:9780199711628. Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical David.
  35. ↑ Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (1 January 2004). Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Lit. ISBN:9781589830622. Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.
  36. ↑ Biran, Avraham; Naveh, Joseph (1993). "An Aramaic Stele Fragment from Tel Dan". Israel Exploration Journal (Israel Exploration Society) 43 (2–3): 81–98. 
  37. ↑ Warren, Charles (1870). "Phoenician inscription on jar handles". Palestine Exploration Quarterly 2 (30 September): 372. 
  38. ↑ Aderet, Ofer (9 March 2017). "The Writing on the Wall, Tablet and Floor". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/the-writing-on-the-wall-tablet-and-floor-1.417504. 
  39. ↑ "What's the Oldest Hebrew Inscription? A Reply to Christopher Rollston". Biblical Archaeology Society. 22 August 2012. http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/uncategorized/what%E2%80%99s-the-oldest-hebrew-inscription/. 
  40. ↑ "Archaeology: What an Ancient Hebrew Note Might Mean". Christianity Today. 18 January 2010. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/januaryweb-only/13-11.0.html. 
  41. ↑ Nir Hasson, "Israeli archaeologists dig up artifact from time of Kings David and Solomon", Haaretz, 15 July 2013.
  42. ↑ "Decoded: Jerusalem's oldest Hebrew engraving refers to lousy wine". Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/decoded-king-solomon-era-jug-engraving/. 
  43. ↑ Hoftijzer, J. & van der Kooij, G. (1976) "Aramaic Texts from Deir 'Alla", in: Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 19. Leiden: Brill
  44. ↑ Stern, Philip. Balaam in scripture and in inscription. Midstream (2002), (accessed 27 February 2009).
  45. ↑ Kaufman, S. A.. Anchor Bible Dictionary. pp. 173–178. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0PKViXZ2JkAJ:www.nelc.ucla.edu/Faculty/Schniedewind_files/NWSemitic/Aramaic_ABD.pd. 
  46. ↑ See William F. Albright for the former and for the latter Edwin R. Thiele's, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (3rd ed.; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983) 217. But Gershon Galil dates his reign to 697–642 BC.
  47. ↑ Grena (2004), p. 26, Figs. 9 and 10
  48. ↑ Shoham, Yair. "Hebrew Bullae" in City of David Excavations: Final Report VI, Qedem 41 (Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000), 33
  49. ↑ Kantrowitz, Jonathan (3 January 2012). "Archaeology News Report: Seals of Jeremiah's Captors Discovered!". http://archaeologynewsreport.blogspot.com/2012/01/seals-of-jeremiahs-captors-discovered.html. 
  50. ↑ "Site History". http://beitlehifoundation.org/history/. 
  51. ↑ "The First Extra-Biblical Reference to the Sabbath, c. 630 BC". http://cojs.org/cojswiki/The_First_Extra-Biblical_Reference_to_the_Sabbath,_c._630_BC. 
  52. ↑ "Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, c. 630 BC". http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon%2C_c._630_BC. 
  53. ↑ "Solving a Riddle Written in Silver". The New York Times. 28 September 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/28/science/28scro.html?_r=1&8dpc=&pagewanted=all&position=&oref=slogin. 
  54. ↑ "The Challenges of Ketef Hinnom: Using Advanced Technologies to Recover the Earliest Biblical Texts and their Context", Gabriel Barkay et al., Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 66, No. 4 (December 2003), pp. 162–171 (at JSTOR) .
  55. ↑ "Biblical Artifact Proven to Be Real". Webcenters.netscape.compuserve.com. http://webcenters.netscape.compuserve.com/news/package.jsp?name=fte/priestlybenediction/priestlybenediction. 
  56. ↑ "Lachish letters". Formerthings.com. 10 January 1938. http://formerthings.com/lachish.htm. 
  57. ↑ T. C. Mitchell (1992). "Judah Until the Fall of Jerusalem". The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC. Cambridge University Press. p. 397. ISBN 978-0521227179. 
  58. ↑ "Bible side-lights from the Mound of Gezer, a record of excavation and discovery in Palestine : Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart, 1870-1950 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". 2023-03-25. https://archive.org/details/biblesidelightsf00maca. 
  59. ↑ "PH209961". Searchable Greek Inscriptions. The Packard Humanities Institute. http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main?url=oi%3Fikey%3D209961%26bookid%3D223%26region%3D2%26subregion%3D1. 
  60. ↑ Friesen, Steven (January 2007). "The Wrong Erastus: Status, Wealth, and Paul's Churches". Corinth in Context. Institute for the Study of Antiquity and Christian Origins. http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/corinth/abstracts.html#Friesen. "Thus the Erastus inscription soon became a linchpin in 20th century reconstructions of the social status of Pauline Christianity. Unfortunately, the inscription was incorrectly published and the identification of the two Erastus references is wrong."  - Abstract Only.
  61. ↑ Gill, David W. J. (1989). "Erastus the Aedile". Tyndale Bulletin 40 (2): 298. doi:10.53751/001c.30545. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Allegro, John Marco (1965). The Shapira affair. Doubleday. ISBN 9789120009094. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Vermès, Géza (2010). The story of the scrolls: the miraculous discovery and true significance of the Dead Sea scrolls. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-104615-0. 
  64. ↑ "Biblical artifacts". Athenapub.com. http://www.athenapub.com/biblical-artifacts.htm. 
  65. ↑ Goren, Yuval; Arie, Eran (2014). "The Authenticity of the Bullae of Berekhyahu Son of Neriyahu the Scribe". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 372: 147–158. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.372.0147. ISSN 0003-097X. 
  66. ↑ "New exhibit: Three Faces of Monotheism". http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3484474,00.html. 

Sources



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