Social:Pepe the Frog

From HandWiki
Short description: Cartoon character and Internet meme
Pepe
Boy's Club character
Feels good man.jpg
Pepe the Frog in his original format
First appearanceBoy's Club (2005)[1]
Last appearanceScript error: No such module "Formatted appearance".
Created byMatt Furie
Information
SpeciesFrog
GenderMale

Pepe the Frog (/ˈpɛpeɪ/) is a cartoon character and Internet meme created by cartoonist Matt Furie. Designed as a green anthropomorphic frog with a humanoid body, Pepe originated in Furie's 2005 comic Boy's Club.[2] The character became an Internet meme when his popularity steadily grew across websites such as Myspace, Gaia Online, and 4chan in 2008. By 2015, he had become one of the most popular memes used on 4chan and Tumblr.[3] Different types of Pepe memes include "Sad Frog", "Smug Frog", "Angry Pepe", "Feels Frog", and "You will never..." Frog. Since 2014, "rare Pepes" have been posted on the "meme market" as if they were trading cards.[4][5][6]

Originally an apolitical character, Pepe was appropriated from 2015 to 2016 onward as a symbol of the alt-right movement.[7][8][9] The Anti-Defamation League included Pepe in its hate symbol database in 2016, but said most instances of Pepe were not used in a hate-related context.[10][11] Since then, Furie has expressed his dismay at Pepe being used as a hate symbol and has sued organizations for doing so.[12]

In 2019, Pepe was used by protesters in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. Despite being used in a political context, Pepe the Frog's use in Hong Kong is not perceived as being connected with alt-right ideology. Furie has welcomed the use of Pepe by Hong Kong protesters.

Pepe remains a recognizable and familiar sight on social media platforms such as 4chan, Twitch, Reddit, and Discord, where images are modified into custom Pepe-based emoji.

Origin: Boy's Club

"My Pepe philosophy is simple: 'Feels good man.' It is based on the meaning of the word Pepe: 'To go Pepe'. I find complete joy in physically, emotionally, and spiritually serving Pepe and his friends through comics. Each comic is sacred, and the compassion of my readers transcends any differences, the pain, and fear of 'feeling good'."

–Matt Furie, 2015 interview with The Daily Dot[2]

Pepe the Frog was created by American artist and cartoonist Matt Furie in 2005. Its usage as an Internet meme came from his comic Boy's Club #1. The progenitor of Boy's Club was a zine Furie made on Microsoft Paint called Playtime, which included Pepe as a character.[13] He posted his comic in a series of blog posts on Myspace in 2005.[6][14]

In the comic, Pepe is seen urinating with his pants pulled down to his ankles and the catchphrase "feels good man" was his rationale.[15][16] Furie took those posts down when the printed edition was published in 2006.[6]

As an internet meme

Pepe was used in blog posts on Myspace in 2005 and became an in-joke on Gaia Online.[17][6][18] In 2008, the page containing Pepe and the catchphrase was scanned and uploaded to 4chan's /b/ board, which has been described as the meme's "permanent home".[6]

The meme took off among 4chan users, who adapted Pepe's face and catchphrase to fit different scenarios and emotions, such as melancholy, anger, and surprise.[2] "Feels bad, man", a sad variant of the frog's "feels good, man" catchphrase, also became associated with Pepe.[19] Color was also added; originally a black-and-white line drawing, Pepe became green with brown lips, sometimes in a blue shirt.[14][15] "Feels Guy", or "Wojak", originally an unrelated character typically used to express melancholy, was eventually often paired with Pepe in user-made comics or images.[16]

The "sad frog" variation entered usage on Tumblr by 2012.[6][17] That same year, the "Smug Pepe" variant emerged.[17] Versions of the meme appeared on Chinese social media, such as Baidu Tieba, as early as 2014. There, it has been known as shangxin qingwa (傷心青蛙), or "sad frog".[20][21] In 2014, images of Pepe were shared on social media by celebrities such as Katy Perry and Nicki Minaj.[6][15][22] As Pepe became more widespread, 4chan users began referring to particularly creative and unique variants of the meme as "rare Pepes". These images, sometimes as physical paintings,[23][24] were sold on eBay and posted on Craigslist.[2][6] 4chan users referred to those who used the meme outside the website as "normies" (or "normalfags").[6][17] Users from 4chan, Reddit, and elsewhere attempted to prevent mainstream usage of the meme by "making Pepe as shocking as possible".[19][17][6]

In 2015, Pepe was #6 on Daily News and Analysis's list of the most important memes and the most retweeted meme on Twitter.[25][26] The Daily Intelligencer called it Tumblr's "Biggest Meme of 2015".[3][17] According to Inverse, it was one of the most-reblogged memes on Tumblr in 2015.[27]

Use by the alt-right

As early as 2015, a number of Pepe variants were created by Internet trolls to associate the character with the alt-right movement. Some of the variants produced by this had Nazi Germany, Ku Klux Klan, or white power skinhead themes.[8][9]

During the 2016 United States presidential election, the meme was connected to Donald Trump's campaign. In October 2015, Trump retweeted a Pepe representation of himself, associated with a video called "You Can't Stump the Trump (Volume 4)".[10][28] Later in the election, Roger Stone and Donald Trump Jr. posted a parody movie poster of The Expendables on Twitter and Instagram titled "The Deplorables", a play on Hillary Clinton's controversial phrase "basket of deplorables", which included Pepe's face among those of members of the Trump family and other figures popular among the alt-right.[29]

Also during the election, various news organizations reported associations of the character with white nationalism and the alt-right.[30][31][32] In May 2016, Olivia Nuzzi of The Daily Beast wrote that there was "an actual campaign to reclaim Pepe from normies" and that "turning Pepe into a white nationalist icon" was an explicit goal of some on the alt-right.[33] In August 2016, Clinton denounced the alt-right in a speech. During the speech, a 4chan user who was liveblogging the event on the site audibly shouted "Pepe!" at the request of another user.[34][18] In September 2016, an article published on Hillary Clinton's campaign website described Pepe as "a symbol associated with white supremacy" and denounced Trump's campaign for its supposed promotion of the meme.[35][36] In 2020, social scientist Joan Donovan said of the Clinton campaign's decision to describe Pepe as an alt-right symbol, "If it weren't for Hillary Clinton's campaign in 2016 trying to [...] name Pepe as a signifier of the Alt-Right, that kind of recognition probably wouldn't have taken hold [...] In doing so, they showed how much of a newbie they were at what it essentially meant to be online, which in turn created a wave of media attention on which the Alt-Right was ready to coast."[37]

In an interview with Esquire, Furie said of Pepe's usage as a hate symbol, "It sucks, but I can't control it more than anyone can control frogs on the Internet".[38] Fantagraphics Books, Furie's publisher, issued a statement condemning the "illegal and repulsive appropriations of the character".[39] The Anti-Defamation League, an American organization opposed to antisemitism, included Pepe in its hate symbol database but wrote that most instances of Pepe were not used in a hate-related context.[40][11] Writing in Time (magazine) on October 13, 2016, Furie said that "I understand that it’s out of my control, but in the end, Pepe is whatever you say he is, and I, the creator, say that Pepe is love."[41][42] The next day, the ADL announced that it had partnered with Furie to launch the #SavePepe (or "Save Pepe") campaign, an attempt to associate the symbol with positivity.[43][44][45] As part of that campaign, Furie collected hundreds of "positive or peaceful" versions of Pepe to store in an online "Peace Pepe Database of Love".[46][47] On October 17, 2016, Furie published a satirical take of Pepe's appropriation by the alt-right movement on The Nib.[48][49] This was his first comic for the character since he ended Boy's Club in 2012.[1]

In January 2017, in a response to "pundits" calling on Theresa May to disrupt Trump's relationship with Russia, the Russian Embassy in the United Kingdom tweeted an image of Pepe.[50][51] White supremacist Richard B. Spencer, during a street interview after Trump's inauguration, was preparing to explain the meaning of a Pepe pin on his jacket when he was punched in the face, with the resulting video itself becoming the source of many memes.[52][53]

On May 6, 2017, on Free Comic Book Day, it was announced that Furie had killed Pepe off in response to the character's continued use as a hate symbol.[54][55] However, in an interview with Carol Off on her show As It Happens Furie said that despite news of Pepe's death, he will eventually return: "The end is a chance for a new beginning ... I got some plans for Pepe that I can't really discuss, but he's going to rise from the ashes like a phoenix ... in a puff of marijuana smoke."[56][57] Soon thereafter, Furie announced his intention to "resurrect" Pepe, launching a crowdfunding campaign for a new comic book featuring Pepe.[58] In a July 2017 interview with The Outline, Furie spoke about the comic in which he "killed" Pepe the Frog. He said, "This comic was just kind of my own kind of art therapy and dealing with the fact that Trump got elected and the new twist on Pepe that ensued. I decided to lay him to rest. But really it was just a joke, and a way for me to deal with the weirdness that was happening."[59]

In June 2017, a proposed app and Flappy Bird clone called "Pepe Scream" was rejected from the Apple App Store due to its depiction of Pepe the Frog. The app's developer, under the name "MrSnrhms", posted a screenshot of his rejection letter on r/The Donald. The app is available on the Google Play Store.[60][61]

A children's book appropriating the Pepe character, The Adventures of Pepe and Pede, advanced "racist, Islamophobic and hate-filled themes", according to a federal lawsuit Furie filed. The suit was settled out of court in August 2017, with terms including the withdrawal of the book from publication and the profits being donated to the nonprofit Council on American-Islamic Relations. Initially self-published, the book was subsequently published by Post Hill Press.[62] The book's author, a vice-principal with the Denton Independent School District, was reassigned after the publicity.[63]

Until September 2018, Social media service Gab used a Pepe-like illustration of a frog (named "Gabby") as its logo. The site is popular with the alt-right.[64][65]

In 2018, Furie succeeded in having images of Pepe removed from The Daily Stormer website.[12]

In January 2019, the video game Jesus Strikes Back: Judgment Day was released, which allows players to play as Pepe the Frog, among other figures, and murder various target groups including feminists, minorities, and liberals.[66]

In June 2019, Furie received a $15,000 out of court settlement in a copyright infringement case against Infowars and Alex Jones concerning unlicensed use of the image of Pepe the Frog on far-right themed posters. Furie stated that he would continue to "enforce his copyrights aggressively to make sure nobody else is profiting off associating Pepe the Frog with hateful imagery."[12]

Kek

"Kek", from "kekeke"/"ㅋㅋㅋ", a Korean onomatopoeia of laughter used similarly to "LOL", is the Korean equivalent of the English "haha". Since this is often used in StarCraft matches, Blizzard, Starcraft’s developers, decided to reference it in World of Warcraft (2004): when a player of the Horde faction types "lol" using the /say messaging command, members of the opposing faction see it as "kek".[67][68] A common misconception is that "kek" originated as a variation of "lel", itself a variation of "lol".[69][70]

During the 2016 United States presidential election, Kek became associated with alt-right politics.[71][72][73][74][75][76] Kek is associated with the occurrence of repeating digits, known as "dubs", "trips", "quads", among other terms, in the sequential codes assigned to posts made on 4chan, as if he had the ability to influence reality through Internet memes.[77]

Online message boards such as 4chan first noted a similarity between Kek and Pepe.[78][79][80][81] The phrase is widely used[82] and 4chan users see Kek as the "'god' of memes".[83] The phrase then became associated with the Egyptian deity of the same name.[82]

"Esoteric Kekism" references the "Esoteric Hitlerism" of writer Savitri Devi.[84] Esoteric Kekism, also called "the Cult of Kek",[85] is a parody religion worshipping Pepe the Frog, which sprang from the similarity of the slang term for laughter, "kek", and the name of the ancient Egyptian frog god of darkness, Kek.[82] This deity, in turn, was associated with Pepe the Frog on internet forums.[82][79] The Internet meme has its origin on the internet message forum 4chan and other chans, and the board /pol/ in particular.[82][86] Kek references are closely associated with Trump and the alt-right,[95] and the Kek-Flag was spotted at the 2021 storming of the Capitol.[96]

Kekistan

Flag of "Kekistan" (top)[97] and the war flag of the Nazi-era German armed forces.
Demonstrator holding a flag of Kekistan (2017).

Kekistan is a fictional country created by 4chan members that has become a political meme and online movement.[98] The name is derived from "kek" and the suffix "-stan", a common Central Asian country suffix. Since late 2016, the satirical ethnicity of Kekistani has been used by U.S.-based alt-right protesters opposed to what they view as political correctness. These Kekistanis decry the "oppression" of their people and troll counterprotesters by waving the "national flag of Kekistan" (modeled after the Nazi war flag, with the red replaced by green, the Iron Cross replaced by the logo for 4chan, and the swastika replaced by a rubric for KEK).[98][99][100] This flag was prominently displayed at the 2017 Berkeley protest for free speech in mid-April,[101][102] and the Unite the Right rally in August 2017,[103][104] and was carried by supporters of Donald Trump during the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.[105] Kekistanis identify themselves as "shitposters" persecuted by excessive political correctness.[106][107] Self-identified Kekistanis have created a fictional history around the meme, including the invasion and overthrow of other fictional countries such as "Normistan" and "Cuckistan".[99][107] Kekistanis have also adopted Internet personality Gordon Hurd (in his "Big Man Tyrone" persona) as their president and the 1986 Italo disco record "Shadilay" as a national anthem.[107] The record gained attention from the group in September 2016 because of the name of the group (P.E.P.E.) and art on the record depicting a frog holding a magic wand.[86]


Groyper

A variation of Pepe known as "Groyper" or "Easter Toad" was used as early as 2015, and became popular in 2017.[108] Groyper is depicted as a rotund green, frog-like creature with its chin resting on interlocked fingers.[108][109] There is some disagreement around the specifics of Groyper: it is alternatively said to be a depiction of the Pepe character,[109] a different character from Pepe but of the same species,[110] or a toad.[108] The Groyper meme is the namesake for Groypers, a loose group of white nationalist activists and followers of Nick Fuentes.[108][109][111]

Use in Hong Kong protests

Pepe the Frog became a symbol of resistance during the 2019 Hong Kong protests.
Pepe imagery displayed in the streets of Hong Kong during the 2019 protests

In August 2019, it was reported that various demonstrators at the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests were using Pepe as a "resistance symbol".[112][113]

Hong Kong protestors began to use depictions of Pepe the Frog as a symbol of liberty and resistance against the extradition bill and police brutality in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. New images of Pepe the Frog surfaced showing Pepe with an injured eye after a young female first aider had her eye injured by a projectile fired by police; the incident spurred a new protest campaign called "An eye for an eye". A sign with Pepe with an injured eye held by a young nurse with one eye covered gained international media attention.[114] Furie responded in an email with a protester, stating "This is great news! Pepe for the people!".[115][116]

In the Hong Kong context, Pepe the Frog is not perceived as being connected with far-right ideology.[114][117] Hong Kongers were also generally unaware that Pepe the Frog had been appropriated by the alt-right and white supremacists in the United States.[113]

Use in cryptocurrency

In a further iteration, Pepe has seen usage among cryptocurrency enthusiasts as a meme on Twitter and elsewhere. Amongst other icons, it was featured on a Fortune magazine cover dedicated to a special report about cryptocurrency.[118]

Documentary

A 2020 documentary, Feels Good Man, relates the story of Pepe's origins and co-option by the alt-right, and Furie's attempts to regain control over his creation.[119]

See also


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Priscilla, Frank (September 30, 2016). "The Strange Internet Journey of Pepe The 'Chilled-Out Stoner Frog'". http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/matt-furie-pepe-frog-meme_us_57ed3a6fe4b0c2407cdc4298. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Khan, Imad (April 12, 2015). "4chan's Pepe the Frog is bigger than ever—and his creator feels good, man". http://www.dailydot.com/lol/4chan-pepe-the-frog-renaissance/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hathaway, Jay (December 9, 2015). "Tumblr's Biggest Meme of 2015 Was Pepe the Frog". New York. https://nymag.com/selectall/2015/12/tumblr-was-here-for-pepe-the-frog-in-2015.html. 
  4. ↑ "We Asked The Art World How Much Rare Pepes Are Going For" (in en). BuzzFeed News. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katienotopoulos/what-is-the-market-value-of-a-rare-pepe. 
  5. ↑ "About US – Rare Pepe Directory" (in en-US). http://rarepepedirectory.com/?page_id=122. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Kiberd, Roisin (April 9, 2015). "4chan's Frog Meme Went Mainstream, So They Tried to Kill It". Vice Media. http://motherboard.vice.com/read/4chans-frog-meme-went-mainstream-so-they-tried-to-kill-it. 
  7. ↑ Mihailidis, Paul; Viotty, Samantha (2017-04-01). "Spreadable Spectacle in Digital Culture: Civic Expression, Fake News, and the Role of Media Literacies in "Post-Fact" Society" (in en). American Behavioral Scientist 61 (4): 441–454. doi:10.1177/0002764217701217. ISSN 0002-7642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217701217. Retrieved 2022-01-19. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Demsky, Jeffrey (2021), Demsky, Jeffrey, ed., "That Is Really Meme: Nazi Pepe the Frog and the Subversion of Anglo-American Holocaust Remembrance" (in en), Nazi and Holocaust Representations in Anglo-American Popular Culture, 1945–2020: Irreverent Remembrance, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 105–125, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79221-3_7, ISBN 978-3-030-79221-3, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-79221-3_7, retrieved 2022-01-18 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Miller-Idriss, Cynthia (2018-12-17). "What Makes a Symbol Far Right? Co-opted and Missed Meanings in Far-Right Iconography" (in en). Archived copy. transcript Verlag. pp. 123–132. doi:10.1515/9783839446706-009. ISBN 978-3-8394-4670-6. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783839446706-009/html. Retrieved 2022-01-19. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Pepe the Frog meme branded a 'hate symbol'". September 28, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37493165. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Pepe the Frog". September 27, 2016. http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/hate-on-display/c/pepe-the-frog.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Swinyard, Holly (June 13, 2019). "Pepe the Frog creator wins $15,000 settlement against Infowars". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/13/pepe-the-frog-creator-wins-15000-settlement-against-infowars. 
  13. ↑ Furino, Giaco (August 3, 2016). "Pepe the Frog's Creator Talks Making Zine History". http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/pepe-frog-creator-matt-furie-talks-zine-history. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mazur, A.J. (August 7, 2010). "Q&A with Matt Furie". http://knowyourmeme.com/blog/interviews/qa-with-matt-furie. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Collins, Sean T. (July 28, 2015). "The Creator of Pepe the Frog Talks About Making Comics in the Post-Meme World". Vice. https://www.vice.com/read/feels-good-man-728. Retrieved January 4, 2016. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Haskell, Will (July 30, 2015). "This guy created the frog meme that's all over the internet — here's why he's 'kinda pissed off'". http://www.techinsider.io/this-guy-created-one-of-the-most-famous-memes-heres-why-hes-kinda-pissed-off-2015-7. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Glitsos, Laura; Hall, James (2019-10-02). "The Pepe the Frog meme: an examination of social, political, and cultural implications through the tradition of the Darwinian Absurd". Journal for Cultural Research 23 (4): 381–395. doi:10.1080/14797585.2019.1713443. ISSN 1479-7585. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14797585.2019.1713443. Retrieved 2022-01-18. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Pollard, Tom (2018-02-13). "Alt-Right Transgressions in the Age of Trump". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 17 (1–2): 76–88. doi:10.1163/15691497-12341467. ISSN 1569-1500. https://brill.com/view/journals/pgdt/17/1-2/article-p76_76.xml. Retrieved 2022-01-18. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hunt, Elle (2020-10-24). "Hunting Pepe?" (in en). New Scientist 248 (3305): 31. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)31884-4. ISSN 0262-4079. Bibcode: 2020NewSc.248...31H. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262407920318844. Retrieved 2022-01-18. 
  20. ↑ de Seta, Gabriele (December 2019). "PEPE GOES TO CHINA". Tank. https://tankmagazine.com/tank/2019/12/pepe-goes-to-china. 
  21. ↑ de Seta, Gabriele (2019), Bown, Alfie; Bristow, Dan, eds., "Pepe Goes to China, or, the Post-Global Circulation of Memes", Post Memes: Seizing the Memes of Production (Punctum Books): pp. 389–402, doi:10.2307/j.ctv11hptdx.20, ISBN 978-1-950192-43-4, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11hptdx.20, retrieved 2022-01-19 
  22. ↑ Notopoulos, Katie (May 11, 2015). "1,272 Rare Pepes". https://www.buzzfeednews.com/katienotopoulos/1272-rare-pepes. 
  23. ↑ Blevins, Joe (October 28, 2015). "Read This: Could images of 4chan's 'sad frog' meme actually be worth money?". http://www.avclub.com/article/read-could-images-4chans-sad-frog-meme-actually-be-227596. 
  24. ↑ Bergado, Gabe (September 10, 2015). "The rare Pepe trade is booming on Craigslist". The Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/lol/craigslist-rare-pepe/. 
  25. ↑ Nair, Roshni (December 27, 2015). "Best of 2015: 15 memes that won the internet". Daily News and Analysis. http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-best-of-2015-15-memes-that-won-the-internet-2159784. 
  26. ↑ "Here are the 10 most important memes of 2015, according to Tumblr". Irish Examiner. December 8, 2015. http://www.irishexaminer.com/examviral/real-life/here-are-the-10-most-important-memes-of-2015-according-to-tumblr-370449.html. 
  27. ↑ Sarner, Lauren (30 December 2015). "The Most Popular Tumblr Memes in 2015: Pepe the Frog, Left Shark, the Dress". Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/article/9703-the-most-popular-tumblr-memes-in-2015-pepe-the-frog-left-shark-the-dress. 
  28. ↑ Resnick, Gideon (October 20, 2015). "4chan 4 Trump". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/20/4chan-4-trump.html. 
  29. ↑ Dickson, Caitlin (September 12, 2016). "Trump's son, adviser share image featuring white nationalists' favorite cartoon frog". https://www.yahoo.com/news/trumps-son-adviser-share-image-featuring-white-nationalists-favorite-cartoon-frog-170540004.html. 
  30. ↑ Sarlin, Benjy (August 25, 2016). "5 Things to Know About the 'Right'". http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/hillary-clinton-delivering-speech-alt-right-what-s-n637701. 
  31. ↑ Dovere, Edward-Isaac (September 12, 2016). "Why Clinton's bad weekend won't rewrite the race". http://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/hillary-clinton-health-analysis-228060. 
  32. ↑ Kampeas, Ron (September 1, 2016). "Do alt-right's white identity politics sanction anti-Semitism?". J. Weekly. http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/78348/do-alt-rights-white-identity-politics-sanction-anti-semitism/. 
  33. ↑ Nuzzi, Olivia (May 26, 2016). "How Pepe the Frog Became a Nazi Trump Supporter and Alt-Right Symbol". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/05/26/how-pepe-the-frog-became-a-nazi-trump-supporter-and-alt-right-symbol.html. 
  34. ↑ Hathaway, Jay (26 August 2016). "4chan anon kicked out of Hillary's alt-right speech for yelling about Pepe the Frog". The Daily Dot. https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/anon-4chan-pepe-hillary-clinton-speech/. 
  35. ↑ Chan, Elizabeth (September 12, 2016). "Donald Trump, Pepe the frog, and white supremacists: an explainer". https://www.hillaryclinton.com/post/donald-trump-pepe-the-frog-and-white-supremacists-an-explainer/. 
  36. ↑ Revesz, Rachael (September 13, 2016). "Hillary Clinton attacks Donald Trump for posting Pepe the Frog meme". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-pepe-frog-instagram-breitbart-white-supremacist-alex-jones-milo-a7240581.html. 
  37. ↑ Donovan, Joan (2020). "Deconstructing Disinformation's Threat to Democracy". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs (The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy) 44 (1): 153–160. ISSN 1046-1868. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48599286. Retrieved 2022-01-18. 
  38. ↑ Miller, Matt (September 28, 2016). "Exclusive: The Creator of Pepe the Frog Is Voting for Hillary". Esquire. http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a49057/pepe-frog-creator-voting-hillary/. Retrieved September 29, 2016. 
  39. ↑ "The Truth About Pepe the Frog". October 6, 2016. http://fantagraphics.com/flog/truthaboutpepe/. 
  40. ↑ Smith IV, Jack (September 27, 2016). "Pepe the Frog meme is now on the ADL's hate symbol database. Feels bad, man.". https://mic.com/articles/155311/pepe-the-frog-meme-racist-adl-hate-symbol. 
  41. ↑ Furie, Matt (13 October 2016). "Pepe the Frog's Creator: I'm Reclaiming Him. He Was Never About Hate". Time (magazine). https://time.com/4530128/pepe-the-frog-creator-hate-symbol/. Retrieved 17 January 2022. 
  42. ↑ Ohlheiser, Abby (8 May 2017). "Pepe the Frog became a hate symbol. Now he's just a dead hate symbol.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/05/08/pepe-the-frog-became-a-hate-symbol-now-hes-just-a-dead-hate-symbol/. 
  43. ↑ Mele, Christopher (17 October 2016). "Campaign Aims to Help Pepe the Frog Shed Its Image as Hate Symbol". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/us/campaign-aims-to-help-pepe-the-frog-shed-its-image-as-hate-symbol.html. 
  44. ↑ Cavna, Michael (26 October 2016). "Pepe the Frog's creator wants him to be a symbol of chillaxing again". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/10/26/pepe-the-frogs-creator-wants-him-to-be-a-symbol-of-chillaxing-again/. 
  45. ↑ "ADL Joins With "Pepe" Creator Matt Furie in Social Media Campaign to #SavePepe". 14 October 2016. https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-joins-with-pepe-creator-matt-furie-in-social-media-campaign-to-savepepe. 
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  47. ↑ Mielczarek, Natalia (2018-03-14). "Chapter 8: Iconographic Tracking of Pepe the Frog Meme through the 2016 Presidential Campaign". in Kuypers, Jim A. (in en). The 2016 American Presidential Campaign and the News: Implications for American Democracy and the Republic. Lexington Books. pp. 167–173. ISBN 978-1-4985-6512-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=00dODwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2022-01-18. 
  48. ↑ Wade, Cameron (October 17, 2016). "Pepe the Frog Creator Matt Furie Pens New Comic Showing Pepe's Alt-Right Nightmare". Paste. https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/10/pepe-the-frog-creator-comic-alt-right-nightmare.html. Retrieved October 23, 2016. 
  49. ↑ Powell, Austin (October 17, 2016). "Pepe the Frog creator's new Trump comic captures the horror of the 2016 election". http://www.dailydot.com/unclick/pepe-frog-trump-alt-right-comic/. 
  50. ↑ Marcin, Tim (January 9, 2017). "Russian Embassy Posts Pepe The Frog Meme, A White Supremacist Hate Symbol, According To ADL". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/russian-embassy-posts-pepe-frog-meme-white-supremacist-hate-symbol-according-adl-2472292. 
  51. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (January 9, 2017). "The Russian government just tweeted an image of a white supremacist frog". https://www.vox.com/world/2017/1/9/14212496/russia-embassy-pepe. 
  52. ↑ Murphy, Paul P. (January 21, 2017). "White nationalist Richard Spencer punched during interview". http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/20/politics/white-nationalist-richard-spencer-punched. 
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  63. ↑ Deb, Sopan (August 30, 2017). "Pepe the Frog Cartoonist Stops Distribution of Children's Book". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/books/pepe-the-frog-cartoonist-childrens-book.html. 
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  66. ↑ EDT, Alfred Joyner On 6/3/19 at 5:55 AM (June 3, 2019). "Anger over "sick" video game that allows you to play as Donald Trump gunning down migrants, feminists and Antifa". https://www.newsweek.com/anger-over-sick-video-game-that-allows-you-play-trump-gunning-down-migrants-feminists-antifa-1441745. 
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  77. ↑ Spencer, Paul (November 18, 2016). "Trump's Occult Online Supporters Believe 'Meme Magic' Got Him Elected". Vice Media. http://motherboard.vice.com/read/trumps-occult-online-supporters-believe-pepe-meme-magic-got-him-elected. 
  78. ↑ Singal, Jesse (May 30, 2016). "4chan Isn't Sure Whether It's Excited the Times Wrote Up Its Anti-Semitism". New York. http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/05/4chan-isnt-sure-whether-its-excited-the-times-wrote-up-its-antisemitism.html. Retrieved March 12, 2017. 
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  80. ↑ Posner, Sarah (February 24, 2017). "CPAC's Flirtation With the Alt-Right Is Turning Awkward". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/cpacs-flirtation-with-the-alt-right-is-turning-awkward-w468748. Retrieved February 26, 2017. 
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  85. ↑ "How an ancient Egyptian god spurred the rise of Trump". March 7, 2017. https://theconversation.com/how-an-ancient-egyptian-god-spurred-the-rise-of-trump-72598. 
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  87. ↑ "The Emerging Racists: The Challenge of Covering the Radical Right". December 19, 2016. https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/12/19/emerging-racists-challenge-covering-radical-right. 
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  94. ↑ Colon, David (December 8, 2016). "More Swastikas Surface In Hell's Kitchen, Newtown Creek Nature Walk". http://gothamist.com/2016/12/08/daily_swastika_update_nyc_edition.php. 
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