Social:Psychoticism
Psychoticism is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans Eysenck in his outdated[1][2] P–E–N (psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism) model of personality. Psychoticism includes the traits of "aggression, coldness, egocentrism, impulsivity, lack of empathy, tough-mindedness, and being antisocial."[3]
Nature
Psychoticism is conceptually similar to the constraint factor in Tellegen's three-factor model of personality.[4] Psychoticism may be divided into narrower traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking. These may in turn be further subdivided into even more specific traits. For example, impulsivity may be divided into narrow impulsivity (unthinking responsivity), risk taking, non-planning, and liveliness.[4] Sensation seeking has also been analysed into a number of separate facets.
Eysenck argued that there might be a correlation between psychoticism and creativity.[5]
Critics
Critics of the trait have suggested that the trait is too heterogeneous to be taken as a single trait. Costa and McCrae believe that agreeableness and conscientiousness (both of which represent low levels of psychoticism) need to be distinguished in personality models.[6] It has also been suggested that "psychoticism" may be a misnomer and that "psychopathy" or "Impulsive Unsocialized Sensation Seeking" would be better labels.[4]
Biological bases
Psychoticism is believed to be associated with levels of dopamine.[7] Other biological correlates of psychoticism include low conditionability and low levels of monoamine oxidase; beta-hydroxylase, cortisol, norepinephrine in cerebrospinal fluid also appear relevant to psychoticism level.
Eysenck's theoretical basis for the model was the theory of Einheitspsychosen (unitary psychosis) of the nineteenth-century German psychiatrist Heinrich Neumann.
See also
- Big Five personality traits
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
- Schizotypy
References
- ↑ Ortega, Lourdes (4 February 2014). Understanding second language acquisition. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-4441-1705-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=30bKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193.
- ↑ Brown, Jennifer M.; Horvath, Miranda A. H. (9 December 2021). The Cambridge handbook of forensic psychology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-86280-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=_UhQEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA2013.
- ↑ Maragakis, Alexandros (3 November 2020). "Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised". in Carducci, Bernardo J.. The Wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences, measurement and assessment. 2. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-119-05751-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=8P0GEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zuckerman, Marvin; Michael Kuhlman, D.; Thornquist, Mary; Kiers, Henk (1991). "Five (or three) robust questionnaire scale factors of personality without culture". Personality and Individual Differences 12 (9): 929. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90182-B.
- ↑ Eysenck, Hans J. (1993). "Creativity and Personality: Suggestions for a Theory". Psychological Inquiry 4 (3): 147–178. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0403_1. ISSN 1047-840X.
- ↑ Costa, Paul T.; McCrae, Robert R. (1992). "Four ways five factors are basic". Personality and Individual Differences 13 (6): 653. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I.
- ↑ Lester, D.(1989) Neurotransmitter bases for Eysenck's theory of personality. Psychological Reports, 64, (1) 189–190
Further reading
- Eysenck, Hans Jurgen; Eysenck, Sybil Bianca Giuletta (1976). Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-20919-6. OCLC 3214837. Republished as Eysenck, Hans Jurgen; Eysenck, Sybil Bianca Giuletta (1976). Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. New York City: Crane, Russak, & Company. ISBN 978-0-8448-1016-4. https://archive.org/details/psychoticismasdi0000eyse_x2z8.
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