Social:YIMBY movement

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Short description: Pro-housing movement


The YIMBY movement (short for "yes in my back yard") is a pro-housing development movement in contrast and opposition to the NIMBY ("not in my back yard") phenomenon.[1] The YIMBY position supports increasing the supply of housing within cities where housing costs have escalated to unaffordable levels.[2] YIMBYs often seek rezoning that would allow denser housing to be produced or the repurposing of obsolete buildings, such as shopping malls, into housing.[3][4][5] Some YIMBYs have also supported public-interest projects like clean energy or alternative transport.[6][7][8][9]

The YIMBY movement has supporters across the political spectrum, including left-leaning adherents who believe housing production is a social justice issue, free-market libertarian proponents who think the supply of housing should not be regulated by the government, and environmentalists who believe land use reform will slow down exurban development into natural areas.[10] YIMBYs argue cities can be made increasingly affordable and accessible by building more infill housing,[11][12][13]:1 and that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by denser cities.[14]

History

A 1993 essay published in the Journal of the American Planning Association entitled "Planners' Alchemy, Transforming NIMBY to YIMBY: Rethinking NIMBY" used 'YIMBY' in general reference to development, not only housing development.[15]

The pro-housing YIMBY position emerged in regions experiencing unaffordable housing prices. The Guardian and Raidió Teilifís Éireann say this movement began in the San Francisco Bay area in the 2010s due to high housing costs created as a result of the local technology industry adding many more jobs to the region than the number of housing units constructed in the same time span.[16][17]

Political spectrum

The debate over YIMBY policies does not follow the usual political lines with YIMBYs activists often aligning from all over the political spectrum.[18]

Conversely, because "NIMBY" is often used as a pejorative,[19] self-identified NIMBYs are rare, but opposition to YIMBY policies comes from some progressives,[20][21] right-wing figures like Donald Trump[22] and Tucker Carlson,[23] historical preservationists, local power brokers,[24] and homeowners concerned about their property values,[25] and renter advocates concerned about resident displacement and gentrification who disagree with the view among progressive housing economists that displacement is caused by lack of enough housing.[26][27]

Evidence from California suggests that support for development is often higher when the development is less local. For example, a statewide upzoning bill will have more popular support statewide than a new apartment building will have from the immediate neighbors.[28] This can vary by state. While the national Sierra Club is in favor of infill development, local Sierra Club chapters in California oppose making development easier in their own cities.[29] A 2019 poll conducted by Lake Reach Partners for California YIMBY found that support for more infill development is higher among renters, Democrats, and Black people, though it enjoys majority support among all groups in California.[30]

Opposition to market-rate housing has been referred to as "PHIMBY",[31] for "public housing in my backyard". Similarly, requiring a very high inclusionary (i.e., subsidized) percentage for new construction can result in less housing development, as subsidized homes are often more expensive to build than market-rate ones.[32]

The origins of the modern YIMBY movement are separate from existing tenants' rights groups,[33] which are suspicious of their association with young, white technology workers[34] and may be wary of disrupting the status quo, which allows incumbent groups to use discretionary planning processes to negotiate for benefits while slowing development in general.[24][35] Some have raised concerns about high vacancy rates, citing high vacancy rates even in high-demand cities as a sign that increasing market-rate housing will not improve affordability.[36] There are also concerns that new housing in an expensive city draws more migration than it houses, and will actually worsen the housing crisis via induced demand.[37][38] These beliefs are considered by economists to be a form of "supply skepticism".

Academic research

Academic research has yielded some generalizable results on the effects of upzoning, the root causes of unaffordability, and the most efficacious policy prescriptions to help low-income workers in prosperous cities.

Housing supply and prices

Studies show that strict land use regulations reduce housing supply and raise the price of houses and land.[39][40][41]

Research into the granular effects of additional housing supply show that new housing units in hot markets do not increase nearby rents: the effect on demand pressure is greater than the amenity effect. This has been observed in New York City,[42] in San Francisco,[43] in Helsinki,[44] and across multiple cities.[45] Additionally, in California, new market-rate housing reduced displacement and slowed rises in rent.[46]

Upzoning (rezoning for more housing) in the absence of additional housing production appeared to raise prices in Chicago,[47] though the author disputed that this could lead to general conclusions about the affordability effects of upzoning.[48]

Another study published in Urban Studies in 2006 observed price trends within Canadian cities and noted very slow price drops for older housing over a period of decades; the author concluded that newly constructed housing would not become affordable in the near future, meaning that filtering was not a viable method for producing affordable housing, especially in the most expensive cities.[49]

Affordability and homelessness

The change in rent is inversely proportional to vacancy rates in a city, which are related to the demand for housing and the rate of construction.[50] Homelessness rates are correlated with higher rents, with an inflection point where the median rent passes thirty percent of the median income.[51]

Racial segregation

Research shows that strict land use regulations contribute to racial housing segregation in the United States.[52][53] Surveys have shown that white communities are more likely to have strict land use regulations and whites are more likely to support those regulations.[52]

Economy

A 2019 study by Chang-Tai Hsieh and Enrico Moretti in the American Economic Journal found that liberalization of land use regulations would lead to enormous productivity gains. The study estimated that strict land use regulations "lowered aggregate US growth by 36 percent from 1964 to 2009."[54][55][56]

Regional YIMBY Movements

Canada

In Toronto, a self-styled YIMBY movement was established in 2006 by community members in response to significant development proposals in the West Queen West area, and a YIMBY festival, launched the same year, has been held annually since.[57][58] The festival's organizer stated that "YIMBYism is a community mindset that's open to change and development."[58] An advocacy group called HousingNowTO fights to maximize the number of homes when the government builds housing.[59][60] Another group, More Neighbours Toronto (MNTO), advocates for policy changes to increase the housing supply.[61]

In Vancouver , Abundant Housing Vancouver was formed in 2016 to support more housing.[62][63] In Ottawa, Make Housing Affordable was formed in 2021 to advocate for YIMBY policies.

Slovakia

In 2014, the blog YIMBY Bratislava was created as a response to rising aversion to development in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. The blog informs about development in the city, promotes it, but also criticizes it. In 2018 it was renamed to YIM.BA — Yes In My Bratislava.[64] It is a private blog of one author with the fan group of its readers and fans on Facebook.

Sweden

Yimby is an independent political party network founded in Stockholm in 2007, which advocates physical development, densification and promotion of urban environment with chapters in Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Uppsala.[65][citation needed] The group believes that the PBL (Plans and Constructions Act, from 1987) is a major impediment to any new construction, and should be eliminated or dramatically reformed.[66]

United Kingdom

London YIMBY was set up in 2016, publishing its first report with the Adam Smith Institute in 2017[67] which received national press coverage.[68] Its members advocate a policy termed 'Better Streets'. This proposal would allow residents of individual streets to vote by a two-thirds majority to pick a design code and allow extensions or replacement buildings of up to five or six stories, allowing suburban homes to be gradually replaced by mansion blocks. This flagship policy has achieved a degree of recognition, being endorsed by former Liberal Democrat MP Sam Gyimah[69] and the, former, leader of the House of Commons Jacob Rees-Mogg.[70]

Other YIMBY groups have been set up in individual London boroughs and in cities suffering similar housing shortages, such as Brighton, Bristol and Edinburgh.

Members of the British YIMBY movement have been critical of established planning organisations such as the Town and Country Planning Association and the Campaign to Protect Rural England, accusing them of pursuing policies that worsen Britain's housing shortage.[71][72]

United States

California

The YIMBY movement has been particularly strong in California, a state experiencing a substantial housing shortage crisis.[73] Since 2017, YIMBY groups in California have pressured California state and its localities to pass laws to expedite housing construction, follow their own zoning laws, and reduce the stringency of zoning regulations.[73] YIMBY activists have also been active in helping to enforce state law on housing by bringing law-breaking cities to the attention of authorities.[74]

Since 2014, in response to California's housing affordability crisis, several YIMBY groups were created in the San Francisco Bay Area.[75][76] These groups have lobbied both locally and at the state level for increased housing production at all price levels, as well as using California's Housing Accountability Act (the "anti-NIMBY law")[75]:1 [76]:1 to sue cities when they attempt to block or downsize housing development.[75] The New York Times explained about one organization: "Members want San Francisco and its suburbs to build more of every kind of housing. More subsidized affordable housing, more market-rate rentals, more high-end condominiums."[76]

In 2017, YIMBY groups successfully lobbied for the passage of Senate Bill 35 (SB 35), which streamlines housing under certain criteria, among other "housing package" of bills.[77]

From 2018 to 2020, the lobbying group California YIMBY joined over 100 Bay Area technology industry executives in supporting state senator Scott Wiener's Senate Bills 827 and 50. The bills failed in the state senate after multiple attempts at passage.[78]:1[79]:1[80] California YIMBY received $100,000 from Yelp CEO Jeremy Stoppelman, $1 million from Irish entrepreneurs John and Patrick Collison through their company, Stripe, and $500,000 raised by Pantheon Systems CEO Zach Rosen and GitHub CEO Nat Friedman.[81][82]

YIMBY groups in California have supported the split roll effort to eliminate Proposition 13 protections for commercial properties, and supported the ballot measure known as Proposition 15, which would implement this change but failed to pass in 2020. This change would have potentially incentivized local governments to approve commercial property development (for its attendant business, payroll, sales and property tax revenue) over residential development, while providing a significant new source of funding for localities, mostly earmarked for education.[83]

Massachusetts

Since 2012, several YIMBY groups were established in the greater Boston area.[84][85][86] One group argues that "...more smart housing development is the only way to retain a middle class in pricey cities like Boston and Cambridge."[87]

New York

Several YIMBY groups, chiefly Open New York, have been created in New York City; according to an organizer: "In high-opportunity areas where people actually really want to live, the well-heeled, mostly white residents are able to use their perceived political power to stop the construction of basically anything," adding that low-income communities don't share that ability to keep development at bay: "Philosophically, we think that the disproportionate share of the burden of growth has been borne by low income, minority or industrial neighborhoods for far too long."[88].

In 2011, a news website called `New York YIMBY` was created that focuses on construction trends in New York City .[89] While this news website is not strictly related to YIMBY political movement, in an interview with Politico, the creator of the site stated: "Zoning is the problem, not development in this city. I think people don't really understand that."[90]

International

In September 2018, the third annual Yes In My Backyard conference, named "YIMBYTown" occurred in Boston, hosted by that area's YIMBY community.[91] The first YIMBY conference was held in 2016 in Boulder, Colorado[92] and hosted by a group that included Boulder's former mayor, who commented that: "It is clearer than ever that if we really care about solving big national issues like inequality and climate change, tackling the lack of housing in thriving urban areas, caused largely by local zoning restrictions, is key."[93] The second annual conference was held in the San Francisco Bay Area city of Oakland, California.[94] These conferences have attracted attendees from the United States, as well as some from Canada, England, Australia, and other countries.[95][13]

List of North American YIMBY organizations

Name Area
5th Square[96] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
A Better Cambridge[97] Cambridge, Massachusetts
Abundant Housing LA[77] Greater Los Angeles
Abundant Housing Massachusetts[98] Massachusetts
Abundant Housing Vancouver[62][63] Vancouver
AURA[99][100] Austin, Texas
Bend YIMBY[101] Bend, Oregon
California Renters Legal Advocacy and Education Fund (CaRLA)[101] California
California YIMBY[78] California
East Bay for Everyone[101] San Francisco East Bay
East Bay YIMBY[101] San Francisco East Bay
Greater Greater Washington[101] Washington metropolitan area
Greenbelt Alliance San Francisco Bay Area
Grow the Richmond[101] Richmond District, San Francisco
Legal Towns Foundation New Jersey
Open New York[102] New York City
More Neighbors Dallas Dallas, Texas
More Neighbours Toronto Toronto
Neighbors for More Neighbors[101] Minneapolis
People for Housing Orange County[101] Orange County, California
Peninsula for Everyone[101] San Francisco Peninsula
Portland for Everyone[101] Portland, Oregon
Santa Cruz YIMBY Santa Cruz, California
SF YIMBY[101] San Francisco
Sightline Institute[101] Pacific Northwest
Somerville YIMBY[103] Somerville, Massachusetts
Sustainable Growth Yolo Yolo County, California
SV@Home[101] Santa Clara County, California
Up for Growth[101] United States
YIMBY Action[101][102] United States
YIMBY Democrats of San Diego County[101] San Diego County, California
YIMBY Denver[104] Denver
YIMBY Durham[101] Durham, North Carolina
YIMBY Law[101] California
YIMBYs of Northern Virginia Northern Virginia

See also

References

  1. ↑ Semuels, Alana (5 July 2017). "From 'Not in My Backyard' to 'Yes in My Backyard'". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/07/yimby-groups-pro-development/532437/. Retrieved 5 July 2017. "Out of a desire for more-equitable housing policy, some city dwellers have started allying with developers instead of opposing them.". 
  2. ↑ Einstein, Katherine Levine; Glick, David M.; Palmer, Maxwell (2019) (in en). Gentrification, Affordable Housing, and Housing Reform. pp. 146–147. doi:10.1017/9781108769495.007. ISBN 9781108769495. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/neighborhood-defenders/gentrification-affordable-housing-and-housing-reform/277E45BE0AEA2F60B6D709AE881C4254. Retrieved 2020-06-19. 
  3. ↑ Kendall, Marissa (25 June 2019). "'YIMBY neo-liberal fascists' comment, perceived threats spark backlash against Cupertino planning commissioner". The Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/06/25/yimby-neo-liberal-fascists-comment-perceived-threats-spark-backlash-against-local-planning-commissioner/. 
  4. ↑ Ramos, Dante (2018-01-14). "Go on, California — blow up your lousy zoning laws". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/01/14/california-blow-your-lousy-zoning-laws/AcT0vOJCdArOJp3cBH9zmJ/story.html. 
  5. ↑ Bliss, Laura (2019-07-02). "Oregon's Single-Family Zoning Ban Was a 'Long Time Coming'". CityLab (Bloomberg). https://www.citylab.com/equity/2019/07/oregon-single-family-zoning-reform-yimby-affordable-housing/593137/. Retrieved 2022-02-08. 
  6. ↑ Bateman, Chris (2015-09-09). "YIMBY Festival brings together Toronto's city-builders". Toronto Metro. http://www.metronews.ca/news/toronto/2015/09/09/yimby-festival-coming-to-toronto.html. 
  7. ↑ Kuntz, Tom (2009-08-17). "From Liberal NIMBY to Green YIMBY". The New York Times. https://ideas.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/17/from-liberal-nimby-to-green-yimby/. ""There's a growing recognition that opposition to growth — in Berkeley and Oakland, for example — contributed to environmentally unfriendly suburban and exurban sprawl, and that "infill development" — dense urban housing near mass transit — is now the way to go."" 
  8. ↑ McCormick, Erin (2017-10-02). "Rise of the yimbys: the angry millennials with a radical housing solution". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/02/rise-of-the-yimbys-angry-millennials-radical-housing-solution. ""The cause of our current shortage is 100% political," wrote Trauss in 2015, in an internet post that helped her build an army of followers to speak at public hearings, send letters and drum up support for housing on the internet."" 
  9. ↑ McKibben, Bill (May 2023). "Yes in Our Backyards: It's time progressives like me learned to love the green building boom". Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2023/04/yimby-nimby-progressives-clean-energy-infrastructure-housing-development-wind-solar-bill-mckibben/. "Transmission lines have to cross fields; railroad tracks need to be built through rights of way. Some NIMBY passion will need to be replaced by some YIMBY enthusiasm—or at least some acquiescence." 
  10. ↑ "YIMBYs and Environmentalists Team Up at Last" (in en). https://www.planetizen.com/blogs/122216-yimbys-and-environmentalists-team-last. 
  11. ↑ Barnett, Erica (2016-11-01). "Meet the YIMBYs, Seattleites in Support of Housing Density - A new movement is saying yes to urban density in all its forms". Seattle Magazine. http://seattlemag.com/meet-yimbys-seattleites-support-housing-density. "Although they span the political spectrum, from far left social-justice activists to hard-core libertarian free marketeers, YIMBYs generally agree that cities should be accessible and affordable for everyone, whether they own a million-dollar mansion or rent a $900-a-month studio, and whether they work as a barista or just moved to Seattle for a new job at Amazon." 
  12. ↑ Beyer, Scott (2017-03-01). "Build, Baby, Build: A New Housing Movement's Unofficial Motto". Governing. http://www.governing.com/columns/urban-notebook/gov-housing-yimby.html. Retrieved 2018-07-05. "And its prescriptions vary thanks to the different groups that inevitably come together under its banner, such as construction industry people seeking deregulation aligning with social justice advocates who want tenant protections and affordability set-asides. Despite their different backgrounds, YIMBYs, who tend to be young and lean liberal, unify around the broad idea of adding more housing.". 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Stephens, Josh (2016-06-21). ""YIMBY" Movement Heats Up in Boulder". Next City. https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/who-are-yimby-first-meeting-boulder. 
  14. ↑ Boraks, David (2019-09-19). "YIMBYs say yes to urban density and affordable housing". The Charlotte Observer. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article235260797.html. 
  15. ↑ Lake, Robert W. (Winter 1993). "Planners' Alchemy Transforming NIMBY to YIMBY: Rethinking NIMBY". Journal of the American Planning Association 59 (1): 87–93. doi:10.1080/01944369308975847. 
  16. ↑ McCormick, Erin (October 2, 2017). "Rise of the yimbys: the angry millennials with a radical housing solution". The Guardian (San Francisco). https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/02/rise-of-the-yimbys-angry-millennials-radical-housing-solution. 
  17. ↑ Whelan, Sean (2021-02-25). "Yimby movement aims to solve housing woes in London" (in en). RTÉ. https://www.rte.ie/news/uk/2021/0225/1199455-yimby-movement/. 
  18. ↑ Schuetz, Cassidy Pearson and Jenny (31 March 2022). "Where pro-housing groups are emerging". https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2022/03/31/where-pro-housing-groups-are-emerging/. 
  19. ↑ You can't park here: it's my retreat, says ‘Nimby’ Clooney (The Times)
  20. ↑ Grabar, Henry (28 June 2017). "San Francisco's Civil War". Slate. https://slate.com/business/2017/06/yimbys-and-the-dsa-cant-get-along-despite-their-common-enemy-high-rent.html. 
  21. ↑ Jedeed, Laura (2021-09-19). "YIMBY Movement Is Not the Answer to Housing Crisis, Grassroots Activists Say" (in en-US). https://truthout.org/articles/yimby-movement-is-not-the-answer-to-housing-crisis-grassroots-activists-say/. 
  22. ↑ Trump, Donald J.; Carson, Ben (2020-08-16). "We'll Protect America's Suburbs". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/well-protect-americas-suburbs-11597608133. 
  23. ↑ Carlson, Tucker (2021-06-29). "Tucker Carlson: Abolishing the suburbs is major part of Biden administration's infrastructure plan". https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/tucker-carlson-abolishing-suburbs-biden-infrastructure. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Grabar, Henry (2021-05-13). "Everyone Agrees California's Parking Laws Are Bad for Cities. So Why Do Planners Like Them?". Slate. https://slate.com/business/2021/05/california-parking-minumums-planners-housing-ab1401.html. 
  25. ↑ Fang, Limin; Stewart, Nathan; Tyndall, Justin (2023-11-01). "Homeowner politics and housing supply". Journal of Urban Economics 138: 103608. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2023.103608. ISSN 0094-1190. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119023000785. 
  26. ↑ Zuk, Miriam (2016-05-01). "Housing Production, Filtering and Displacement: Untangling the Relationships". UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies. https://escholarship.org/content/qt7bx938fx/qt7bx938fx.pdf?t=o83746&v=lg. 
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  28. ↑ Dougherty 2020, chapter 2.
  29. ↑ Perigo, Sasha (2020-02-06). "Why does the Sierra Club oppose affordable housing?". https://sf.curbed.com/2020/2/6/21122825/affordable-housing-homes-sierra-club-moss-beach. 
  30. ↑ "New Poll Shows Two Thirds of California Voters Support SB 50, the More HOMES Act". California YIMBY (Press release). Sacramento. 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  31. ↑ Matthew, Zoie (2019-04-01). "You've Heard of NIMBYs—but Who Are the PHIMBYs?". https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/who-are-the-phimbys/. 
  32. ↑ Dillon, Liam; Poston, Ben; Barajas, Julia (2020-04-09). "Affordable housing can cost $1 million in California. Coronavirus could make it worse". https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing/story/2020-04-09/california-low-income-housing-expensive-apartment-coronavirus. 
  33. ↑ Grabar, Henry (2017-06-28). "The Only Thing San Francisco Tenant Activists Hate More Than High Rent Is Each Other". https://slate.com/business/2017/06/yimbys-and-the-dsa-cant-get-along-despite-their-common-enemy-high-rent.html. 
  34. ↑ Hart, Angela (2017-07-17). "'Yes in my backyard.' Silicon Valley money fuels fight against state's housing crisis". Sacramento Bee. https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article161525828.html. 
  35. ↑ Britschgi, Christian (2018-06-27). "San Francisco Delays Building 4 Years in the Making Because New Apartments Will Cast Shadows?!". Reason. https://reason.com/2018/06/27/developer-of-historic-laundromat-in-san/. Retrieved 2021-12-31. 
  36. ↑ Baskin, Morgan (2020-12-14). "Luxury Ghost Towns" (in en-US). Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. https://slate.com/business/2020/12/cities-luxury-apartments-condos-pandemic.html. 
  37. ↑ Badger, Emily (2020-02-14). "A Luxury Apartment Rises in a Poor Neighborhood. What Happens Next?" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/upshot/luxury-apartments-poor-neighborhoods.html. 
  38. ↑ "Housing Costs More Than a Matter of Supply and Demand" (in en). https://www.planetizen.com/news/2020/05/109315-housing-costs-more-matter-supply-and-demand. 
  39. ↑ Tan, Ya; Wang, Zhi; Zhang, Qinghua (2020-01-01). "Land-use regulation and the intensive margin of housing supply" (in en). Journal of Urban Economics. Cities in China 115: 103199. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2019.103199. ISSN 0094-1190. 
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  41. ↑ Kok, Nils; Monkkonen, Paavo; Quigley, John M. (2014-05-01). "Land use regulations and the value of land and housing: An intra-metropolitan analysis" (in en). Journal of Urban Economics 81: 136–148. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2014.03.004. ISSN 0094-1190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119014000278. 
  42. ↑ Li, Xiaodi (2021-09-02). "Do new housing units in your backyard raise your rents?". Journal of Economic Geography (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 22 (6): 1309–1352. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbab034. ISSN 1468-2702. https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/7fc2bf_ee1737c3c9d4468881bf1434814a6f8f.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Template:Cite SSRN
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  45. ↑ Asquith, Brian J.; Mast, Evan; Reed, Davin (2021-05-06). "Local Effects of Large New Apartment Buildings in Low-Income Areas". The Review of Economics and Statistics (MIT Press - Journals) 105 (2): 359–375. doi:10.1162/rest_a_01055. ISSN 0034-6535. 
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  47. ↑ Freemark, Yonah (2019-01-29). "Upzoning Chicago: Impacts of a Zoning Reform on Property Values and Housing Construction". Urban Affairs Review (SAGE Publications) 56 (3): 758–789. doi:10.1177/1078087418824672. ISSN 1078-0874. 
  48. ↑ Freemark, Yonah (2019-05-22). "Housing Arguments Over SB 50 Distort My Upzoning Study. Here's How to Get Zoning Changes Right". The Frisc. https://thefrisc.com/housing-arguments-over-sb-50-distort-my-upzoning-study-heres-how-to-get-zoning-changes-right-40daf85b74dc. 
  49. ↑ Skaburskis, Andrejs (2006-03-01). "Filtering, City Change and the Supply of Low-priced Housing in Canada". Urban Studies 43 (3): 533–558. doi:10.1080/00420980500533612. 
  50. ↑ Glaeser, Edward; Gyourko, Joseph (2018-02-01). "The Economic Implications of Housing Supply". Journal of Economic Perspectives (American Economic Association) 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1257/jep.32.1.3. ISSN 0895-3309. 
  51. ↑ Glynn, Chris; Byrne, Thomas H.; Culhane, Dennis P. (2021-06-01). "Inflection points in community-level homeless rates". The Annals of Applied Statistics (Institute of Mathematical Statistics) 15 (2). doi:10.1214/20-aoas1414. ISSN 1932-6157. https://g-lynn.github.io/files/GlynnByrneCulhane_2019+.pdf. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Trounstine, Jessica (2020). "The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation" (in en). American Political Science Review 114 (2): 443–455. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000844. ISSN 0003-0554. 
  53. ↑ Trounstine, Jessica (2018) (in en). Segregation by Design: Local Politics and Inequality in American Cities. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108555722. ISBN 9781108555722. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/segregation-by-design/9CEF629688C0C684EDC387407F5878F2. Retrieved 2020-06-16. 
  54. ↑ Hsieh, Chang-Tai; Moretti, Enrico (2019). "Housing Constraints and Spatial Misallocation" (in en). American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11 (2): 1–39. doi:10.1257/mac.20170388. ISSN 1945-7707. 
  55. ↑ Florida, Richard (2019-05-23). "How Housing Supply Became the Most Controversial Issue in Urbanism". Citylab (Bloomberg). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/why-urbanists-are-arguing-about-housing-supply. 
  56. ↑ Caplan, Bryan (2021-04-05). "Hsieh-Moretti on Housing Regulation: A Gracious Admission of Error". https://www.econlib.org/a-correction-on-housing-regulation/. 
  57. ↑ "About – yimby". http://www.yimbytoronto.org/about. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 De Franco, Luca (2010-11-12). "Head Space: Christina Zeidler, YIMBY festival organizer". Spacing. http://spacing.ca/toronto/2010/11/12/head-space-christina-zeidler-yimby-festival-organizer/. Retrieved 2018-06-26. 
  59. ↑ LeBlanc, Dave (2020-09-03). "Toronto advocacy group fights for more rental units at city-owned 'lazy land'". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/real-estate/toronto/article-toronto-advocacy-group-fights-for-more-rental-units-at-city-owned/. 
  60. ↑ Pelley, Lauren (2020-02-12). "As city aims to expand Housing Now program, advocates call for more 'aggressive' affordability". CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/as-city-aims-to-expand-housing-now-program-advocates-call-for-more-aggressive-affordability-1.5458199. 
  61. ↑ Chong, Joshua (2022-02-14). "In a city of NIMBYs, this community group has made it a mission to say 'yes in my backyard'". Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2022/02/14/in-a-city-of-nimbys-this-community-group-has-made-it-a-mission-to-say-yes-in-my-backyard.html. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Macaulay, Lauren (2017-03-30). "A Home for Tomorrow? The Rise of YIMBY". https://www.ibigroup.com/ibi-insights/home-tomorrow-rise-yimby/. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Altstedter, Ari (2021-12-21). "Angry NIMBYs are making Canada's housing shortage worse with campaigns to block developments". Bloomberg News. https://financialpost.com/real-estate/angry-neighbors-block-housing-that-canadas-cities-badly-need. 
  64. ↑ "Prečo YIM.BA" (in Slovak). https://www.yimba.sk/preco-yimba. 
  65. ↑ Ranen, Kaj (2014-10-06). "Europe's Most Successful Economy Is Way Too Good to Be True". Next City. https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/sweden-europes-most-successful-economy-too-good-to-be-true. "...Gustav Svärd, spokesperson for the progressive urban network YIMBY, which has more than 6,000 members. ... Gustav Svärd agrees that Stockholm has many positive things going on, and has witnessed a dramatic change among politicians since YIMBY was founded in 2007." 
  66. ↑ Ranen, Kaj (2014-10-06). "Europe's Most Successful Economy Is Way Too Good to Be True". Next City. https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/sweden-europes-most-successful-economy-too-good-to-be-true. ""Svärd wants to completely rethink the PBL structure. "The PBL was basically shaped to prevent new developments, and it makes it virtually impossible to create truly connected urban fabrics. We need to transform, or abolish, the PBL and create real urban plans for larger areas. At the moment, every single house has to go through a massive process of bureaucracy and appeals."" 
  67. ↑ "London Yimby 2017 report". Adam Smith Institute. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56eddde762cd9413e151ac92/t/598c03c5be6594815d7741c5/1502348236073/John+Myers+-+YIMBY+-+Final.pdf. 
  68. ↑ Myers, John (2017-08-11). "Forget nimbys. Yimby housing policy can transform the UK – with the political will". the Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/housing-shortage-nimbys-yes-in-my-backyard-yimby. 
  69. ↑ "If the Tories really want to provide more homes, here's what they need to do". The Daily Telegraph. 2019-07-07. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/07/07/tories-really-want-provide-homes-need-do/. 
  70. ↑ Raising the Roof: How to solve the UK's housing crisis. Do Sustainability. 2019. ISBN 978-0-255-36783-7. https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Raising-the-Roof-FULL-Interactive.pdf. 
  71. ↑ Watling, Sam; Bhandari, Bishal (2019-07-30). "Which four-letter acronym is worse for the housing crisis – the CPRE or the TCPA?". https://www.citymetric.com/fabric/which-four-letter-acronym-worse-housing-crisis-cpre-or-tcpa-4719. 
  72. ↑ Watling, Sam; Bhandari, Bishal (2019-04-12). "When did the CPRE start hating houses?". https://www.citymetric.com/fabric/when-did-cpre-start-hating-houses-4567. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Mai-Duc, Christine (2022-04-19). "Yimby Movement Goes Mainstream in Response to High Housing Costs" (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/yimby-movement-goes-mainstream-in-response-to-high-housing-costs-11650373200. 
  74. ↑ Tobias, Manuela (2022-04-22). "With more enforcement power than ever, state relies on activists to enforce duplex law" (in en-US). CalMatters. http://calmatters.org/housing/2022/04/california-duplex-housing/. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Murphy, Katy (2017-11-12). "'Homes for human beings': Millennial-driven anti-NIMBY movement is winning with a simple message". San Jose Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/12/homes-for-human-beings-millennial-driven-anti-nimby-movement-is-winning-with-a-simple-message/. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Dougherty, Conor (2016-04-16). "In Cramped and Costly Bay Area, Cries to Build, Baby, Build". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/business/economy/san-francisco-housing-tech-boom-sf-barf.html. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Huang, Josie (August 31, 2017). "Searching for solutions to SoCal's housing crisis, YIMBYs say 'yes' to development". KPCC. https://archive.kpcc.org/news/2017/08/31/75172/la-housing-crisis-yimbys/. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Pender, Kathleen (2018-04-19). "Yelp CEO calls on Google, Facebook to help housing crisis". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/networth/article/Yelp-CEO-calls-on-Google-Facebook-to-help-12849616.php. 
  79. ↑ Kendall, Marisa (2018-05-03). "Stripe gives $1 million to pro-development YIMBY group tackling Bay Area housing shortage". San Jose Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/03/pro-development-yimby-group-scores-1-million-from-stripe-tackle-housing-shortage/. 
  80. ↑ Portantino, Anthony J. (May 16, 2019). "Senator Portantino's Statement on SB 50". Sacramento, California. https://sd25.senate.ca.gov/news/2019-05-16/senator-portantino's-statement-sb-50. 
  81. ↑ Efrati, Amir (2017-07-10). "Tech Leaders Seek Bigger Political Role With Housing Push". https://www.theinformation.com/articles/tech-leaders-seek-bigger-political-role-with-housing-push. 
  82. ↑ "Stripe makes $1 million contribution to California YIMBY in support of lower-cost, high-density housing". 2 May 2018. https://stripe.com/newsroom/news/stripe-donates-to-california-yimby. 
  83. ↑ California Legislative Analyst's Office (2020-11-03). "Proposition 15". Propositions on the November 3, 2020 Ballot. https://lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=15&year=2020. Retrieved 2023-02-03. 
  84. ↑ Logan, Tim (2017-05-04). "Forget 'Not in my backyard,' YIMBY could be the new group on the rise". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2017/05/04/yimbys/ypP9cgU9o7YDGZJzNppwWJ/story.html. 
  85. ↑ Taber, Jake (2016-08-09). "YIMBY - Yes In My Back Yard - Takes a Stand Against Gentrification; Group advocates creating more affordable housing to meet demand for urban living.". Metro.Us/Boston. https://www.metro.us/boston/yimby-yes-in-my-backyard-takes-a-stand-against-gentrification/zsJphh---W8VBUHsSw0akE. 
  86. ↑ Kanson-Benanav, Jesse (2015-09-29). "Guest Column: How to keep Cambridge affordable". Cambridge Chronicle. http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/article/20150929/NEWS/150926026. 
  87. ↑ Logan, Tim (2016-06-24). "Jesse Kanson-Benanav: Community organizing, with a focus on housing". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/06/24/jesse-kanson-benanav-community-organizing-with-focus-housing/EnfbCiNBMmM6582JO4oPZJ/story.html. 
  88. ↑ Raskin, Sam (September 17, 2018). "The YIMBY movement comes to New York City - Open New York, the city's first self-style YIMBY group, advocates for more housing in high-opportunity areas". Curbed. https://ny.curbed.com/2018/9/17/17869546/open-new-york-yimby-rezoning-brooklyn-nimby. 
  89. ↑ Rosenblum, Constance (2014-04-04). "Sure, Build It in My Backyard". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/realestate/sure-build-it-in-my-backyard.html. 
  90. ↑ Prakash, Nidhi (2014-07-29). "Nikolai Fedak, city polemicist". Politico. https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2016/05/nikolai-fedak-city-polemicist-048262. 
  91. ↑ "YIMBYTown". https://yimby.town/. 
  92. ↑ Groover, Heidi (2016-06-17). "The First-Ever YIMBY Conference Is Happening Right Now". The Stranger. https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2016/06/17/24227713/the-first-ever-yimby-conference-is-happening-right-now. 
  93. ↑ McPhate, Mike (2017-07-14). "California Today: A Spreading 'Yimby' Movement". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/us/california-today-yimby-movement.html. 
  94. ↑ Keeling, Brock; Walker, Alissa (2017-07-20). "Can a grassroots movement fix urban housing shortages?". Curbed. https://www.curbed.com/2017/7/20/16005106/oakland-yimby-conference-nimby-san-francisco. 
  95. ↑ Bergthold, Garrett (2017-07-18). "YIMBYs Build Momentum at Conference 2017". Beyond Chron. http://www.beyondchron.org/yimbys-build-momentum-conference-2017/. 
  96. ↑ "Philly YIMBY". https://www.5thsq.org/philly_yimby. 
  97. ↑ Hynek, Julia J.; Kuddar, Kayleigh M. (2022-02-25). "Advocates Call for New Cambridge City Manager to Prioritize Lowering Housing Costs". The Harvard Crimson. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/2/25/cambridge-city-manager/. 
  98. ↑ Randy Shaw (2022-02-21). "A New Generation of YIMBY Organizers" (in en-US). https://beyondchron.org/a-new-generation-of-yimby-organizers/. 
  99. ↑ Cohen, Josh (2017-08-07). "Can Austin's YIMBY Movement Go From Backyard to Ballot?" (in en). https://nextcity.org/features/austin-yimby-movement-city-hall. 
  100. ↑ "Austin land use code rewrite stalls amid pandemic, lawsuit—but both sides say a solution is possible" (in en). 2020-09-11. https://austonia.com/austin-land-use-code-rewrite. 
  101. ↑ 101.00 101.01 101.02 101.03 101.04 101.05 101.06 101.07 101.08 101.09 101.10 101.11 101.12 101.13 101.14 101.15 101.16 101.17 "Appendix A". https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Appendix-data.xlsx. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Pearson, Cassidy; Schuetz, Jenny (2022-03-31). "Where pro-housing groups are emerging" (in en-US). https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2022/03/31/where-pro-housing-groups-are-emerging/. 
  103. ↑ "Somerville YIMBY". https://somervilleyimby.org. 
  104. ↑ Kenney, Andrew (2022-02-08). "Colorado could ban 'slow-growth' policies as GOP and liberals team up at the statehouse". CPR News. https://www.cpr.org/2022/02/08/colorado-could-ban-slow-growth-policies-as-gop-and-liberals-team-up-at-the-statehouse/. 

Further reading

  • Dougherty, Conor (2020). Golden gates: fighting for housing in America. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-525-56021-0. OCLC 1119743965. 
  • Brouwer, N. R.; Trounstine, Jessica (2024). "NIMBYs, YIMBYs, and the Politics of Land Use in American Cities". Annual Review of Political Science. 27 (1). doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-041133. ISSN 1094-2939.
  • Einstein, Katherine; Glick, David M.; Palmer, Maxwell (2020). Neighborhood defenders: participatory politics and America's housing crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-47727-7. OCLC 1111638842. 

External links



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