Weights and Measures Acts (UK)

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The informal public imperial measurement standards erected at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London, in the 19th century: 1 British yard, 2 feet, 1 foot, 6 inches, and 3 inches. The inexact monument was designed to permit rods of the correct measure to fit snugly into its pins at an ambient temperature of 62°F (16​2⁄3°C).[1][2]
Bronze Yard №11, the official standard of length for the United States between 1855 and 1892, when the Treasury Department formally adopted a metric standard. Bronze Yard №11 was forged to be an exact copy of the British Imperial Standard Yard, which was ruined in 1834 during the Burning of Parliament. Both were line standards: the yard was defined by the distance at 62°F between two fine lines drawn on gold plugs (closeup, top) installed in recesses near each end of the bar.
A helium–neon laser at the Kastler-Brossel Laboratory at Univ. Paris 6. Britain's metric and imperial units of length and volume are now all ultimately derived from measurements of the speed of light in a vacuum.
Britain's units of mass are derived from national standards periodically reverified against the platinum and iridium International Prototype Kilogram stored beneath two bell jars in a basement vault at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures's headquarters at Pavillon de Breteuil in Paris. A display replica shown at Paris's Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie shown here.

Weights and measures acts are acts of the British Parliament determining the regulation of weights and measures. It also refers to similar royal and parliamentary acts of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland and the medieval Welsh states. The earliest of these were originally untitled but were given descriptive glosses or titles based upon the monarch under whose reign they were promulgated. Several omnibus modern acts are entitled the Weights and Measures Act and are distinguished by the year of their enactment.

There have been many laws concerned with weights and measures in the United Kingdom or parts of it over the last 1000 or so years. The acts may catalogue lawful weights and measures, prescribe the mechanism for inspection and enforcement of the use of such weights and measures and may set out circumstances under which they may be amended. Modern legislation may, in addition to specific requirements, set out circumstances under which the incumbent minister may amend the legislation by means of statutory instruments. Prior to the Weights and Measures Act 1985, weights and measures acts were only concerned with trade law where the weight or size of the goods being traded was important. The 1985 act, however, had a broader scope, encompassing all aspects covered by the European Economic Community (EEC) European Commission directive 80/181/EEC.

As of 25 April 2012, the current primary legislation in the United Kingdom is the 1985 Act, which was last amended by statutory instrument in 2011.[3] Statutory instruments made under the authority of the Act do not amend the Act per se, but regulate particular areas covered by the Act.[4]

The Act is currently enforced by the 200 Trading Standards Offices managed by local authorities around the country. Definitions of units of measurements and the technical equipment relating to weights and measures are provided by the National Measurement Office, an agency of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.

Metric units of measure

The Weights and Measures Act 1897 made the provision that metric units could be used in addition to the traditional imperial units for purposes of trade.[5][6] In practice, the actual choice of units was restricted by price marking orders which listed packaging sizes and pricing structures that might be used in specific circumstances. For example, as of April 2012, wine for consumption on premises may only be sold in 125, 175, and 250 mL glasses while draught beer may only be sold in ​1⁄3, ​1⁄2, ​2⁄3 and one pint glasses. Prior to 1973, when the United Kingdom joined the EEC, such specifications were almost all in imperial units.

As part of its attempt to harmonise units of measure between the member states of its Internal Market, the European Commission (EC) issued directive 80/181/EEC which set out the units of measure that should be used for what it called "economic, public health, public safety, and administrative" purposes. To comply with this directive, the Weights and Measures Act 1985 extended the scope of Trading Standards responsibilities from just matters related to trade to all aspects of the directive. For example, it was the Trading Standards Office that criticised the use of sub-standard weighing machines in NHS hospitals.[7]

To help ease the EC's desired transition from sole use of imperial units to sole use of metric units, the directive permitted the use of what were termed "supplementary indicators"—the continued use of imperial units alongside the metric units catalogued by the directive (dual labelling). The initial intention was to prohibit dual labelling after the end of 1989, with metric units only being allowed after that date. This deadline was later extended: first to the end of 1999, then to the end of 2009. Finally, in 2007, the European Union (EU, as it had become) and the EC, confirmed that the UK would be permitted to continue indefinitely to use imperial units such as pints, miles, pounds and ounces as at present.[8] The Gloucestershire County Council Trading Standards Department confirmed the EU ruling that the previous deadline for ending dual labelling had been abolished.[9]

Modern British road sign showing restricted height in both metric and imperial.

As of 24 April 2012, there are still a few cases where imperial units are required to be used and where metric units are optional within the scope of the Weights and Measures Act. These are: the pint for the sale of draught beer and cider and of milk in returnable containers; miles and yards for road signs and distances; and troy ounces for the sale of precious metals. In addition, British law specifies which non-metric units may be used with dual labelling (for example the imperial gallon, but not the US gallon).[10] Since March 2015, all new roadsigns showing height and width restrictions have to be labeled in both imperial and metric, although the old ones with imperial only may remain until they need replacing.

England

Acts of the Witenagemot

Numerous acts of the Saxon kings are known to have been lost. Those that have survived include:

10th century

2 Edgar c. 8 (959 x 963):[11]

be mynetum and ᵹemetum. of money and measures.
And ᵹanᵹe án mẏnet ofer ealne þæs cẏniᵹes anƿeald⋅ ⁊ þone nan man ne forsace⋅ ⁊ ᵹanᵹe án ᵹemet ⁊ án ᵹeƿihte⋅ sƿilce man on Lunden-bẏriᵹ ⁊ on Ƿintan-ceastre healde⋅ ⁊ ᵹa seo ƿæᵹe ƿulle to ⋅cxx⋅ p̃. ⁊ nan man hiᵹ undeoror ne sẏlle⋅ ⁊ ᵹif hƿa hi þonne undeoror sẏlle⋅ oþþe eaƿunᵹa oþþe dearnunᵹa⋅ ᵹilde æᵹðer þam cẏnᵹe ⋅xl⋅ scillinᵹá. ᵹe seþe hi sẏlle ᵹe seþe hi bẏcᵹe:⋅ And let one money pass throughout the king's dominion; and that let no man refuse: and let one measure and one weight pass; such as is observed at London and at Winchester; and let the wey of wool go for 120 pence; and let no man sell it cheaper; and if any one sell it cheaper, either publicly or privately, let each pay 40 shillings to the king, both him who sells it, and him who buys it.

The statute also survives in a few other Old English and Latin copies, some which omit mention of London and describe "the measure held at Winchester", an indication that a standard ell or yard was nominally in use:[12][13]

de moneta, et mensura, et pondere. on money, and measure, and weight.
Et sit una moneta per totum regis imperium, et nemo sonet eam; et mensura, sicut apud Wincestriam habetur. Et eat pondus lane pro dimidia libra, et nemo carius vendat eam. And let there be one money through all the king's dominion; and let no man refuse it; and [one] measure, as is held at Winchester. And let the weight of wool go for a half-pound, and no one sell it more dearly.

John Quincy Adams's 1821 report on the history of English weights and measures notes of this act that "it was never observed".[14]

Acts of the Royal Council

11th century

3 William I c. 7 (1068):

De mensuris et ponderibus On measures and weights

12th century

9 Richard I c. 27 (1197):[15]

Assize of Measures It is established that woollen cloths, wherever they be made, be made of the same width, to wit, of two ells within the lists [selvages], and of the same good quality in the middle and at the sides. Also the ell shall be the same in the whole realm and of the same length and the ell shall be of iron.

Acts of Parliament

Statutes of uncertain date

The statutes of uncertain date (Latin: Statuta temporis incerti) are generally dated to the mid-to-late 13th century.[16]

Main page: Assize of Bread and Ale
  • The Assize of Bread and Ale (Assisa Panis et Cervisiae),[17] sometimes dated to 51 Henry III (1258).
Statute I - Section III.
"By the Consent of the whole Realm of England, the measure of our Lord the King was made; that is to say, That the English Peny, called a Sterling, round and without clipping, shall weigh xxxii Wheat Corns in the midst of the Ear, and xx d. do make an Ounce, and xii Ounces one Pound, and Viii Pound do make a Gallon of Wine, and viii Gallons of Wine do make a London Bushel, which is the Eighth Part of a Quarter. Forasmuch as in our Parliament holden at Westminster, in the first Year of our Reign, we have granted that all good Statutes and Ordinances made in Times of our Progenitors aforesaid, and not revoked, shall be still held, we have caused, at the Request of the Bakers of our Town of Coventry, that the Ordinances aforesaid, by tenor of these Presents, shall be exemplified. In Witness whereof, &c. Whitness the King at Westminster, the xxii Day of March."[18]
  • Statutum de Pistoribus, et cetera[19]
The Statute concerning Bakers, et cetera

  • Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris[20]
Also known as the Tractatus de Ponderibus, Compositio de Ponderibus ("The Composition of Weights"), Assisa de Ponderibus et Mensuris ("Assize of Weights and Measures"). It is important to note when reading it that, in the Latin and English text, "hundred" (and the Latin numeral c.) is used for four separate concepts: the Germanic long hundred of 120, the short hundred of 100, several units of either value, and a separate unit (the hundredweight) of 108 pounds.
The form in which it appears in Cotton MS Claudius D2 where it is dated to 31 Edw. I (1303) is:
Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris.

Per Ordinacionem tocius regni Anglie fuit mensura Domini Regis composita videlicet quod denarius qui vocatur sterlingus rotundus & sine tonsura ponderabit triginta duo grana frumenti in medio Spice.

Et uncia ponderabit viginti denarios. Et duodecim uncie faciunt libram London. Et duodecim libre & dimid’ faciunt petram London. Et octo libre frumenti faciunt galonem. Libra continet viginti solidos. Et octo galones faciunt bussellum London. Saccus lane debet ponderare viginti & octo petras & solebat ponderare unam summam frumenti & ponderat sextam partem unius carri de plumbo. sexies viginti petre faciunt carrum plumbi scilicet magnum carrum London’ set carrus del Peek est multo minus.

Item carrus plumbi constat ex triginta fotmallis & quodlibet fotmal continet sex petras duabus libris minus. Et quelibet petra habet duodecim libras & quelibet libra constat ex viginti quinque solidis in pondere. summa librarum in le fotmal lxx. summa petrarum in le Carre viii. xx. & xv. petre & probetur per sexies triginta que sunt novies viginti set in quolibet fotmal subtrahuntur due libre a predicta multiplicacione qe sunt lx. libre constituentes quinque petras. Ita sunt in le Carre viii. xx. xv. petre. secundum vero quosdam alios le Carre consistit ex xii. Weyes & hoc secundum troni ponderacionem. Weya enim tam plumbi quam lane lini sepi casei ponderabunt xiiii. petras.

Et duo Weye lane faciunt saccum. Et xii. sacci faciunt le last. Last vero allecis continet decem miliaria. Et quodlibet miliare continet x.c. Et quodlibet c. continet vi. xx.

Item last coriorum constat ex viginti dacris & quodlibet dacre constat ex decem coriis.

Item dacre Cirotecarum constat ex decem paribus dacre vero ferrorum equorum constat ex viginti ferris.

Item duodena cirotecarum pergameni & alute continet in suo genere xii. pelles vel xii. paria cirotecarum.

Item centena cere zucarii piperis cumini amigdalarum & alome continet xiii. petras & dimid’ & quelibet petra continet viii. li. summa librarum in centena cviii. libre. Et constat centem ex v. xx. Et quelibet libra ex viginti quinque solidis. Et sciend’ quod quelibet libra de denariis & speciebus utpote in electuariis consistit solummodo ex pondere xx. s. Libra vero omnium aliarum rerum consistit ex viginti quinque solidis. Uncia vero in electuariis consistit ex viginti denariis. Et libra continet xii. uncias. In aliis vero rebus libra continet quindecim uncias. uncia est hinc inde in pondere viginti denariorum. Centena lini & Canabi & linee tele consistit ex cent’ ulnis. Et quelibet Centena consistit ex vi. xx. Centena vero ferri & solidorum constat ex v. xx. Garba asseris constat ex triginta peciis. Duodena ferri ex sex peciis Item seem vitri constat ex xxiiii. petris & quelibet petra constat ex quinque libris. Et ita continet le seem vi. xx. libras.

Item binda anguillarum constat ex decem stiks. Et quelibet stik ex viginti quinque anguillis Binda pellium continet xxxii. timbr’ senellio cuniculorum & grisi continet quadraginta pelles. Cheef de fustiano constat ex tresdecim ulnis Caput sindonis ex decem ulnis Le rees allecium continet quindecim glenes. Et quodlibet glene continet viginti quinque capita. Item centene Mulvellorum & durorum piscium constat ex viii. xx.

[20]

Per Ordinance of the whole realm of England the measure of the King is composed namely of a penny, which is called a sterling, round & without clipping, weighs thirty-two grains of wheat in the middle of the Ear.

And an ounce weighs twenty pence. And twelve ounces make a pound of London. And twelve & a half pounds make a stone of London. And eight pounds of wheat make a gallon. Pound contains twenty shillings. And eight gallons make a bushel of London. Sacks of wool should weigh twenty-eight stones and usually weighs of wheat and weighs a sixth part of a load of lead. Six times twenty stone, make a load of lead, to wit the great load of London, but the load of the Peak is much less.

Also loads of lead consist of thirty fotmals, and each fotmal contains six stones minus two pounds. And each stone consists of twelve pounds, and each pound consists of twenty-five shillings in weight. The sum of the pounds in the fotmal is 70. The sum of the stones in the Load is 175 stones and is proved by six times thirty which is nine score (180) except for each fotmal subract two pounds multiplied as before (x30) which is 60 pounds constituting five stones. So there are in the load 175 stones. But according to some others the load consists of 12 Weys and this is according to troni weight, Wey for both lead and wool linen tallow cheese weighs 14 stones.

And two Weys of wool make a sack, And 12 sacks make a last. But a last of herrings contains 10 thousand, and each Thousand contains 10 hundred, and each hundred contains 120.

A last of leather consists of twenty dicker, and each dicker consists of ten skins.

Also a dicker of gloves consists of ten pairs, but a dicker of horse-shoes consists of twenty shoes.

Also a dozen of gloves, parchment, and vellum contains in its kind 12 skins, or 12 pairs of gloves.

Also a hundred of wax, sugar, pepper, cumin, almonds & alum, contains 13 stones & a half & each stone contains 8 pounds for a total of 108 pounds in the hundred. And appears as hundred of 100. And each pound of twenty-five shillings. And is to be known that each pound of money & species as in electuaries consists only of pounds of 20 shillings. But pounds for all other things consist of twenty five shillings. An Ounce in electuaries consists of twenty pence and pound contains 12 ounces. But in other things the pounds contains fifteen ounces, the ounce in either case weighs twenty pence. Also hundred of Canvass, and linen cloth consists of one hundred Ells and each hundred consists of 120. But the hundred of iron and shillings consists of 100. The sheaf of [steel] consists of thirty pieces. The Dozen of iron consists of six pieces. The seam of glass consists of 24 stones, and each stone consists of five pounds. And so contains the seam 120 pounds.

Also a bind of eels consists of ten sticks. And each stick of twenty-five eels. A bind of pelts consists of 32 timber of rabbits and squirrels contains forty pelts. A Chef of Fustian consists of thirteen Ells. A Chef of Sindon contains ten Ells. A Hundred of [Garlike] consisteth of fifteen Ropes, and every Rope containeth fifteen Heads. Also a Hundred of Mulvells and Hard Fish consists of 160.

The original Tractatus was written in Latin. Some later English translation copies contain differences that change the meaning.[23] One of the copies of the Tractatus contains the first use of the word avoirdupois in England. However, the word does not refer to a weight system but to a class of goods: viz., heavy goods sold by weight rather than by capacity, count, or other means. However, it does not count as the first occurrence of the word in English.[22]

  • Statutum de Admensuratione Terrase[24]
Also known as "A Statute for the Measuring of Land" or "An Ordinance for Measuring of Land" or "33 Edw. I st. 6. (1305)".
"When an Acre of Land contianeth 10 Perches in Length, then it shall be in Breadth 16 Perches."

Main page: Composition of Yards and Perches
Ordinatum est quod tria grana ordei sicca et rotunda faciunt pollicem, et duodecim pollices faciunt pedem, tres pedes faciunt ulnam, quinque ulne et dimidia faciunt perticam, et quadraginta pertice in longitudine, et quatuor in latitudine, faciunt unam acram. It is ordained that 3 grains of barley dry and round do make an inch, 12 inches make 1 foot, 3 feet make 1 yard [lit. ell], 5 yards and a half make a perch [i.e., a rod], and 40 perches in length and 4 in breadth make an acre.
The Liber Horn account reads:[28]
"And be it remembered that the iron yard of our Lord the King containeth 3 feet and no more, and a foot ought to contain 12 inches by the right measure of this yard measured, to wit, the 36th part of this yard rightly measured maketh 1 inch neither more nor less and 5 yards and a half make a perch that is 16 feet and a half measured by the aforesaid yard of our Lord the King."
This document seems to have had the effect of redefining the yard, foot, inch, and barleycorn to ​10⁄11 of their previous values, but leaves the rod and acre unchanged. The rod thus became 16½ feet instead of 15.

13th century

  • 9 Henry III c. 25 (1225)
There shall be but one Measure throughout the Realm.
Una Mensura vini sit per totum regnum nostrum & una mensura cervise & una mensura bladi scilicet quarter’ London’ & una latitudo pannorum tinctorum Russettorum & haubergettorum scilicet due ulne infra Listas. De ponderibus vero sit sicut de mensuris.[29] One measure of Wine shall be through our Realm, and one measure of Ale, and one measure of Corn, that is to say, the Quarter of London; and one breadth of dyed Cloth, Russets, and Haberjects, that is to say, two Yards within the lists. (2) And it shall be of Weights as it is of Measures.
The Magna Carta of 1215 was not ratified by Parliament until 1225, by which time it had become substantially abridged. Chapter 35 of the Magna Carta of 1215 (which dealt with weights and measures) became chapter 25 of the Magna Carta of 1225.

14th century

  • 14 Edward III st. 1 c. 12 (1340)[30]
"Bushels and Weights shall be made and sent into every Country."
  • 18 Edward III st. 2 c. 4 (1344)[31]
"Commissions to assay Weights and Measures shall be repealed, and none such granted."

  • 25 Edward III st. 5 c. 9 (1350)[32]
Auncel Weight shall be put out, and Weighing shall be by equal Balance.
Enfement pur ce qe tres grant damage & desceit est fait au people par tant qe plusours marchantz usent dachater & poiser leines & autres marchandises par une pois qest appelle Aunsell’ Acorde est & establi qe celle pois appelle Aunsell’ entre achatour et vendour soit del tout ofte & qe chescun vend & achat par balances iffint qe les balances soient owels & les leines & autres marchandises owelment poisez par droit pois & qe le sak de leine ne poise qe vint & sys peres & chescun pere poise quatorze livres & qe lestater de la balance ne encline ne a lune partie ne al autre & qe le pois soit acordant al estandard del Escheker. Et si nul achatour face al encontre soit grevousement puny sibien a la seute de partie come a la seute nostre Seignur le Roi. Item, Whereas great Damage and Deceit is done to the People, for that divers Merchants use to buy and weigh Woolls and other Merchandises, by a Weight which is called Auncel; it is accorded and established, That this Weight called Auncel betwixt Buyers and Sellers, shall be wholly put out; (2) and that every Person do sell and buy by the Balance, so that the Balance be even, and the Woolls and other Merchandizes evenly weighed by the right Weight, so that the Sack of Wooll weigh no more but 26 Stones, and every Stone to weigh 14 l. and that the Beam of the Balance do not bow more to the one Part than to the other; (3) and that the Weight be according to the Standard of the Exchequer. (4) And if any Buyer do the contrary, he shall be grievously punished, as well at the Suit of the Party, as at the Suit of our Lord the King.

  • 25 Edward III st. 5 c. 10 (1350)[32]
Every Measure shall be according to the King's Standard; and shall be striked without Heap; saving the Rents of Lords.
Auxint come contenue soit en la Grande Chartre qe une mesure soit usee parmy tout Engleterre la quele chartre nad mie este tenu bien en ceo point avant ses heures si est acorde & assentu qe touz les mesures cest asavoir bussel dimid' bussel & peck galon potel & quart par toute Engleterre deinz fanchise & dehors soient acordauntz al estandard nostre Seignur le Roi & contiegne le quartre oet busselx par lestandard & nient pluis. Et soit chescune mesure de blee rase fanz comble sauvez les rentes & fermes des Seignurs queles soient avant ces heures. Et facent les purveours le Roi ma dame la Roigne & touz autres lours purveances par meismes les mesures rases & en meisme le manere Et a toutes les foitz qe mestier serra Nostre Seignur le Roi assignera certeines Justices en chescune countee denqueer & doier & terminer sur les pointz suisditz & de faire sur ce due punissement solone chescun trespas siebien a la seute de partie come a la seute le Roi. Iffint totes soitz qe toutes maneres des franchises soient sauvez as Seignurs en toutz pointz saunz nul emblemissement ent faire en quecumqe manere. Item, Whereas it is contained in the Great Charter, that one Measure shall be throughout England, which Charter hath not been well kept and holden in this Point in Times past; (2) it is accorded and assented, That all the Measures, that is to say, Bushels, Half-bushels, Peck, Gallon, Pottle, and Quart, throughout England, within the Franchises and without, shall be according to the King's Standard; (3) and the Quarter shall contain Eight Bushels by the Standard, and no more. (4) And every Measure of Corn shall be striken without Heap, saving the Rents and Ferms of Lords, which shall be measured by such Measures as they were wont in Times past. (5) And the Purveyors of the King, of the Queen, and all other, shall make their Purveyances by the same Measure striked in the same Manner, and at all Times that shall be needful. (6) And our Lord the King shall assign certain Justices in every County to inquire, hear, and determine upon the Points aforesaid, and upon the same to do Punishment according to the Trespass, as well at the Party's Suit, as at the King's; (7) so always, that all Manner of Franchises be saved to the Lords in all Points without Blemish to be made in any Manner.

  • 27 Edward III st. 2 c. 10 (1353)[33][34]
There shall be but one Weight, Measure and Yard throughout the Realm.
...un pois, un mesure, et un verge soit per tut la terre... ...one weight, one measure [of volume], and one [measuring] stick shall there be through all the land...
A chapter of the Statute of the Staple that provides for justices to be appointed to hear charges of measuring fraud at the staple ports. Those found guilty were liable for quadruple damages and 2 years' imprisonment.
  • 31 Edward III st. 1 c. 2 (1357)[35]
"No Wool shall be bought by Fraud to abate the Price thereof. Weights shall be sent to all the Shires."
  • 4 Richard II st. 2 c. 1 (1380)[36]
"All Vessels of Wine, Honey, and Oil brought into this realm shall be gauged."
  • 13 Richard II st. 1 c. 9 (1389)[37]
"There shall be but one Weight and one Measure throughout the Realm, saving in the County of Lancaster. The Weight of Wool, and the Refuse thereof."
  • 15 Richard II c. 4. (1391)[38]
"There shall be but eight Bushels of Corn striked to the Quarter."
  • 16 Richard II c. 3. (1392)[39]
"The Clerk of the Market shall carry with him all his Weights and Measures signed."

15th century

  • 1 Henry V c. 10 (1413)[40]
An Act concerning the true Measure of Corn.
  • 2 Henry V st. 2. c. 4 (1414)[41]
"There Shall be no gilding of Silver Ware but of the Allay of English Sterling."
First notice of troy weight in statute.[42]
  • 8 Henry VI c. 5 (1429)[43]
"Every City and Borough shall have a common Balance and Weight. Who may buy Wool and Yarn."
  • 18 Henry VI c. 16 (1439)[44]
"There shall be but one Measure of Cloth through the Realm by the Yard and the Inch, and not by the Yard and Handful, according to the London Measure."
"Item – come il foit meritorie & almoigne a departer la veritee de la desciet si come jatarde en un parlement tenuz a Westm' la fuist ouste un rayme..."
  • 18 Henry VI c. 17 (1439)[44]
"Vessels of Wine, Oyl, and Honey, shall be gauged"
Item—pur ceo qe toutz les tonels pipes tertians & hoggeshedes de vin oyle & mele... Item—Because all the Tuns, Pipes, Tertians and Hogsheads of Wine, Oyl, and Honey...

  • 11 Henry VII c. 4 (1494)[45]
An Act for Weights and Measures.
"The Names of the Cities and Towns limited for the keeping of Weights and Measures."
  • 12 Henry VII c. 5 (1496)[46]
An Act for Weights and Measures.
"That the Measure of a Bushel contain viij. Gallons of Wheat, and that every Gallon contain viij. li. of Wheat of Troy Weight, and every Pound contain xij. Ounces of Troy Weight, and every Ounce contain xx. Sterlings, and every Sterling be of the Weight of xxxij. Corns of Wheat that grew in the Midst of the Ear of Wheat, according to the old Laws of this Land."

16th century

"And whereas heretofore the merchaunte paid for coynage of every pounde Towre of fyne gold weighing xi oz. quarter Troye ii s. vi d. Nowe it is determyned by the king's highness, and his said councelle that the foresaid pounde Towre shall be no more used and occupied but al maner of golde and sylver shall be wayed by the pounde Troye, which maketh xii oz. Troy, which exceedith the pounde Towre in weight iii quarters of the oz."
An Act that no Brewers of Beer or Ale shall make their Barrels, Kilderkins or Firkins within them, and how much the same Barrels, et cetera shall contain.
An Act for flesh to be sold by weight, and the prices limited.
"Beef, pork, mutton and veal shall be sold by weight called Haver-de-pois."
"An acre shall be counted 160 perches, and every perch 16-foot and a half.
  • 5 & 6 Edward VI c. 6 (1552)[50]
An Act for the true making of Woolen Cloth.
"XIV. And that all and every Broad Cloth and Clothes called Taunton Clothes, Bridgwaters, and other Clothes which shall be made after the said Feast in Taunton, Bridgwater or in other Places of like Sort, shall contain at the Water in Length betwixt twelve and thirteen Yards, Yard and Inch of the Rule, and in Breadth seven-Quarters of a Yard: (2) And every narrow Cloth made after the said Feast in the said Towns or elsewhere of like Sorts, shall contain in the Water in Length betwixt three and twenty and five and twenty Yards, Yard and Inch as is aforesaid, and in Breadth one Yard of like Measure; (3) and every such Cloth, both Broad and Narrow being well scowred, thicked, milled and fully dried, shall weigh xxxiv. li. the Piece at the least."
"XV. And that all Clothes named Check-Kersie and Straits, which shall be made after the said Feast shall contain being wet between seventeen and eighteen Yards, with the Inches as is aforesaid, and in Breadth one Yard at the least at the Water; and being well scowred, thicked, milled and fully dried, shall weigh xxiv. li. the Piece at the least."
  • 4 & 5 Philip and Mary c. 5. par. IX (1557–8)[51]
An act touching the making of woolen clothes.
"IX. Item, That every ordinary kersie mentioned in the said act shall contain in length in the water betwixt xvi. and xvii. yards, yard and inch; and being well scoured thicked, milled, dressed and fully dried, shall weigh nineteen pounds the piece at the least:..."
  • 23 Elizabeth I c. 8 (1581) [52]
An Act touching the true melting, making and working of Wax.
"...fill and sell or cause to be filled or sold or offered to be sold any Barrel, Kilderkin or Firkin with Honey, for or in the Name of a Barrel, Kilderkin or Firkin containing less than two and thirty Wine Gallons the Barrel, sixteen Wine Gallons the Kilderkin, and eight Wine Gallons the Firkin; every Person and Persons so offending shall forfeit and lose for every Half Gallon so lacking five Shillings of English Money."

  • 35 Elizabeth c. 6 (1593)[53]
An Act against converting of great Houses into several Tenements, and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures, in and near about the City of London and Westminster.
"... A Mile shall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles, and every Pole shall contain sixteen Foot and an half."[54]
This is the codification and namesake of the statute mile.
  • 35 Elizabeth I c. 10. par. III (1593)[55]
An act for the reformation of sundry abuses in clothes, called Devonshire kerjies or dozens, according to a proclamation of the thirty-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lady the Queen that now is.
"(2) and each and every of the same Devonshire kersies or dozens, so being raw, and as it cometh forth off the weaver's loom (without racking, stretching, straining or other device to encrease the length thereof) shall contain in length between fifteen and sixteen yards by the measure of yard and inch by the rule, ..."

17th century

  • 16 Charles I c. 19 (1640)[56]
An Act for the better ordering and regulating of the Office of Clerk of the Market, allowed and confirmed by this Statutes; and for the Reformation of false Weights and Measures.
  • 22 Charles II c. 8 (1670)[57]
An Act for ascertaining the Measures of Corn and Salt.
First mention of Winchester bushel in statute.
  • 22 & 23 Charles II c. 12 (1670)[58]
An additional Act for ascertaining the Measures of Corn and Salt.
  • 8 & 9 William III c. 22. s. 9 (1696–7)[59][60]
"...every round bushel with a plain and even bottom being eighteen inches and a half wide throughout and eight inches deep shall be determined a legal Winchester bushel according to the Standard of His Majesty's Exchequer."
First definition of Winchester bushel in statute (≈2150.42 cubic inches).

18th century

  • 11 and 12 William III c. 15 (1700)[61]
An Act for ascertaining the Measures for retailing Ale and Beer.
  • 1 Anne st. 1. c. 15 (1701)[62]
An Act to ascertain the Water Measure of Fruit.

Great Britain

Acts of Parliament

18th century

  • 5 & 6 Anne c. 27. (1706)[63]
An Act for continuing several Subsidies, Impositions and Duties and for making Provisions therein mentioned to raise Money by Way of Loan for the Service of the War, and other Her Majesty's necessary and important Occasions, and for ascertaining the Wine Measure.
"...any Vessel containing two hundred thirty one cubical Inches and no more shall be deemed and taken to be a lawful Wine Gallon..."
This statute is the origin of the US gallon, also known as the Queen Anne Gallon, Queen Anne Wine Gallon, or pre-1824 British gallon.

  • False Weights and Scales Act 1770 or 10 Geo. III c. 44[64]
An Act for more effectually preventing Traders in exciseable Commodities from using false Weights and Scales and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches and Chairs

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1795 or 35 Geo. III c. 102[65]
An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the Use of defective Weights, and of false and unequal Balances.

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1797 or 37 Geo. III c. 143[66]
An Act to explain and amend an Act made in the thirty-fifth Year of the Reign of his present Majesty, intituled, An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the use of defective Weights, and of false and unequal Balances.

19th century

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1815 or 55 Geo. III c. 43[67]
An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the Use of false and deficient Measures.

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1824 or 5 Geo. IV c. 74[68]
An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures.
This is the origin of Imperial units. This statute repeals nearly all previous weights and measures legislation, listing them in chronological order (by regnal year but without dates) beginning with "ancient statutes of uncertain date."

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1825 or 6 Geo. IV c. 12[69]
An Act to prolong the Time of the Commencement of an Act of the last Session of Parliament, for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures and to amend the said Act.

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1834 or 4 & 5 William IV. c. 49[70]
An Act to amend and render more effectual Two Acts of the Fifth and Sixth Years of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Fourth, relating to Weights and Measures.

  • 5 & 6 William IV c. 63[71]
Also known as the Weights and Measures Act of 1835; originally entitled "An Act to repeal an Act of the Fourth and Fifth Year of His present Majesty relating to Weights and Measures, and to make other Provisions instead thereof".
Established the imperial stone & hundredweight of 14 and 112 lbs. respectively, based on the wool stone of Edward III

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1855 or 18 & 19 Vict. c. 72.[72]
An Act for legalising and preserving the restored Standards of Weights and Measures
"...the Imperial Standard Pound Avoirdupois and shall be deemed to be the only Standard Measure of Weight from which all other Weights and other Measures having Reference..."

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1859 or 22 & 23 Vict. c. 56[73]
An Act to amend the Act of the fifth and sixth years of King William the Fourth, chapter sixty-three, relating to weights and measures.
  • Metric Weights and Measures Act 1864 27 & 28 Vict. c. 117[74]
An Act to render permissive the Use of the Metric System of Weights and Measures.

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1878 or 41 & 42 Vict. c. 49[75]
An Act to consolidate the Law relating to Weights and Measures.
This statute abolished the troy pound, effective January 1879.[76]

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1889 or 52 & 53 Vict. c. 21[77]
An Act for amending the Law relating to Weights and Measures and for other purposes connected therewith.

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1897 or 60 & 61 Vict. c. 46.[78]
An Act to legalise the Use of Weights and Measures of the Metric System.

  • "The Weights and Measures Acts of 1878 to 1893" was the collective title of the following Acts:[79]
    • The Weights and Measures Act of 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c 49)
    • The Weights and Measures Act of 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c 21)
    • The Weights and Measures (Purchase) Act of 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. 18)
    • The Weights and Measures Act of 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 19)

20th century

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1904 or 4 Edward VII c. 28.[80]

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1926 or 16 & 17 Geo. V c. 63
Sale of Food (Weights and Measures) Act.

  • Weights and Measures etc. Act of 1976[84]

  • Weights and Measures Act of 1985[3]
This act excluded weight or measure by the bushel; chain; cubic inch, foot, or yard; dry or fluid dram; furlong; grain; short or long hundredweight; square mile; apothecary's ounce; peck; pennyweight; quarter; quintal; rood; scruple; stone; or short or long ton or the phrase "metric ton" from commercial use as part of the process of metricating retail sales.[85]

See also

  • Other weights and measures acts

References

  1. ↑ Bennett (2004), p. 8.
  2. ↑ Ewart (1862), pp. 112–113.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Weights and Measures Act 1985", Legislation.gov.uk, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/contents, retrieved 25 September 2014 
  4. ↑ "Full Legislation List", Tradingstandards.gov.uk, Trading Standards Office, http://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/legislation/tsew.rtf, retrieved 25 April 2012 
  5. ↑ "Tuesday, August 10, 1897", The London Gazette, 10 August 1897, http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26881/pages/4481/page.pdf 
  6. ↑ "House of Lords", Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), London, 22 July 1897, col. 695–696 
  7. ↑ "House of Lords", Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), London, 25 February 2010, col. 1081–1083 
  8. ↑ Verheugen, Günter (11 September 2007), "Exclusive: Your pint safe in EU hands", Ec.europa.eu, http://ec.europa.eu/unitedkingdom/press/frontpage/11092007_en.htm, retrieved 10 November 2007 
  9. ↑ "Clearing Up the Metric Muddle", Tradingstandards.gov.uk, Gloucester: Trading Standards Office, 4 April 2010, http://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/glos/metric.htm, retrieved 24 April 2012 
  10. ↑ The Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations (2006), The National Archives, SI 2006/659, http://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/659/made 
  11. ↑ Thorpe, Benjamin (1840), "The Laws of King Edgar", Ancient Laws and Institutes of England; Comprising Laws enacted under the Anglo-Saxon Kings from Æthelbirht to Cnut, With an English Translation of the Saxon; The Laws called Edward the Confessor's; The Laws of William the Conqueror, and those ascribed to Henry the First: Also, Monumenta Ecclesiastica Anglicana, From the Seventh to the Tenth Century; And the Ancient Latin Version of the Anglo-Saxon Laws. With a Compendious Glossary, &c., London: Commissioners of the Public Records of the Kingdom, https://books.google.com/books?id=QIdCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA113 . Template:Ang icon & (in Latin) & (in English)
  12. ↑ Felix Liebermann (1903). Die gesetze der Angelsachsen: Text und übersetzung. Max Niemeyer. pp. 204–6. https://books.google.com/books?id=ak8ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA204. Retrieved 29 January 2012. 
  13. ↑ Thorpe (1840), p. 525.
  14. ↑ Adams, John Quincy (1821), Report upon Weights and Measures: Prepared in Obedience to a Resolution of the Senate of the Third March, 1817, Washington: Gales & Seaton, https://books.google.com/books?id=G1sFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA22 
  15. ↑ Alfred Edward Bland; Richard Henry Tawney (1919). English economic history: select documents. Macmillan Co.. pp. 154–5. https://books.google.com/books?id=bSO6emWmBuAC&pg=PA154. Retrieved 9 January 2012. 
  16. ↑ Great Britain (1863). The public general acts. Proprietors of the Law Journal Reports. p. 270. https://books.google.com/books?id=KssuAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA270. Retrieved 8 February 2012. 
  17. ↑ Smith, Adam (1827), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, University Press for T. Nelson and P. Brown, https://books.google.com/books?id=rpMuAAAAYAAJ, retrieved 31 December 2011 
  18. ↑ Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1763a), The Statutes at Large, Vol. I: From Magna Charta to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time, London: Mark Basket for the Crown, https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ . (in English) & (in Latin) & (in Norman)
  19. ↑ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, London: Royal Historical Society, 1880, https://books.google.com/books?id=oydbAAAAIAAJ, retrieved 22 January 2012 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1763a), The Statutes at Large, Vol. I: From Magna Charta to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time, London: Mark Basket for the Crown, https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ . (in English) & (in Latin) & (in Norman)
  21. ↑ Statutes of the Realm, Vol. I, London: G. Eyre & A. Strahan, 1810 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris", Sizes.com, http://www.sizes.com/library/British_law/ponderibus.htm, retrieved 25 September 2014 
  23. ↑ Per the 1810 Statutes of the Realm,[21] which differs in several particulars from the original Latin text, following Norman French copies or new emendations[22] (shown in brackets). For a discussion of the textual changes (e.g., the Latin text described gallons of wheat) and relevant archaeological findings (e.g., that the penny during this period seems to have actually consisted of 30 Tower grains rather than 32), see the article at Sizes.com.[22]
  24. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 152.
  25. ↑ Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1765), The Statutes at Large, Vol. IX: From the Second Year of the Reign of King George the Third To the End of The Last Session of Parliament. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time. With a Copious Index. And An Appendix, consisting of Obscure and Curious Acts, some of which were never before printed., London: Mark Basket for the Crown, https://books.google.com/books?id=Un1RAAAAYAAJ 
  26. ↑ Fowler (1884), p. 277.
  27. ↑ BL Cotton MS Claudius D2.
  28. ↑ Fowler, W. (1884), Transactions, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, https://books.google.com/books?id=BSY1AAAAMAAJ, retrieved 8 January 2012 
  29. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 7.
  30. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 227.
  31. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 241.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Ruffhead (1763a), p. 264.
  33. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 279.
  34. ↑ Pickering, Danby, ed. (1762), The Statutes at Large, Vol. II: From the Fifteenth Year of Edward III. to the Thirteenth Year of King Hen. IV. inclusive. To which is prefixed, A Table containing the Titles of all the Statutes during that Period, Cambridge: Joseph Bentham for Charles Bathurst, https://books.google.com/books?id=ifQuAAAAIAAJ . (in English) & (in Norman) & (in Latin)
  35. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), pp. 290–291.
  36. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 348.
  37. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 387.
  38. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 401.
  39. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 405.
  40. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 485.
  41. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), p. 499.
  42. ↑ ?, 1864, https://books.google.com/books?id=sedbAAAAQAAJ 
  43. ↑ Ruffhead (1763a), pp. 542–544.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Ruffhead (1763a), p. 594.
  45. ↑ Evans, William David; Hammond, Anthony; Granger, Thomas Colpitts, eds. (1836), A Collection of Statutes connected with the General Administration of the Law; Arranged According to the Order of Subjects: With Notes, 3rd ed., Vol. VIII, London: W.H. Bond & al., https://books.google.com/books?id=sbcuAAAAIAAJ .
  46. ↑ Evans (1836), pp. 312–313.
  47. ↑ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, London: Royal Society, 1856, https://books.google.com/books?id=gxxMAAAAYAAJ, retrieved 7 January 2012 
  48. ↑ Pickering, Danby, ed. (1763d), The Statutes at Large, Vol. IV: From the First Year of King Richard III. to the Thirty-first Year of King Henry VIII. inclusive. To which is prefixed, A Table containing the Titles of all the Statutes during that Period., Cambridge: Joseph Bentham for Charles Bathurst, https://books.google.com/books?id=UlMDAAAAQAAJ . (in English) & (in Latin)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Pickering (1763d), p. 252.
  50. ↑ Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1763b), The Statutes at Large, Vol. II: From the First Year of King Edward the Fourth To the End of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time., London: Mark Basket for the Crown, https://books.google.com/books?id=2KZFAAAAcAAJ 
  51. ↑ Pickering, Danby, ed. (1763f), The Statutes at Large, Vol. VI: From the First Year of Q. Mary, to the Thirty-fifth Year of Q. Elizabeth, inclusive. To which is prefixed, A Table containing the Titles of all the Statutes during that period., Cambridge: Joseph Bentham for Charles Bathurst, https://books.google.com/books?id=dvouAAAAIAAJ 
  52. ↑ Pickering (1763f), p. 342.
  53. ↑ Pickering (1763f), p. 433.
  54. ↑ Ruffhead (1763b), p. 676.
  55. ↑ Pickering (1763f), p. 444.
  56. ↑ Pickering, Danby, ed. (1763g), The Statutes at Large, Vol. VII: From the Thirty-ninth Year of Q. Elizabeth, to the Twelfth Year of K. Charles II. inclusive. To which is prefixed, A Table containing the Titles of all the Statutes during that Period., Cambridge: Joseph Bentham for Charles Bathurst, https://books.google.com/books?id=26c3AAAAMAAJ 
  57. ↑ Pickering, Danby, ed. (1763h), The Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII: From the Twelfth Year of King Charles II., to the Last Year of King James II. inclusive. To which is prefixed, A Table containing the Titles of all the Statutes during that Period., Cambridge: Joseph Bentham for Charles Bathurst, https://books.google.com/books?id=wKg3AAAAMAAJ 
  58. ↑ Pickering (1763h), pp. 353–355.
  59. ↑ Townsend, George Henry (1877), The Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to All the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records, Frederick Warne, https://books.google.com/books?id=ePhtAAAAMAAJ, retrieved 31 January 2012 
  60. ↑ Brewster, D., ed. (1830), The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, https://books.google.com/books?id=KBLkt527o6IC, retrieved 31 January 2012 
  61. ↑ Raithby, John; Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne, eds. (1811), The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great-Britain: From Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. VI: From 8 William III. A.D. 1696.—To 6 Anne, A.D. 1707, London: George Eyre & Andrew Strahan for the Crown, https://books.google.com/books?id=BIlKAAAAYAAJ .
  62. ↑ Raithby (1811), p. 349.
  63. ↑ Raithby (1811), p. 607.
  64. ↑ Fitzgerald, Gerald Augustus Robert; Rickards, George Kettilby; Smith, Philip Vernon et al., eds. (1871), The Statutes: Revised Edition, Vol. II: William & Mary to 10 George III. A.D. 1688—1770., London: George Edward Eyre & William Spottiswoode, https://books.google.com/books?id=brouAAAAIAAJ .
  65. ↑ Pickering, Danby, ed. (1795), The Statutes at Large: Continued., Vol. XL: The Fifth Session of the Seventeenth Parliament of Great Britain., Cambridge: John Burges for J. Johnson & al., https://books.google.com/books?id=lL0uAAAAIAAJ 
  66. ↑ Runnington, Charles, ed. (1798), The Statutes at Large, Vol. XIII or XVII: From the Thirty-fifth Year of the Reign of King George the Third, To the Thirty-eighth Year of the Reign of King George the Third, inclusive. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Public and Private Statutes during that Time. With a Copious Index., London: George Eyre & Andrew Strahan for the Crown, https://books.google.com/books?id=taZFAAAAcAAJ 
  67. ↑ Evans (1836), pp. 325–327.
  68. ↑ Rickards, George Kettilby, ed., The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 5 George IV, 1824, London: His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers for J. Butterworth & Son, https://books.google.com/books?id=WLouAAAAIAAJ 
  69. ↑ Evans (1836), pp. 306–327.
  70. ↑ A Collection of the Public General Statutes Passed in the Fourth and Fifth Year of the Reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, 1834, London: George Eyre & Andrew Spottiswoode for the Crown, 1834, https://books.google.com/books?id=50ovAAAAIAAJ 
  71. ↑ A Compendious Abstract of the Public General Acts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: 5 & 6 William IV.—1835; Being the First Session of the Twelfth Parliament of Such United Kingdom, from the Law Journal, Vol. XIII, London: James Holmes for Edward Bret Ince, 1835, https://books.google.com/books?id=woJRAAAAYAAJ 
  72. ↑ Great Britain (1855). A collection of public general statutes passed in the 18th and 19th years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. pp. 273–75. https://books.google.com/books?id=L1YMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA273. Retrieved 5 January 2012. 
  73. ↑ Great Britain (1859). The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1807–1865). His Majesty's statute and law printers. pp. 164–8. https://books.google.com/books?id=9L4uAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA164. Retrieved 6 January 2012. 
  74. ↑ Great Britain (1864). A collection of the public general statutes passed in the ... year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria .... pp. 575–7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ulUMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA576. Retrieved 14 January 2012. 
  75. ↑ Great Britain (1878). Statutes at large. pp. 308–341. https://books.google.com/books?id=v39KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308. Retrieved 31 December 2011. 
  76. ↑ Chaney, Henry James (1911), "Weights and Measures: Scientific and Commercial", in Chisholm, Hugh, Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, and General Information, 11th ed., Vol. XXVIII, Cambridge: University Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=qzkEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA477 
  77. ↑ Sir Christopher Rawlinson (1903). The municipal corporations acts and other enactments: relating to the powers and duties of municipal corporations thereon. Sweet & Maxwell, 1903.. pp. 445–52. https://books.google.com/books?id=stUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA445. Retrieved 14 January 2012. 
  78. ↑ The Law journal reports. 66. E.B. Ince. 1897. p. 109. https://books.google.com/books?id=4icyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA109. Retrieved 14 January 2012. 
  79. ↑ The Short Titles Act 1896, s. 2(1) & Schedule 2.
  80. ↑ Great Britain. Board of Trade (1907). Weights and measures acts, 1878–1904. Printed for H.M.S.O. by Darling & Son. p. 3. https://books.google.com/books?id=RAsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA6. Retrieved 14 January 2012. 
  81. ↑ "UK Public General Act 1963 c. 31". legislation.gov.uk. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/31. Retrieved 25 September 2014. 
  82. ↑ "The Weights and Measures Regulations 1963". legislation.gov.uk. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1963/1710/contents/made. Retrieved 25 September 2014. 
  83. ↑ Ronald Edward Zupko (1990). Revolution in measurement: Western European weights and measures since the age of science. American Philosophical Society. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-87169-186-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=uYCNFkRgXCoC&pg=PA261. Retrieved 22 January 2012. 
  84. ↑ "Weights and Measures &c. Act 1976". legislation.gov.uk. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1976/77/contents. Retrieved 25 September 2014. 
  85. ↑ Donald Fenna, ed (2002). A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units, 2002. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860522-6. .

External links




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