Labrys: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 13:38, 22 May 2026

Labrys (Greek: λάβρυς, romanized: lábrys) is, according to Plutarch (Quaestiones Graecae 2.302a), the Lydian word for the double-bitted axe. In Greek it was called πέλεκυς (pélekys). The plural of labrys is labryes (λάβρυες).

Etymology

Plutarch relates that the word labrys was a Lydian word for 'axe': Λυδοὶ γὰρ ‘λάβρυν’ τὸν πέλεκυν ὀνομάζουσι.^{[lower-alpha 1]}^[1] ("For Lydians name the double-edged axe 'Labrys'"). Many scholars including Arthur Evans assert that the word labyrinth is derived from labrys and thus implies 'house of the double axe'.^[2] A priestly corporation in Delphi was named Labyades; the original name was probably Labryades, servants of the double axe. In the Roman era at Patrai and Messene, a goddess Laphria was worshipped, commonly identified with Artemis. Her name was said to be derived from the region around Delphi.^[3]^[4]

In Crete the "double axe" is not a weapon, and it always accompanies female goddesses, not male gods, referring to the male bull god itself.^[5] Robert S. P. Beekes regards the relation of labyrinth with labrys as speculative, and rather proposes a relation with laura (λαύρα), 'narrow street', or to the Carian theonym Dabraundos (Δαβραυνδος).^[6]

It is also possible that the word labyrinth is derived from the Egyptian, meaning: "the temple at the entrance of the lake". The Egyptian labyrinth near Lake Moeris is described by Herodotus and Strabo.^[8] The inscription in Linear B, on tablet ΚΝ Gg 702, reads 𐀅𐁆𐀪𐀵𐀍𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 (da-pu₂-ri-to-jo-po-ti-ni-ja). The conventional reading is λαβυρίνθοιο πότνια (labyrinthoio potnia; 'mistress of the labyrinth'). According to some modern scholars it could read *δαφυρίνθοιο (*daphyrinthoio), or something similar, and hence be without a certain link with either the λάβρυς or the labyrinth.^[9]

A link has also been posited with the double axe symbols at Çatalhöyük, dating to the Neolithic age.^[10]^(p 161) In Labraunda in Caria, as well as in the coinage of the Hecatomnid rulers of Caria, the double axe accompanies the storm god Zeus Labraundos. Arthur Evans notes,

It seems natural to interpret names of Carian sanctuaries such as Labranda in the most literal sense as the place of the sacred labrys, which was the Lydian (or Carian) name for the Greek πέλεκυς [pelekys], or double-edged axe^[11]

and

on Carian coins, indeed of quite late date, the labrys, set up on its long pillar-like handle, with two dependent fillets, has much the appearance of a cult image.^[11]

Minoan double axe

In ancient Crete, the double axe was an important sacred symbol of the Minoan religion.^[12] In Crete the double axe only accompanies goddesses, never gods. It seems that it was the symbol of the arche of the creation (Mater-arche).^[10]^(p 161) Small versions were used as votive offerings and have been found in considerable numbers; the Arkalochori Axe is a famous and rather larger example. Minoan double axes have also recently been found in the prehistoric town of Akrotiri (Santorini Island) along with other objects of apparent religious significance.^[13]

Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom

The double axe apparently carried important symbolism the ancient Thracian Odrysian kingdom related to the Thracian religion and to royal power. It is argued that in ancient Thrace the double axe was an attribute of Zalmoxis. The double axe appears on coins from Thrace and is believed to be the symbol of the kings of the Odrysae, who believed they could trace their lineage to Zalmoxis.^[14] A fresco from the Thracian tomb near Aleksandrovo in south-east Bulgaria, dated to c. 4th c. BCE, depicts a large-size naked man wielding a double axe.

Double axes in the Near East

In the Near East and other parts of the region, eventually, axes of this sort often are wielded by male divinities and appear to become symbols of the thunderbolt, a symbol often found associated with the axe symbol.^[15] In Labraunda of Caria the double-axe accompanies the storm-god Zeus Labraundos. Similar symbols have been found on plates of Linear pottery culture in Romania.^[10]^(p 162) The double-axe is associated with the Hurrian god of sky and storm Teshub. His Hittite and Luwian name was Tarhun.^[16] Both are depicted holding a triple thunderbolt in one hand and a double axe in the other hand. Similarly, Zeus throws his thunderbolt to bring a storm. The labrys, or pelekys, is the double axe Zeus uses to invoke storm and, the relatively modern Greek word for lightning is "star-axe" (ἀστροπελέκι astropeleki)^[17] The worship of the double axe was kept up in the Greek island of Tenedos and in several cities in the south-west of Asia Minor, and it appears in later historical times in the cult of the thunder god of Asia Minor (Zeus Labrayndeus).

Ancient Greece

In the context of the mythical Attic king Theseus, the labyrinth of Greek mythology is frequently associated with the Minoan palace of Knossos. This is based on the reading of Linear B da-pu₂-ri-to-jo-po-ti-ni-ja as λαβυρίνθοιο πότνια ("mistress of the labyrinth").^{[lower-alpha 2]} It is uncertain, however, that labyrinth can be interpreted as "place of the double axes" and moreover that this should be Knossos; many more have been found, for example, at the Arkalachori Cave, where the famous Arkalochori Axe was found.^{[original research?]}

On Greek coins of the classical period (e.g. Pixodauros) a type of Zeus venerated at Labraunda in Caria that numismatists call Zeus Labrandeus (Ζεὺς Λαβρανδεύς) stands with a sceptre upright in his left hand and the double-headed axe over his shoulder.^[18]

Roman Crete

In Roman Crete, the labrys was often associated with the mythological Amazons.^[19]

Modern uses

Weapon

While double axes are common in modern high fantasy settings, in reality they were not commonly used in combat.^[20]

Sport

Double-bit axes were common in North American forestry: One blade would be sharp and used for felling, whilst the other was a little blunter for limbing. As the forest workers (lumberjacks) were often away from civilization for long periods of time they needed a way to amuse themselves. Thus the sport of double-bit axe throwing was born. In recent decades the sport has been formalised with Swedish company Gränsfors Bruk writing the rules most widely accepted. There are now multiple clubs across Europe that throw double-bit. The sport of double-bit was formalised in the 1990s, whereas hatchet throwing was formalised in 2006.^[21]

Symbolism

Religion and spirituality

The labrys is sometimes used as a symbol of Hellenic polytheism. As a symbol of the neopagan Goddess movement, the labrys represents the memory of pre-patriarchal matristic societies.^{[lower-alpha 3]}^[23]

Political

In Greece, the labrys was employed as a symbol of Metaxism.^[24] During the totalitarian period of the 4th of August Regime (1936–1941), it represented the regime-sponsored National Organization of Youth (EON), as its leader, Ioannis Metaxas, believed it to be the first symbol of all Hellenic civilizations.^[24]

The labrys symbol was also used prominently by the Vichy France regime, with the symbol, erroniously called a Francisque, being featured on the personal flag of Chief of State Philippe Pétain, on coins, and in various propaganda posters.^[25]

In the 1960s the labrys was also used by the Italian neo-fascist and far-right movement Ordine Nuovo, most prominently on their flag.^[26]

Social movement

In feminist interpretations, the labrys is a symbol of matriarchy and female empowerment.^[27]^{[lower-alpha 4]}^[28]

Lesbian symbol

In the 1970s, the labrys was adopted by the lesbian community, as a lesbian feminist symbol, representing strength and self-sufficiency.^[29] The symbol is described to represent a butterfly and the labia, and is seen as an embodiment of the female spirit.^[30]

The lesbian flag, created in 1999 by Sean Campbell depicts a labrys superimposed on an inverted black triangle and set against a violet background.^[31]

The labrys is incorporated into the logo of The Charlotte Museum, a lesbian museum in Auckland, New Zealand.^[32] In Kyrgyzstan, "Labrys" is an LGBT rights organization. The group's goal is to improve the quality of life for all LGBT individuals in their country as well as Central Asia.^[33] Similarly, "Labrisz" is an association in Hungary for lesbian and bisexual women.

Culture

Film

In the film Lesbian Space Princess, the labrys is the "most powerful weapon known to lesbian kind". It serves as both a weapon and a symbol of lesbian power, which the protagonist is told to summon, and the villains tell her deliver it as a ransom so her ex-girlfriend isn't killed.^[34]^[35]^[36]

Notes

↑ "Herakles, having slain Hippolyte and taken her axe away from her with the rest of her arms, gave it to Omphale. The kings of Lydia who succeeded her carried this as one of their sacred insignia of office and passed it down from father to son until it was passed to Candaules, who disdained it and gave it to one of his companions to carry. When Gyges rebelled and was making war upon Candaules, Arselis came with a force from Mylasa to assist Gyges; Arselis then slew Candaules and his companion and took the axe to Caria with the other spoils of war. And, having set up a statue of Zeus, Arselis put the axe in his hand and invoked the god, Labrandeus."^[1]
↑ Cf. the parallel construction of a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja, perhaps referring to the “Mistress of Athens”, i. e. Athena, on a different tablet (KN V 52) from Knossos.
↑ "Women fought, as war leaders and in the ranks; women fought in troops, as regular soldiers; and the principal symbol of the Great Goddess, appearing widely throughout the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, was the double-headed battle axe or labrys."^[22]
↑ The forms taken by the labrys were classified by Caterina Mavriyannaki.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Plutarch. Moralia. 45, 2.302a.
↑ The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 960. ISBN 978-0199545568. https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=dapurito+linear+B.
↑ Sweeney, Emmet John (2009). Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek chronology in chaos. Algora Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 9780875866826. https://books.google.com/books?id=wI6zh4E06TgC&q=Labryades&pg=PA116.
↑ Platon, Nicolas; de Tournay, Béatrice (2015-05-18). La Civilisation égéenne: Le Bronze récent et la civilisation mycénienne. Albin Michel. p. iii. ISBN 9782226341075. https://books.google.com/books?id=UJVtCQAAQBAJ&q=Labryades&pg=PA178.
↑ Nilsson, vol. 1, p. 277.
↑ Beekes, Robert (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Boston, Massachusetts: Brill. p. 819. ISBN 978-9004174184.
↑ "Ex von Aulock Collection". 2007. https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=96762.
↑ Tikkanen, Amy (October 14, 2008). "Labyrinth". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/labyrinth-architecture.
↑ For an overview, see
Melena, José L.; Morpurgo Davies, A. (2014). Duhoux, Y.. ed. Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek texts and their world. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (BCILL 133). 3. p. 73.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Schachermeyr, Fritz (1964). Die minoische Kultur des alten Kreta. Stuttgart, Germany: Kohlhammer. OCLC 325167. "Abb. 85"
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Evans, A. (November 1900). "Mycenaean tree and pillar cult and its Mediterranean relations". Journal of Hellenic Studies: § XXI, page 108 ff. https://archive.org/details/mycenaeantreean01evangoog.
↑ Rutter, Jeremy (2017-11-29). "Minoan Religion". http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=720.
↑ "Μοναδικά νέα ευρήματα ανακαλύφθηκαν στο Ακρωτήρι Θήρας". 30 January 2020. https://www.efsyn.gr/node/229174.
↑ Francis, Jane E.; Kouremenos, Anna, eds (2016). Roman Crete: New Perspectives (1st ed.). Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Oxbow Books. p. 46. ISBN 978-1785700958.
↑ "Minoan Religion". Dartmouth College. http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/15.html.
↑ "Tarhun". July 20, 1998. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tarhun.
↑ Nilsson, M. (1967). Die Geschichte der griechischen Religion. I. Munich, DE: C.F. Beck Verlag. p. 267 ff.
↑ Jewitt, Llewellynn Frederick William (1890). English Coins and Tokens. Swan Sonnenschein & Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=J4DUAAAAMAAJ&q=zeus+labrandeus+&pg=PA105.
↑ Francis, Jane E.; Kouremenos, Anna, eds (2016). "Chapter 5. The double axe (λάβρυς) in Roman Crete and beyond: the iconography of a multi-faceted symbol". Roman Crete: New Perspectives (1st ed.). Oxford, UK / Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books. pp. 43–57. ISBN 978-1-78570-095-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=srvNDQAAQBAJ&q=labrys+minoan&pg=PA44.
↑ "Axes: Hephaestus's labrys". March 17, 2020. https://swordtemple.org/axes-hephaestuss-labrys/.
↑ "Yxanvändning". 2 February 2019. https://www.gransforsbruk.com/en/info/axe_throwing/.
↑ Miles, Rosalind (1989). "The Great Goddess". The Women's History of the World. Topsfield, MA: Salem House. p. 33. ISBN 0-88162-348-2. https://archive.org/details/womenshistoryofw0000mile/page/33/mode/2up.
↑ Keller, Mara (1988). "Eleusinian Mysteries". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 4 (1): 42. http://www.ciis.edu/Documents/Keller%20Eleusinian%20Mysteries%201988%20part2_1.pdf. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Markessinis, Andreas (August 22, 2006). "The labrys / pelekys: The symbol of thundergod Zeus and of the EON". http://metaxas-project.com/metaxas-symbols/.
↑ Karlsgodt, Elizabeth (2011). Defending National Treasures: French art and heritage under Vichy. Stanford University Press. pp. 126–128. ISBN 978-0804770187.
↑ Giannuli, Aldo; Rosati, Elia (October 5, 2017). Storia di Ordine Nuovo: La Piú Pericolosa Organizzazione Neo-Fascista Degli Anni Settanta. Milan, IT: Mimesis Edizioni. ISBN 978-8857538433. http://mimesisedizioni.it/passato-prossimo.html.
↑ Mavriyannaki, Caterina (1983). "La double hache dans le monde hellénique à l'âge de bronze". Revue Archéologique. Nouvelle Série, Fasc. 2 (2): 195–228.
↑ Biedermann, Hans (1992). Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural icons and the meanings behind them [Knaurs Lexikon der Symbole]. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 24. ISBN 0-8160-2593-2. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00bied_0/page/24/mode/2up.
↑ Lesbian symbol:
Zimmerman, Bonnie, ed (2000). "Symbols, Christy Stevens". Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Garland Publishing. p. 748. ISBN 0-8153-1920-7. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/748/mode/2up. Myers, JoAnne (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian Liberation Movement: Still the Rage (1st ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0810845060. https://archive.org/details/tozlesbianlibera00myer/page/156/mode/2up. "Gay symbols through the ages". The Alyson Almanac: A treasury of information for the gay and lesbian community. Boston, MA: Alyson Publications. 1989. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0-932870-19-8. https://archive.org/details/alysonalmanactr00bost/page/99. Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies (1st ed.). Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. 2000. p. 44. ISBN 1-57958-142-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=FeWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44. Pea, Georgie (9 August 2013). "LABRYS Tool of Lesbian Feminism". http://findinglesbians.blogspot.com/2013/08/labrys-tool-of-lesbian-feminism.html.
↑ Varghese, Annaida (2021-09-19). "The Story of the Labrys" (in en). https://www.charlottemuseum.co.nz/post/the-story-of-the-labrys.
↑ Bendix, Trish (September 8, 2015). "Why don't lesbians have a pride flag of our own?". https://www.afterellen.com/people/452039-dont-lesbians-pride-flag.
↑ Saphira, Miriam (2018-02-07). "Our Logo" (in en). https://www.charlottemuseum.co.nz/post/our-logo.
↑ "Labrys". 2004–2014. http://www.labrys.kg/en/.
↑ Frazer, Neil (September 12, 2025). "The Review: Why ‘Lesbian Space Princess’ Is the Queer Comedy We’ve Been Waiting For". https://outloudculture.com/2025/09/12/the-review-why-lesbian-space-princess-is-the-queer-comedy-weve-been-waiting-for/.
↑ Ford, Lily (February 13, 2025). "Berlin Hidden Gem: ‘Lesbian Space Princess’ Tells a Tale of “Inter-Gay-Lactic” Self-Discovery". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/berlin-film-festival-hidden-gem-lesbian-space-princess-1236126693/. "Saira must leave the comforts of gay space to deliver their ransom: her royal labrys (the most powerful weapon known to lesbian-kind)"
↑ Scott, Lyvie (November 4, 2025). "Lesbian Space Princess Is A Sweet, If Predictable, Tribute To 2010s Animation". https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/lesbian-space-princess-review-sci-fi-animation. "has routinely failed to fulfill her birthright and summon a magical labrys (an ancient, legendary axe coopted as a lesbian-feminist symbol)."

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrys. Read more

[2] "Herakles, having slain Hippolyte and taken her axe away from her with the rest of her arms, gave it to Omphale. The kings of Lydia who succeeded her carried this as one of their sacred insignia of office and passed it down from father to son until it was passed to Candaules, who disdained it and gave it to one of his companions to carry. When Gyges rebelled and was making war upon Candaules, Arselis came with a force from Mylasa to assist Gyges; Arselis then slew Candaules and his companion and took the axe to Caria with the other spoils of war. And, having set up a statue of Zeus, Arselis put the axe in his hand and invoked the god, Labrandeus."^[1]

[19] Cf. the parallel construction of a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja, perhaps referring to the “Mistress of Athens”, i. e. Athena, on a different tablet (KN V 52) from Knossos.

[25] "Women fought, as war leaders and in the ranks; women fought in troops, as regular soldiers; and the principal symbol of the Great Goddess, appearing widely throughout the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, was the double-headed battle axe or labrys."^[22]

[31] The forms taken by the labrys were classified by Caterina Mavriyannaki.

[Plutarch-Moralia-45-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Plutarch. Moralia. 45, 2.302a.

[3] The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 960. ISBN 978-0199545568. https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=dapurito+linear+B.

[4] Sweeney, Emmet John (2009). Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek chronology in chaos. Algora Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 9780875866826. https://books.google.com/books?id=wI6zh4E06TgC&q=Labryades&pg=PA116.

[5] Platon, Nicolas; de Tournay, Béatrice (2015-05-18). La Civilisation égéenne: Le Bronze récent et la civilisation mycénienne. Albin Michel. p. iii. ISBN 9782226341075. https://books.google.com/books?id=UJVtCQAAQBAJ&q=Labryades&pg=PA178.

[6] Nilsson, vol. 1, p. 277.

[Beekes-7] Beekes, Robert (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Boston, Massachusetts: Brill. p. 819. ISBN 978-9004174184.

[8] "Ex von Aulock Collection". 2007. https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=96762.

[9] Tikkanen, Amy (October 14, 2008). "Labyrinth". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/labyrinth-architecture.

[10] For an overview, see
Melena, José L.; Morpurgo Davies, A. (2014). Duhoux, Y.. ed. Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek texts and their world. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (BCILL 133). 3. p. 73.

[Schachermeyr-1964-11] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Schachermeyr, Fritz (1964). Die minoische Kultur des alten Kreta. Stuttgart, Germany: Kohlhammer. OCLC 325167. "Abb. 85"

[Evans-HelSt-XXI-12] 11.0 ^11.1 Evans, A. (November 1900). "Mycenaean tree and pillar cult and its Mediterranean relations". Journal of Hellenic Studies: § XXI, page 108 ff. https://archive.org/details/mycenaeantreean01evangoog.

[13] Rutter, Jeremy (2017-11-29). "Minoan Religion". http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=720.

[14] "Μοναδικά νέα ευρήματα ανακαλύφθηκαν στο Ακρωτήρι Θήρας". 30 January 2020. https://www.efsyn.gr/node/229174.

[15] Francis, Jane E.; Kouremenos, Anna, eds (2016). Roman Crete: New Perspectives (1st ed.). Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Oxbow Books. p. 46. ISBN 978-1785700958.

[16] "Minoan Religion". Dartmouth College. http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/15.html.

[17] "Tarhun". July 20, 1998. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tarhun.

[18] Nilsson, M. (1967). Die Geschichte der griechischen Religion. I. Munich, DE: C.F. Beck Verlag. p. 267 ff.

[20] Jewitt, Llewellynn Frederick William (1890). English Coins and Tokens. Swan Sonnenschein & Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=J4DUAAAAMAAJ&q=zeus+labrandeus+&pg=PA105.

[RomanCrete-21] Francis, Jane E.; Kouremenos, Anna, eds (2016). "Chapter 5. The double axe (λάβρυς) in Roman Crete and beyond: the iconography of a multi-faceted symbol". Roman Crete: New Perspectives (1st ed.). Oxford, UK / Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books. pp. 43–57. ISBN 978-1-78570-095-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=srvNDQAAQBAJ&q=labrys+minoan&pg=PA44.

[22] "Axes: Hephaestus's labrys". March 17, 2020. https://swordtemple.org/axes-hephaestuss-labrys/.

[23] "Yxanvändning". 2 February 2019. https://www.gransforsbruk.com/en/info/axe_throwing/.

[24] Miles, Rosalind (1989). "The Great Goddess". The Women's History of the World. Topsfield, MA: Salem House. p. 33. ISBN 0-88162-348-2. https://archive.org/details/womenshistoryofw0000mile/page/33/mode/2up.

[26] Keller, Mara (1988). "Eleusinian Mysteries". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 4 (1): 42. http://www.ciis.edu/Documents/Keller%20Eleusinian%20Mysteries%201988%20part2_1.pdf. Retrieved 2016-06-21.

[Metaxas-27] 24.0 ^24.1 Markessinis, Andreas (August 22, 2006). "The labrys / pelekys: The symbol of thundergod Zeus and of the EON". http://metaxas-project.com/metaxas-symbols/.

[karlsgodt-28] Karlsgodt, Elizabeth (2011). Defending National Treasures: French art and heritage under Vichy. Stanford University Press. pp. 126–128. ISBN 978-0804770187.

[Ordine_Nuovo-29] Giannuli, Aldo; Rosati, Elia (October 5, 2017). Storia di Ordine Nuovo: La Piú Pericolosa Organizzazione Neo-Fascista Degli Anni Settanta. Milan, IT: Mimesis Edizioni. ISBN 978-8857538433. http://mimesisedizioni.it/passato-prossimo.html.

[Mavriyannaki-30] Mavriyannaki, Caterina (1983). "La double hache dans le monde hellénique à l'âge de bronze". Revue Archéologique. Nouvelle Série, Fasc. 2 (2): 195–228.

[32] Biedermann, Hans (1992). Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural icons and the meanings behind them [Knaurs Lexikon der Symbole]. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 24. ISBN 0-8160-2593-2. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00bied_0/page/24/mode/2up.

[33] Lesbian symbol:
Zimmerman, Bonnie, ed (2000). "Symbols, Christy Stevens". Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Garland Publishing. p. 748. ISBN 0-8153-1920-7. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/748/mode/2up. Myers, JoAnne (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian Liberation Movement: Still the Rage (1st ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0810845060. https://archive.org/details/tozlesbianlibera00myer/page/156/mode/2up. "Gay symbols through the ages". The Alyson Almanac: A treasury of information for the gay and lesbian community. Boston, MA: Alyson Publications. 1989. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0-932870-19-8. https://archive.org/details/alysonalmanactr00bost/page/99. Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies (1st ed.). Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. 2000. p. 44. ISBN 1-57958-142-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=FeWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44. Pea, Georgie (9 August 2013). "LABRYS Tool of Lesbian Feminism". http://findinglesbians.blogspot.com/2013/08/labrys-tool-of-lesbian-feminism.html.

[34] Varghese, Annaida (2021-09-19). "The Story of the Labrys" (in en). https://www.charlottemuseum.co.nz/post/the-story-of-the-labrys.

[Bendix-35] Bendix, Trish (September 8, 2015). "Why don't lesbians have a pride flag of our own?". https://www.afterellen.com/people/452039-dont-lesbians-pride-flag.

[36] Saphira, Miriam (2018-02-07). "Our Logo" (in en). https://www.charlottemuseum.co.nz/post/our-logo.

[37] "Labrys". 2004–2014. http://www.labrys.kg/en/.

[38] Frazer, Neil (September 12, 2025). "The Review: Why ‘Lesbian Space Princess’ Is the Queer Comedy We’ve Been Waiting For". https://outloudculture.com/2025/09/12/the-review-why-lesbian-space-princess-is-the-queer-comedy-weve-been-waiting-for/.

[39] Ford, Lily (February 13, 2025). "Berlin Hidden Gem: ‘Lesbian Space Princess’ Tells a Tale of “Inter-Gay-Lactic” Self-Discovery". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/berlin-film-festival-hidden-gem-lesbian-space-princess-1236126693/. "Saira must leave the comforts of gay space to deliver their ransom: her royal labrys (the most powerful weapon known to lesbian-kind)"

[40] Scott, Lyvie (November 4, 2025). "Lesbian Space Princess Is A Sweet, If Predictable, Tribute To 2010s Animation". https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/lesbian-space-princess-review-sci-fi-animation. "has routinely failed to fulfill her birthright and summon a magical labrys (an ancient, legendary axe coopted as a lesbian-feminist symbol)."

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-{{Short description|Cretan double-bladed axe}}
+'''''Labrys''''' ({{langx|el|λάβρυς|lábrys}}) is, according to [[Philosophy:Plutarch|Plutarch]] (''Quaestiones Graecae'' 2.302a), the [[Social:Lydian language|Lydian word]] for the [[Engineering:Axe#Components|double-bitted]] [[Engineering:Axe|axe]]. In Greek it was called {{lang|grc|πέλεκυς}} (''pélekys''). The plural of ''labrys'' is '''''labryes''''' ({{lang|grc|λάβρυες}}).
-{{multiple issues|
-[[File:AMI - Goldene Doppelaxt.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|An ornamented golden Minoan double axe, often spuriously called a ''labrys'']]
-[[File:Bronze Ax Messara Crete.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[History:Bronze Age|Bronze Age]] axe from the tholos tombs of Messara in Crete]]
-[[File:SATRAPS of CARIA. Hidrieus. Circa 351-0 to 344-3 BC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Coinage of Idrieus of Caria, ''Obv'': Head of Apollo, wearing laurel wreath, drapery at neck; ''Rev'': legend {{lang|grc|ΙΔΡΙΕΩΣ}} ("IDRIEOS"), Zeus Labraundos standing with labrys in his right hand, {{circa|351–350 to 344–343}}&nbsp;BCE<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex von Aulock Collection |website=Classical Numismatic Group (CNG) |year=2007 |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=96762 |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>]]
-'''''Labrys''''' ({{lang-gr|λάβρυς|lábrys}}) is, according to [[Philosophy:Plutarch|Plutarch]] (''Quaestiones Graecae'' 2.302a), the [[Social:Lydian language|Lydian word]] for the [[Engineering:Axe#Parts of the axe|double-bitted]] [[Engineering:Axe|axe]]. In Greek it was called {{lang|grc|πέλεκυς}} (''pélekys''). The plural of ''labrys'' is '''''labryes''''' ({{lang|grc|λάβρυες}}).
+==Etymology==
+[[File:Bronze Ax Messara Crete.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Bronze Age]] axe from the tholos tombs of Messara in Crete]]
-==Etymology==
 [[Philosophy:Plutarch|Plutarch]] relates that the word {{lang|grc-Latn|labrys}} was a [[Social:Lydian language|Lydian]] word for 'axe': {{lang|grc|Λυδοὶ γὰρ ‘λάβρυν’ τὸν πέλεκυν ὀνομάζουσι}}.{{efn|
 "[[Religion:Heracles|Herakles]], having slain Hippolyte and taken her axe away from her with the rest of her arms, gave it to Omphale. The kings of Lydia who succeeded her carried this as one of their sacred insignia of office and passed it down from father to son until it was passed to Candaules, who disdained it and gave it to one of his companions to carry. When Gyges rebelled and was making war upon Candaules, Arselis came with a force from [[Place:Milas|Mylasa]] to assist Gyges; Arselis then slew Candaules and his companion and took the axe to [[Earth:Caria|Caria]] with the other spoils of war. And, having set up a statue of Zeus, Arselis put the axe in his hand and invoked the god, [[Earth:Labraunda|Labrandeus]]."<ref name=Plutarch-Moralia-45>{{cite book |author=[[Philosophy:Plutarch|Plutarch]] |title=[[Social:Moralia|Moralia]] |trans-title=Greek Questions |at=45, 2.302a}}</ref>
-}}<ref name=Plutarch-Moralia-45/> ("For Lydians name the double-edged axe 'Labrys{{'"}}). Many scholars including Arthur Evans assert that the word ''labyrinth'' is derived from ''labrys'' and thus implies 'house of the double axe'.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |year=2012 |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |place=Oxford, UK |page=960 |edition=4th |isbn=978-0199545568 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=dapurito+linear+B}}</ref> A priestly corporation in Delphi was named ''Labyades''; the original name was probably ''Labryades'', servants of the double axe. In Roman times at Patrai and Messene, a goddess Laphria was worshipped, commonly identified with [[Religion:Artemis|Artemis]]. Her name was said to be derived from the region around Delphi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek chronology in chaos |first=Emmet John |last=Sweeney |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=9780875866826 |date=2009 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wI6zh4E06TgC&q=Labryades&pg=PA116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Nicolas |last1=Platon |first2=Béatrice |last2=de Tournay |date=2015-05-18 |title=La Civilisation égéenne: Le Bronze récent et la civilisation mycénienne |trans-title=Aegean Civilization: The late Bronze Age and the civilization of the Mycenaeans |publisher=Albin Michel |isbn=9782226341075 |page=iii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJVtCQAAQBAJ&q=Labryades&pg=PA178}}</ref>
+}}<ref name=Plutarch-Moralia-45/> ("For Lydians name the double-edged axe 'Labrys{{'"}}). Many scholars including Arthur Evans assert that the word ''[[Software:Labyrinth|labyrinth]]'' is derived from ''labrys'' and thus implies 'house of the double axe'.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |year=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=Oxford, UK |page=960 |edition=4th |isbn=978-0199545568 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=dapurito+linear+B}}</ref> A priestly corporation in [[Software:Delphi|Delphi]] was named ''Labyades''; the original name was probably ''Labryades'', servants of the double axe. In the Roman era at Patrai and Messene, a goddess Laphria was worshipped, commonly identified with [[Religion:Artemis|Artemis]]. Her name was said to be derived from the region around Delphi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek chronology in chaos |first=Emmet John |last=Sweeney |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=9780875866826 |date=2009 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wI6zh4E06TgC&q=Labryades&pg=PA116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Nicolas |last1=Platon |first2=Béatrice |last2=de Tournay |date=2015-05-18 |title=La Civilisation égéenne: Le Bronze récent et la civilisation mycénienne |trans-title=Aegean Civilization: The late Bronze Age and the civilization of the Mycenaeans |publisher=Albin Michel |isbn=9782226341075 |page=iii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJVtCQAAQBAJ&q=Labryades&pg=PA178}}</ref>
-In Crete the "double axe" is not a weapon, and it always accompanies female goddesses, not male gods.<ref>Nilsson, vol. 1, p. 277.</ref> Beekes regards the relation of ''labyrinth'' with ''labrys'' as speculative, and rather proposes a relation with {{lang|grc-Latn|laura}} ({{lang|grc|λαύρα}}), 'narrow street', or to the Carian [[Unsolved:Theonym|theonym]] Dabraundos ({{lang|grc|Δαβραυνδος}}).<ref name=Beekes>{{cite book |last=Beekes |first=Robert |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |year=2009 |page=819 |publisher=Brill |location=Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-9004174184}}</ref>
+In Crete the "double axe" is not a weapon, and it always accompanies female goddesses, not male gods, referring to the male bull god itself.<ref>Nilsson, vol. 1, p. 277.</ref> Robert S. P. Beekes regards the relation of ''labyrinth'' with ''labrys'' as speculative, and rather proposes a relation with {{lang|grc-Latn|laura}} ({{lang|grc|λαύρα}}), 'narrow street', or to the Carian [[Unsolved:Theonym|theonym]] Dabraundos ({{lang|grc|Δαβραυνδος}}).<ref name=Beekes>{{cite book |last=Beekes |first=Robert |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |year=2009 |page=819 |publisher=Brill |location=Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-9004174184}}</ref>
-It is also possible that the word ''labyrinth'' is derived from the Egyptian, meaning: "the temple at the entrance of the lake". The Egyptian labyrinth near Lake Moeris is described by Herodotus and Strabo.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Tikkanen |first=Amy |date=October 14, 2008 |title=Labyrinth |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/labyrinth-architecture}}</ref> The inscription in {{nobr|[[Social:Linear B|Linear B]],}} on {{nobr|tablet ΚΝ Gg 702,}} reads {{lang|gmy-Linb|{{big|{{Script|Linb|𐀅𐁆𐀪𐀵𐀍𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊}} }} }} &thinsp; ({{lang|gmy-Latn|da-pu{{sub|2}}-ri-to-jo-po-ti-ni-ja}}). The conventional reading is {{lang|gmy-Grek|λαβυρίνθοιο πότνια}} (''labyrinthoio potnia''; 'mistress of the labyrinth'). According to some modern scholars it could read *{{lang|gmy-Grek|δαφυρίνθοιο}} (*''daphyrinthoio''), or something similar, and hence be without a certain link with either the {{lang|xld-Grek|λάβρυς}} or the labyrinth.<ref>For an overview, ''see''<br/>
+[[File:SATRAPS of CARIA. Hidrieus. Circa 351-0 to 344-3 BC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Coinage of [[Idrieus]] of [[Earth:Caria|Caria]], ''Obv'': Head of [[Unsolved:Apollo|Apollo]], wearing laurel wreath, drapery at neck; ''Rev'': legend {{lang|grc|ΙΔΡΙΕΩΣ}} ("IDRIEOS"), Zeus Labraundos standing with labrys in his right hand, {{circa|351–350 to 344–343}}&nbsp;BCE<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex von Aulock Collection |website=Classical Numismatic Group (CNG) |year=2007 |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=96762 |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>]]
-{{cite book |last1=Melena |first1=José L. |year=2014 |section=Mycenaean writing |title=Companion to Linear&nbsp;B: Mycenaean Greek texts and their world |volume=3 |page=73 |editor-last=Duhoux |editor-first=Y. |last2=Morpurgo Davies |first2=A. |series=Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (BCILL&nbsp;133) |section-url=https://www.academia.edu/7078918/José_L._Melena_Mycenaean_Writing_in_A_Companion_to_Linear_B._Mycenaean_Greek_Texts_and_their_World_Eds._Duhoux_Y._Morpurgo_Davies_A._Volume_3_Series_Bibliothèque_des_Cahiers_de_lInstitut_de_Linguistique_de_Louvain_BCILL_133_2014 |via=Academia.edu}}
-</ref>
-A link has also been posited with the double axe symbols at Çatalhöyük, dating to the Neolithic age.<ref name=Schachermeyr-1964>{{cite book |last=Schachermeyr |first=Fritz |year=1964 |title=Die minoische Kultur des alten Kreta |lang=de |trans-title=The Minoan Culture of Ancient Crete |publisher=Kohlhammer |place=Stuttgart, Germany |quote=Abb. 85 |oclc=325167}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 161}} In [[Earth:Labraunda|Labraunda]] in [[Earth:Caria|Caria]], as well as in the coinage of the Hecatomnid rulers of [[Earth:Caria|Caria]], the double axe accompanies the storm god Zeus Labraundos. Arthur Evans notes,
+It is also possible that the word ''labyrinth'' is derived from the [[Social:Egyptian language|Egyptian]], meaning: "the temple at the entrance of the lake". The Egyptian labyrinth near Lake Moeris is described by Herodotus and Strabo.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Tikkanen |first=Amy |date=October 14, 2008 |title=Labyrinth |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/labyrinth-architecture}}</ref> The inscription in {{nobr|[[Social:Linear B|Linear B]],}} on {{nobr|tablet ΚΝ Gg 702,}} reads {{lang|gmy-Linb|{{big|{{Script|Linb|𐀅𐁆𐀪𐀵𐀍𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊}} }} }} &thinsp; ({{lang|gmy-Latn|da-pu{{sub|2}}-ri-to-jo-po-ti-ni-ja}}). The conventional reading is {{lang|gmy-Grek|λαβυρίνθοιο πότνια}} (''labyrinthoio potnia''; 'mistress of the labyrinth'). According to some modern scholars it could read *{{lang|gmy-Grek|δαφυρίνθοιο}} (*''daphyrinthoio''), or something similar, and hence be without a certain link with either the {{lang|xld-Grek|λάβρυς}} or the labyrinth.<ref>For an overview, ''see''<br/>
+{{cite book |last1=Melena |first1=José L. |year=2014 |section=Mycenaean writing |title=Companion to Linear&nbsp;B: Mycenaean Greek texts and their world |volume=3 |page=73 |editor-last=Duhoux |editor-first=Y. |last2=Morpurgo Davies |first2=A. |series=Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (BCILL&nbsp;133) |section-url=https://www.academia.edu/7078918/José_L._Melena_Mycenaean_Writing_in_A_Companion_to_Linear_B._Mycenaean_Greek_Texts_and_their_World_Eds._Duhoux_Y._Morpurgo_Davies_A._Volume_3_Series_Bibliothèque_des_Cahiers_de_lInstitut_de_Linguistique_de_Louvain_BCILL_133_2014 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref>
+A link has also been posited with the double axe symbols at Çatalhöyük, dating to the Neolithic age.<ref name=Schachermeyr-1964>{{cite book |last=Schachermeyr |first=Fritz |year=1964 |title=Die minoische Kultur des alten Kreta |lang=de |trans-title=The Minoan Culture of Ancient Crete |publisher=Kohlhammer |place=Stuttgart, Germany |quote=Abb. 85 |oclc=325167}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 161}} In [[Earth:Labraunda|Labraunda]] in [[Earth:Caria|Caria]], as well as in the coinage of the Hecatomnid rulers of Caria, the double axe accompanies the storm god Zeus Labraundos. Arthur Evans notes,
 {{quote|It seems natural to interpret names of Carian sanctuaries such as Labranda in the most literal sense as the place of the sacred labrys, which was the Lydian (or Carian) name for the Greek {{lang|grc|πέλεκυς}} [pelekys], or double-edged axe<ref name=Evans-HelSt-XXI/>}}
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 ==Minoan double axe==
-[[File:Mycenae gold ring.jpg|thumb|Drawing of a golden ring found at [[History:Mycenae|Mycenae]] depicting cult of the seated poppy goddess, in which the labrys is central and prominent]]In ancient Crete, the double axe was an important sacred symbol of the Minoan religion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=720 |title=Minoan Religion |last=Rutter |first=Jeremy |date=2017-11-29 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230854/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=720 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Crete the double axe only accompanies goddesses, never gods. It seems that it was the symbol of the arche of the creation (Mater-arche).<ref name=Schachermeyr-1964/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 161}} Small versions were used as votive offerings and have been found in considerable numbers; the Arkalochori Axe is a famous example. Minoan double axes have also recently been found in the prehistoric town of Akrotiri ([[Biography:Santorini|Santorini]] Island) along with other objects of apparent religious significance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Μοναδικά νέα ευρήματα ανακαλύφθηκαν στο Ακρωτήρι Θήρας |website=Η Εφημερίδα των Συντακτών |date=30 January 2020 |lang=el-GR |url=https://www.efsyn.gr/node/229174 |access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
+[[File:Mycenae gold ring.jpg|thumb|Drawing of a golden ring found at [[Mycenae]] depicting cult of the seated poppy goddess, in which the labrys is central and prominent]]In ancient Crete, the double axe was an important sacred symbol of the Minoan religion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=720 |title=Minoan Religion |last=Rutter |first=Jeremy |date=2017-11-29 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230854/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=720 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Crete the double axe only accompanies goddesses, never gods. It seems that it was the symbol of the arche of the creation (Mater-arche).<ref name=Schachermeyr-1964/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 161}} Small versions were used as votive offerings and have been found in considerable numbers; the [[Engineering:Arkalochori Axe|Arkalochori Axe]] is a famous and rather larger example. Minoan double axes have also recently been found in the prehistoric town of Akrotiri ([[Biography:Santorini|Santorini]] Island) along with other objects of apparent religious significance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Μοναδικά νέα ευρήματα ανακαλύφθηκαν στο Ακρωτήρι Θήρας |website=Η Εφημερίδα των Συντακτών |date=30 January 2020 |lang=el-GR |url=https://www.efsyn.gr/node/229174 |access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
+[[File:Gussform Palekastro (Xanthoudidis) 03.jpg|thumb|[[Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro|Minoan mould from Palaikastro]]]]
 == Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom ==
-The double axe appears to have carried important symbolism the ancient Thracian [[History:Odrysian kingdom|Odrysian kingdom]] related to the Thracian religion and to the royal power. It is argued that in ancient Thrace the double axe was an attribute of Zalmoxis. The double axe appears on coins from Thrace and is believed to be the symbol of the kings of the Odrysae, who believed they could trace their lineage to Zalmoxis.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Francis |editor1-first=Jane E. |editor2-last=Kouremenos |editor2-first=Anna |title=Roman Crete: New Perspectives |year=2016 |edition=1st |page=46 |publisher=Oxbow Books |location=Oxford, England, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1785700958}}</ref> A fresco from the Thracian tomb near Aleksandrovo in south-east Bulgaria, dated to {{circa|4th c.}}&nbsp;BCE, depicts a large-size naked man wielding a double axe.
+The double axe apparently carried important symbolism the ancient Thracian [[History:Odrysian kingdom|Odrysian kingdom]] related to the Thracian religion and to royal power. It is argued that in ancient Thrace the double axe was an attribute of Zalmoxis. The double axe appears on coins from Thrace and is believed to be the symbol of the kings of the Odrysae, who believed they could trace their lineage to Zalmoxis.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Francis |editor1-first=Jane E. |editor2-last=Kouremenos |editor2-first=Anna |title=Roman Crete: New Perspectives |year=2016 |edition=1st |page=46 |publisher=Oxbow Books |location=Oxford, England, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1785700958}}</ref> A fresco from the Thracian tomb near Aleksandrovo in south-east Bulgaria, dated to {{circa|4th c.}}&nbsp;BCE, depicts a large-size naked man wielding a double axe.
 ==Double axes in the Near East==
-In the [[Place:Near East|Near East]] and other parts of the region, eventually, axes of this sort often are wielded by male divinities and appear to become symbols of the thunderbolt, a symbol often found associated with the axe symbol.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minoan Religion |publisher=[[Organization:Dartmouth College|Dartmouth College]] |url=http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/15.html |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718124320/http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/15.html |archive-date=2012-07-18}}</ref> In [[Earth:Labraunda|Labraunda]] of [[Earth:Caria|Caria]] the double-axe accompanies the storm-god Zeus Labraundos. Similar symbols have been found on plates of Linear pottery culture in Romania.<ref name=Schachermeyr-1964/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 162}} The double-axe is associated with the Hurrian god of sky and storm [[Religion:Teshub|Teshub]]. His [[History:Hittites|Hittite]] and [[Social:Luwian language|Luwian]] name was Tarhun.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tarhun |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tarhun |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=July 20, 1998}}</ref> Both are depicted holding a triple [[Physics:Thunderbolt|thunderbolt]] in one hand and a double axe in the other hand. Similarly, Zeus throws his thunderbolt to bring storm. The ''labrys'', or ''pelekys'', is the double axe Zeus uses to invoke storm and, the relatively modern Greek word for lightning is "star-axe" ({{lang|grc|ἀστροπελέκι}} {{lang|grc-Latn|astropeleki}})<ref>{{cite book |first=M. |last=Nilsson |year=1967 |title=Die Geschichte der griechischen Religion |lang=de |trans-title=The History of Greek Religion |volume=I |page=267 ff |publisher=C.F. Beck Verlag |place=Munich, DE}}</ref> The worship of the double axe was kept up in the Greek island of [[Place:Tenedos|Tenedos]] and in several cities in the south-west of [[Earth:Asia Minor|Asia Minor]], and it appears in later historical times in the cult of the thunder god of Asia Minor (Zeus Labrayndeus).
+In the [[Place:Near East|Near East]] and other parts of the region, eventually, axes of this sort often are wielded by male divinities and appear to become symbols of the thunderbolt, a symbol often found associated with the axe symbol.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minoan Religion |publisher=[[Organization:Dartmouth College|Dartmouth College]] |url=http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/15.html |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718124320/http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/15.html |archive-date=2012-07-18}}</ref> In [[Earth:Labraunda|Labraunda]] of [[Earth:Caria|Caria]] the double-axe accompanies the storm-god Zeus Labraundos. Similar symbols have been found on plates of Linear pottery culture in Romania.<ref name=Schachermeyr-1964/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 162}} The double-axe is associated with the Hurrian god of sky and storm [[Religion:Teshub|Teshub]]. His [[History:Hittites|Hittite]] and [[Social:Luwian language|Luwian]] name was Tarhun.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tarhun |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tarhun |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=July 20, 1998}}</ref> Both are depicted holding a triple [[Physics:Thunderbolt|thunderbolt]] in one hand and a double axe in the other hand. Similarly, [[Religion:Zeus|Zeus]] throws his thunderbolt to bring a storm. The ''labrys'', or ''pelekys'', is the double axe Zeus uses to invoke storm and, the relatively modern Greek word for lightning is "star-axe" ({{lang|grc|ἀστροπελέκι}} {{lang|grc-Latn|astropeleki}})<ref>{{cite book |first=M. |last=Nilsson |year=1967 |title=Die Geschichte der griechischen Religion |lang=de |trans-title=The History of Greek Religion |volume=I |page=267 ff |publisher=C.F. Beck Verlag |place=Munich, DE}}</ref> The worship of the double axe was kept up in the Greek island of [[Place:Tenedos|Tenedos]] and in several cities in the south-west of [[Earth:Asia Minor|Asia Minor]], and it appears in later historical times in the cult of the thunder god of Asia Minor (Zeus Labrayndeus).
 ==Ancient Greece==
@@ Line 41: / Line 40: @@
 ==Roman Crete==
-[[File:Orient méditerranéen de l'Empire romain - Mosaïque byzantine -5.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Ancient Roman mosaic in the Louvre depicting an Amazon warrior with labrys in combat with a hippeus, fourth century A.D., from Daphne, a suburb of Antioch (modern Antakya, Turkey)]]
+[[File:Orient méditerranéen de l'Empire romain - Mosaïque byzantine -5.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Ancient [[Roman mosaic]] in the Louvre depicting an [[Social:Amazons|Amazon]] warrior with labrys in combat with a hippeus, fourth century A.D., from Daphne, a suburb of Antioch (modern Antakya, Turkey)]]
 In Roman Crete, the labrys was often associated with the mythological [[Social:Amazons|Amazons]].<ref name="RomanCrete">{{cite book |editor1-last=Francis |editor1-first=Jane E. |editor2-last=Kouremenos |editor2-first=Anna |title=Roman Crete: New Perspectives |year=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |place=Oxford, UK / Havertown, PA |edition=1st |chapter=Chapter&nbsp;5. The double axe (λάβρυς) in Roman Crete and beyond: the iconography of a multi-faceted symbol |pages=43–57 |isbn=978-1-78570-095-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srvNDQAAQBAJ&q=labrys+minoan&pg=PA44 }}</ref>
 ==Modern uses==
-===Weapon===
-While double axes are common in modern high fantasy settings, in reality they were not commonly used in combat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Axes: Hephaestus's labrys |date=March 17, 2020 |website=Sword Temple |url=https://swordtemple.org/axes-hephaestuss-labrys/ |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
-===Sport===
+=== Weapon ===
+While double axes are common in modern high fantasy settings, in reality they were not commonly used in combat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Axes: Hephaestus's labrys |date=March 17, 2020 |website=Sword Temple |url=https://swordtemple.org/axes-hephaestuss-labrys/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923193416/https://swordtemple.org/axes-hephaestuss-labrys/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+=== Sport ===
 Double-bit axes were common in North American forestry: One blade would be sharp and used for felling, whilst the other was a little blunter for limbing. As the forest workers (lumberjacks) were often away from civilization for long periods of time they needed a way to amuse themselves. Thus the sport of double-bit axe throwing was born. In recent decades the sport has been formalised with Swedish company Gränsfors Bruk writing the rules most widely accepted. There are now multiple clubs across Europe that throw double-bit. The sport of double-bit was formalised in the 1990s, whereas [[Engineering:Hatchet|hatchet]] throwing was formalised in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yxanvändning |trans-title=Axe Throwing |website=Gränsfors Bruks AB |date=2 February 2019 |place=Sweden |url=https://www.gransforsbruk.com/en/info/axe_throwing/}}</ref>
-==Symbol==
+==Symbolism==
-===Religion and spirituality===
-The labrys is sometimes used as a symbol of Hellenic polytheism.{{citation needed |date=July 2018}} As a symbol of the neopagan Goddess movement, the labrys represents the memory of pre-patriarchal matristic societies.{{efn|"Women fought, as war leaders and in the ranks; women fought in troops, as regular soldiers; and the principal symbol of the Great Goddess, appearing widely throughout the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, was the double-headed battle axe or ''labrys''."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miles |first1=Rosalind |title=The Women's History of the World |year=1989 |chapter=The Great Goddess |page=33 |publisher=Salem House |location=Topsfield, MA |isbn=0-88162-348-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womenshistoryofw0000mile/page/33/mode/2up}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keller |first=Mara |year=1988 |title=Eleusinian Mysteries |url=http://www.ciis.edu/Documents/Keller%20Eleusinian%20Mysteries%201988%20part2_1.pdf |journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=42 |access-date=2016-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908111212/https://www.ciis.edu/Documents/Keller%20Eleusinian%20Mysteries%201988%20part2_1.pdf |archive-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref>
+=== Religion and spirituality ===
-===Political===
+[[File:Labrys Kettenanhänger.jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|right|Labrys jewelry of modern pagan and feminist movements|100px]]
+The labrys is sometimes used as a symbol of Hellenic polytheism. As a symbol of the neopagan Goddess movement, the labrys represents the memory of pre-patriarchal matristic societies.{{efn|"Women fought, as war leaders and in the ranks; women fought in troops, as regular soldiers; and the principal symbol of the Great Goddess, appearing widely throughout the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, was the double-headed battle axe or ''labrys''."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miles |first1=Rosalind |title=The Women's History of the World |year=1989 |chapter=The Great Goddess |page=33 |publisher=Salem House |location=Topsfield, MA |isbn=0-88162-348-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womenshistoryofw0000mile/page/33/mode/2up}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keller |first=Mara |year=1988 |title=Eleusinian Mysteries |url=http://www.ciis.edu/Documents/Keller%20Eleusinian%20Mysteries%201988%20part2_1.pdf |journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=42 |access-date=2016-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908111212/https://www.ciis.edu/Documents/Keller%20Eleusinian%20Mysteries%201988%20part2_1.pdf |archive-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref>
+=== Political ===
 In Greece, the labrys was employed as a symbol of [[Social:Metaxism|Metaxism]].<ref name=Metaxas>{{cite web |last=Markessinis |first=Andreas |date=August 22, 2006 |title=The labrys / pelekys: The symbol of thundergod Zeus and of the EON |website=Metaxas Project |url=http://metaxas-project.com/metaxas-symbols/ |access-date=August 31, 2014}}</ref> During the [[Philosophy:Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] period of the 4th of August Regime (1936–1941), it represented the regime-sponsored National Organization of Youth (EON), as its leader, Ioannis Metaxas, believed it to be the first symbol of all Hellenic civilizations.<ref name=Metaxas/>
-The labrys symbol was also used prominently by the [[Religion:Vichy France|Vichy France]] regime, being featured on the personal flag of Chief of State Philippe Pétain, on coins, and in various propaganda posters.<ref name=karlsgodt>{{cite book |first=Elizabeth |last=Karlsgodt |year=2011 |title=Defending National Treasures: French art and heritage under Vichy |publisher=Stanford University Press |pages=126–128 |isbn=978-0804770187}}</ref>
+The labrys symbol was also used prominently by the [[Religion:Vichy France|Vichy France]] regime, with the symbol, erroniously called a [[Engineering:Francisca|Francisque]], being featured on the personal flag of Chief of State Philippe Pétain, on coins, and in various propaganda posters.<ref name="karlsgodt">{{cite book |first=Elizabeth |last=Karlsgodt |year=2011 |title=Defending National Treasures: French art and heritage under Vichy |publisher=Stanford University Press |pages=126–128 |isbn=978-0804770187}}</ref>
+[[File:Informal emblem of the French State (1940–1944).svg|thumb|The labrys used by Phillipe Pétain|right|100px]]
 In the 1960s the labrys was also used by the Italian [[Social:Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] and [[Social:Far-right politics|far-right]] movement Ordine Nuovo, most prominently on their flag.<ref name="Ordine Nuovo">{{cite book |last1=Giannuli |first1=Aldo |last2=Rosati |first2=Elia | date=October 5, 2017 |title=Storia di Ordine Nuovo: La Piú Pericolosa Organizzazione Neo-Fascista Degli Anni Settanta |lang=it |trans-title=History of Ordine Nuovo: The most dangerous neo-fascist organization of the seventies |url=http://mimesisedizioni.it/passato-prossimo.html |place=Milan, IT |publisher=Mimesis Edizioni |isbn=978-8857538433}}</ref>
-===Social movement===
+=== Social movement ===
-[[File:Labrys Kettenanhänger.jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|Labrys jewelry of modern pagan and feminist movements]]
+In feminist interpretations, the labrys is a [[Symbol|symbol]] of [[Social:Matriarchy|matriarchy]] and female empowerment.<ref name="Mavriyannaki">{{cite journal |last1=Mavriyannaki|first1=Caterina|title=La double hache dans le monde hellénique à l'âge de bronze|journal=Revue Archéologique |issue=2 |year=1983 |pages=195–228 |series=Nouvelle Série, Fasc.&nbsp;2 |lang=fr |trans-title=The Double Axe in the Hellenic World at the Bronze Age |jstor=41737054}}</ref>{{efn|
-In feminist interpretations, the labrys is a [[Symbol|symbol]] of [[Social:Matriarchy|matriarchy]].<ref name="Mavriyannaki">{{cite journal |last1=Mavriyannaki|first1=Caterina|title=La double hache dans le monde hellénique à l'âge de bronze|journal=Revue Archéologique |issue=2 |year=1983 |pages=195–228 |series=Nouvelle Série, Fasc.&nbsp;2 |lang=fr |trans-title=The Double Axe in the Hellenic World at the Bronze Age |jstor=41737054}}</ref>{{efn|
 The forms taken by the labrys were classified by Caterina Mavriyannaki.
 }}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biedermann |first1=Hans |title=Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural icons and the meanings behind them [Knaurs Lexikon der Symbole] |year=1992 |page=24 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-8160-2593-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00bied_0/page/24/mode/2up |url-access=limited}}</ref>
-====Lesbian symbol====
+=== Lesbian symbol ===
-[[File:Labrys Lesbian Flag.svg|thumb|150px|right|Labrys lesbian flag]]
+[[File:Labrys Lesbian Flag.svg|thumb|205x205px|right|Labrys lesbian flag]]
 In the 1970s, the labrys was adopted by the lesbian community, as a [[Social:Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminist]] symbol, representing strength and self-sufficiency.<ref>Lesbian symbol:<br/>
 {{cite book |editor1-last=Zimmerman |editor1-first=Bonnie |title=Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia |year=2000 |edition=1st |page=748 |chapter=Symbols, Christy Stevens |publisher=Garland Publishing |isbn=0-8153-1920-7 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/748/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=limited }}
-:
 {{cite book |last1=Myers |first1=JoAnne |title=Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian Liberation Movement: Still the Rage |year=2003 |edition=1st |page=156 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-0810845060 |url=https://archive.org/details/tozlesbianlibera00myer/page/156/mode/2up |url-access=limited }}
-:
 {{cite book |title=The Alyson Almanac: A treasury of information for the gay and lesbian community |year=1989 |publisher=Alyson Publications |location=Boston, MA |chapter=Gay symbols through the ages |pages=[https://archive.org/details/alysonalmanactr00bost/page/99 99–100] |isbn=0-932870-19-8 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/alysonalmanactr00bost/page/99 |chapter-url-access=limited }}
-:
 {{cite book |editor-last1=Murphy |editor-first1=Timothy F. |title=Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies |year=2000 |edition=1st |page=44 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |location=Chicago, IL |isbn=1-57958-142-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 }}
-:
-{{cite web |last1=Pea |first1=Georgie |title=LABRYS Tool of Lesbian Feminism |url=http://findinglesbians.blogspot.com/2013/08/labrys-tool-of-lesbian-feminism.html |website=Finding Lesbians |date=9 August 2013 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023141/http://findinglesbians.blogspot.com/2013/08/labrys-tool-of-lesbian-feminism.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-The labrys lesbian flag, created in 1999,<ref name=Bendix>{{cite news |last=Bendix |first=Trish |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Why don't lesbians have a pride flag of our own? |website=AfterEllen |url=https://www.afterellen.com/people/452039-dont-lesbians-pride-flag |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909150736/https://www.afterellen.com/people/452039-dont-lesbians-pride-flag |archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref> involves a labrys superimposed on an inverted [[Black triangle (badge)|black triangle]] and set against a [[Violet (color)#Social movement|violet]] background.
-In Kyrgyzstan, "Labrys" is an LGBT rights organization. The group's goal is to improve the quality of life for all LGBT individuals in their country as well as Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labrys|url=http://www.labrys.kg/en/ |website=Labrys Kyrgyzstan |date=2004–2014 |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522073114/https://labrys.kg/ |archive-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Similarly, "Labrisz" is an association in Hungary for lesbian and bisexual women.
+{{cite web |last1=Pea |first1=Georgie |title=LABRYS Tool of Lesbian Feminism |url=http://findinglesbians.blogspot.com/2013/08/labrys-tool-of-lesbian-feminism.html |website=Finding Lesbians |date=9 August 2013 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023141/http://findinglesbians.blogspot.com/2013/08/labrys-tool-of-lesbian-feminism.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The symbol is described to represent a [[Biology:Butterfly|butterfly]] and the [[Biology:Labia|labia]], and is seen as an embodiment of the female spirit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varghese |first=Annaida |date=2021-09-19 |title=The Story of the Labrys |url=https://www.charlottemuseum.co.nz/post/the-story-of-the-labrys |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Charlotte Museum |language=en}}</ref>
-===Culture===
-The double axe is used by Cretan folklore preservation societies and associations both in Greece and abroad, on occasion with the spelling "lavrys" reflecting modern Greek pronunciation.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
+The lesbian flag, created in 1999 by Sean Campbell depicts a labrys superimposed on an inverted [[Black triangle (badge)|black triangle]] and set against a [[Violet (color)#Social movement|violet]] background.<ref name="Bendix">{{cite news |last=Bendix |first=Trish |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Why don't lesbians have a pride flag of our own? |website=AfterEllen |url=https://www.afterellen.com/people/452039-dont-lesbians-pride-flag |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909150736/https://www.afterellen.com/people/452039-dont-lesbians-pride-flag |archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref>
+The labrys is incorporated into the logo of The Charlotte Museum, a lesbian museum in [[Place:Auckland|Auckland]], [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saphira |first=Miriam |date=2018-02-07 |title=Our Logo |url=https://www.charlottemuseum.co.nz/post/our-logo |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Charlotte Museum |language=en}}</ref> In Kyrgyzstan, "Labrys" is an LGBT rights organization. The group's goal is to improve the quality of life for all LGBT individuals in their country as well as Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labrys|url=http://www.labrys.kg/en/ |website=Labrys Kyrgyzstan |date=2004–2014 |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522073114/https://labrys.kg/ |archive-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Similarly, "Labrisz" is an association in Hungary for lesbian and bisexual women.
+=== Culture ===
+=== Film ===
+In the film ''Lesbian Space Princess'', the labrys is the "most powerful weapon known to lesbian kind". It serves as both a weapon and a symbol of lesbian power, which the protagonist is told to summon, and the villains tell her deliver it as a ransom so her ex-girlfriend isn't killed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Frazer|first=Neil|url=https://outloudculture.com/2025/09/12/the-review-why-lesbian-space-princess-is-the-queer-comedy-weve-been-waiting-for/|title=The Review: Why ‘Lesbian Space Princess’ Is the Queer Comedy We’ve Been Waiting For|website=OutLoud! Culture|date=September 12, 2025|access-date=December 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917091820/https://outloudculture.com/2025/09/12/the-review-why-lesbian-space-princess-is-the-queer-comedy-weve-been-waiting-for/|archive-date=September 17, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ford|first=Lily|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/berlin-film-festival-hidden-gem-lesbian-space-princess-1236126693/|title=Berlin Hidden Gem: ‘Lesbian Space Princess’ Tells a Tale of “Inter-Gay-Lactic” Self-Discovery|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=February 13, 2025|access-date=December 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222100008/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/berlin-film-festival-hidden-gem-lesbian-space-princess-1236126693/|archive-date=February 22, 2025|url-status=live|quote=Saira must leave the comforts of gay space to deliver their ransom: her royal labrys (the most powerful weapon known to lesbian-kind)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Scott|first=Lyvie|url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/lesbian-space-princess-review-sci-fi-animation|title=Lesbian Space Princess Is A Sweet, If Predictable, Tribute To 2010s Animation|website=Inverse|date=November 4, 2025|access-date=December 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109110536/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/lesbian-space-princess-review-sci-fi-animation|archive-date=November 9, 2025|url-status=live|quote=has routinely failed to fulfill her birthright and summon a magical labrys (an ancient, legendary axe coopted as a lesbian-feminist symbol).}}</ref>
 ==See also==
-{{div col begin |colwidth=12em}}
+{{div col begin |colwidth=35em}}
 * [[Engineering:Arkalochori Axe|Arkalochori Axe]]
 * Axe (tool)
@@ Line 115: / Line 122: @@
 ==External links==
-* {{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100046562 |title=Labrys |website=Oxford Reference |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]}}
+* {{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100046562 |title=Labrys |website=Oxford Reference |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
 * {{cite web |url=https://www.ancient-symbols.com/symbols-directory/labrys.html |title=Labrys |website=Ancient-Symbols.com}}
-{{Forestry tools}}
+{{Greek religion|state=collapsed}}
+[[Category:Ancient weapons]]
 [[Category:Axes]]
 [[Category:Forestry tools]]

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