Social:Taiwanese Romanization System

Taiwanese Romanization System

The Taiwanese Romanization System (Taiwanese Romanization: Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn, Chinese: 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案; pinyin: Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ Luómǎzì Pīnyīn Fāng'àn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-ôan Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn; often referred to as Tâi-lô) is a transcription system for Taiwanese Hokkien. It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the officially promoted phonetic notation system by Taiwan's Ministry of Education. It is nearly identical to Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet (TLPA) Romanization for Hakka apart from using ts tsh j instead of c ch j for the fricatives /ts tsʰ dz/.

Taiwanese Romanization System

Alphabet

Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.

Capital letter	A	B	E	G	H	I	J	K	Kh	L	M	N	Ng		O	Oo	P	Ph	S	T	Th	Ts	Tsh	U
Lower case	a	b	e	g	h	i	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ng	nn	o	oo	p	ph	s	t	th	ts	tsh	u

• "nn" is only used after a vowel to express nasalization, so it has no capital letter.
• Palatalization occurs when "J, S, Ts, Tsh" followed by "i", so "Ji, Si, Tsi, Tshi" sometimes governed as trigraphs and tetragraphs.
• Of the 10 unused basic Latin letters, "R" is sometimes used to express dialectal vowels, while the others (C, D, F, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z) are only used in loanwords.

Values

Consonants

Initials

		Bilabial		Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			m [m] ㄇ 毛(moo)		n [n] ㄋ 耐(nāi)				ng [ŋ] ㄫ 雅(ngá)
Plosive	Unaspirated	p [p] ㄅ 邊(pian)	b [b] ㆠ 文(bûn)	t [t] ㄉ 地(tē)				k [k] ㄍ 求(kiû)	g [g] ㆣ 語(gí)
	Aspirated	ph [pʰ] ㄆ 波(pho)		th [tʰ] ㄊ 他(thann)				kh [kʰ] ㄎ 去(khì)
Affricate	Unaspirated			ts [ts] ㄗ 曾(tsan)	j [dz] ㆡ 熱(jua̍h)	tsi [tɕ] ㄐ 尖(tsiam)	ji [dʑ] ㆢ 入(ji̍p)
	Aspirated			tsh [tsʰ] ㄘ 出(tshut)		tshi [tɕʰ] ㄑ 手(tshiú)
Fricative				s [s] ㄙ 衫(sann)		si [ɕ] ㄒ 寫(siá)				h [h] ㄏ 喜(hí)
Lateral					l [l] ㄌ 柳(liú)

Finals Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal consonant -m [m] ㆬ -n [n] ㄣ -ng [ŋ] ㆭ Stop consonant -p [p̚] ㆴ -t [t̚] ㆵ -k [k̚] ㆶ -h [ʔ] ㆷ

Syllabic consonant Bilabial Velar Nasal m [m̩] ㆬ 姆(ḿ) ng [ŋ̍] ㆭ 酸(sng)

Vowels & Rhymes

Simple & Nasal Front Central Back Simple Nasal Simple Simple Nasal Close i [i] ㄧ 衣(i) inn [ĩ] ㆪ 圓(înn) u [u] ㄨ 污(u) unn [ũ] ㆫ 張(tiunn) Mid e [e] ㆤ 禮(lé) enn [ẽ] ㆥ 生(senn) o[ə] ㄜ 高(ko) oo [ɔ] ㆦ 烏(oo) onn [ɔ̃] ㆧ 翁(onn) Open a [a] ㄚ 查(tsa) ann [ã] ㆩ 衫(sann)

Dialect Tâi-lô IPA Bopomofo ir [ɨ] ㆨ er [ə] ㄜ ee [ɛ] ㄝ ere [əe] ㄜㆤ

• o pronounced [ə] ㄜ in general dialect in Kaohsiung and Tainan, [o] ㄛ in Taipei.
• -nn forms the nasal vowels
• There is also syllabic m and ng.

Vowel(s) Open syllabus Nasal Plosive [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [a] a ann am an ang ap at ak ah annh [ai] ai ainn aih ainnh [au] au auh [e] e enn eh ennh [i] i inn im in ing ip it ik ih innh [ia] ia iann iam ian iang iap iat iak iah iannh [iau] iau iaunn iauh [iə] io ioh [iɔ] iong iok [iu] iu iunn iuh iunnh

Vowel(s) Open syllabus Nasal Plosive [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [ə] o oh [ɔ] oo onn om ong op ok ooh onnh [u] u un ut uh [ua] ua uann uan uat uah [uai] uai uainn [ue] ue ueh [ui] ui [m̩] m － mh [ŋ̍] ng － ngh

• ing pronounced [ɪəŋ], ik pronounced [ɪək̚].

Tones

Tone No.	1	2	3	4	5	7	8
Name	陰平	上聲	陰去	陰入	陽平	陽去	陽入
	im-pîng	siōng-siann	im-khì	im-ji̍p	iông-pîng	iông-khì	iông-ji̍p
Symbol	None	Acute	Grave	None (-p, -t, -k, -h)	Circumflex	macron	Vertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h)
		´	`		ˆ	ˉ	̍
Pitch	˥˥	˥˩	˧˩	˧ʔ	˨˦	˧˧	˥ʔ
	55	51	31	3ʔ	24	33	5ʔ
Example	tong (東)	tóng (黨)	tòng (棟)	tok (督)	tông (同)	tōng (洞)	to̍k (毒)

A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.

Licit syllables

Ø b g h j k kh l m n ng p ph s t th ts tsh a a ba ga ha ka kha la ma na nga pa pha sa ta tha tsa tsha a ah ah bah hah kah khah lah nah pah phah sah tah thah tsah tshah ah ai ai bai gai hai kai khai lai mai nai ngai pai phai sai tai thai tsai tshai ai ainn ainn hainn kainn khainn phainn tainn tsainn ainn ak ak bak gak hak kak khak lak pak phak sak tak thak tsak tshak ak am am gam ham kam kham lam sam tam tham tsam tsham am an an ban gan han kan khan lan pan phan san tan than tsan tshan an ang ang bang gang hang kang khang lang pang phang sang tang thang tsang tshang ang ann ann hann kann khann phann sann tann thann tsann tshann ann annh hannh sannh annh ap ap hap kap khap lap sap tap thap tsap tshap ap at at bat hat kat khat lat pat sat tat that tsat tshat at au au bau gau hau kau khau lau mau nau ngau pau phau sau tau thau tsau tshau au auh kauh lauh mauh nauh phauh tauh tshauh auh e e be ge he ke khe le me ne nge pe phe se te the tse tshe e eh eh beh heh keh kheh leh meh neh ngeh peh seh teh theh tseh tsheh eh enn enn henn kenn khenn penn phenn senn tenn thenn tsenn tshenn enn ennh hennh khennh ennh i i bi gi hi ji ki khi li mi ni pi phi si ti thi tsi tshi i ia ia gia hia jia kia khia mia nia ngia sia tia tsia tshia ia iah iah giah hiah kiah khiah liah piah phiah siah tiah thiah tsiah tshiah iah iak khiak piak phiak siak tiak tshiak iak iam iam giam hiam jiam kiam khiam liam siam tiam thiam tsiam tshiam iam ian ian bian gian hian jian kian khian lian pian phian sian tian thian tsian tshian ian iang iang giang hiang jiang khiang liang piang phiang siang tsiang tshiang iang iann iann hiann kiann piann siann tiann thiann tsiann tshiann iann iannh hiannh iannh iap iap giap hiap jiap kiap khiap liap siap tiap thiap tsiap tshiap iap iat iat biat giat hiat jiat kiat khiat liat piat phiat siat tiat thiat tsiat tshiat iat iau iau biau giau hiau jiau kiau khiau liau miau niau ngiau piau phiau siau tiau thiau tsiau tshiau iau iauh hiauh khiauh ngiauh iauh iaunn iaunn iaunn ih bih khih mih nih pih phih sih tih thih tsih tshih ih ik ik bik gik hik kik lik pik phik sik tik thik tsik tshik ik im im gim him jim kim khim lim sim tim thim tsim tshim im in in bin gin hin jin kin khin lin pin phin sin tin thin tsin tshin in ing ing ging hing king khing ling ping phing sing ting thing tsing tshing ing inn inn hinn kinn khinn sinn tinn thinn tsinn tshinn inn io io bio gio hio jio kio khio lio pio phio sio tio thio tsio tshio io ioh ioh gioh hioh kioh khioh lioh sioh tioh tsioh tshioh ioh iok iok giok hiok jiok kiok khiok liok siok tiok thiok tsiok tshiok iok iong iong giong hiong jiong kiong khiong liong siong tiong thiong tsiong tshiong iong ip ip hip jip kip khip lip sip tsip tship ip it it bit hit jit kit khit pit phit sit tit tsit tshit it iu iu biu giu hiu jiu kiu khiu liu niu piu siu tiu thiu tsiu tshiu iu iunn iunn hiunn kiunn khiunn siunn tiunn tsiunn tshiunn iunn iunnh iunnh hiunnh iunnh m m hm m mh hmh mh ng ng hng kng khng mng nng png sng tng thng tsng tshng ng ngh hngh phngh sngh tshngh ngh o o bo go ho ko kho lo po pho so to tho tso tsho o oh oh hoh koh loh poh phoh soh toh thoh tsoh tshoh oh ok ok bok gok hok kok khok lok pok phok sok tok thok tsok tshok ok om om som tom om ong ong bong gong hong kong khong long pong phong song tong thong tsong tshong ong onn onn honn konn onn onnh onnh honnh onnh oo oo boo goo hoo koo khoo loo moo noo ngoo poo phoo soo too thoo tsoo tshoo oo ooh mooh ooh u u bu gu hu ju ku khu lu pu phu su tu thu tsu tshu u ua ua bua gua hua kua khua lua mua nua pua phua sua tua thua tsua tshua ua uah uah buah huah juah kuah khuah luah puah phuah suah thuah tsuah tshuah uah uai uai huai kuai khuai suai uai uainn uainn huainn kuainn suainn tsuainn uainn uan uan buan guan huan kuan khuan luan puan phuan suan tuan thuan tsuan tshuan uan uang uang tshuang uang uann uann huann kuann khuann puann phuann suann tuann thuann tshuann uann uat uat buat guat huat kuat khuat luat puat phuat suat tuat thuat tsuat uat ue ue bue gue hue jue kue khue lue pue phue sue tue tsue tshue ue ueh ueh bueh gueh hueh kueh khueh pueh phueh sueh ueh uh uh khuh puh phuh tuh thuh tsuh tshuh uh ui ui bui gui hui kui khui lui mui pui phui sui tui thui tsui tshui ui un un bun gun hun jun kun khun lun pun phun sun tun thun tsun tshun un ut ut but hut kut khut lut put phut sut tut thut tsut tshut ut Ø b g h j k kh l m n ng p ph s t th ts tsh

External links

• 臺灣閩南語羅馬拼音及其發音學習網, Taiwanese Romanization System (Tai-lo) learning site by Ministry of Education, Taiwan