Place:Saba

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Saba
Special municipality of the Netherlands
Flag of Saba
Flag
Coat of arms of Saba
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
"Remis Velisque" (Latin)
"With oars and sails" (English)
Anthem: "Saba you rise from the ocean"
File:Sabayourisefromtheocean.ogg
Template:Map caption
Map showing location of Saba relative to Sint Eustatius and Saint Martin.
Map showing location of Saba relative to Sint Eustatius and Saint Martin.
Coordinates: [ ⚑ ] : 17°37′57″N 63°14′15″W / 17.6325°N 63.2375°W / 17.6325; -63.2375
Country Netherlands
Overseas regionCaribbean Netherlands
Incorporated into the Netherlands10 October 2010 (dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles)
Capital
(and largest city)		The Bottom
Government
 (see Politics of the Netherlands)
 • Lt. GovernorJonathan Johnson
Area
 • Total13 km2 (5 sq mi)
Population
 (1 January 2020)[2]
 • Total1,933
 • Density148/km2 (380/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Saban
Languages
 • OfficialDutch
 • Recognised regionalEnglish[3]
Ethnicity
 • Saban26.6 %
 • Sint Maarten15.7 %
 • American10.0 %
 • other47.7 %
Time zoneUTC−4 (AST)
Calling code+599-4
ISO 3166 codeBQ-SA, NL-BQ2
CurrencyUnited States dollar ($) (USD)
Internet TLD

Saba (/ˈseɪbə/ (About this soundlisten);[6] Dutch: Saba, pronounced [ˈsaːbɑ] (About this soundlisten)[7]) is a Caribbean island which is the smallest special municipality (officially “public body”) of the Netherlands.[8][9] It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery, which at 887 metres (2,910 ft) is the highest point of the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Together with Bonaire and Sint Eustatius it forms the BES islands.

Saba has a land area of 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi).[1] The population was 1,933 as of January 2020,[2] with a population density of 148 inhabitants per square kilometre (380/sq mi). It is the smallest territory by permanent population in the Americas. Its towns and major settlements are The Bottom (the capital), Windwardside, Zion's Hill and St. Johns.

History

Map of Saba from the Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië 1914-1917

Saba is thought to have been inhabited by the Ciboney people as early as the 1100s BC.[10] Later, circa 800 AD, Arawak people from South America settled on the island.[10]

Christopher Columbus is said to have sighted the island on 13 November 1493, however, he did not land, being deterred by the island's perilous rocky shores.[10] In 1632, a group of shipwrecked Englishmen landed upon Saba.[10] In the 1640s, the Dutch governor of the neighbouring island of Sint Eustatius sent several Dutch families over to colonise the island for the Dutch West India Company.[10] In 1664, refusing to swear allegiance to the English crown, these original Dutch settlers were evicted to St. Maarten by Jamaican governors-cum-pirates Edward, Thomas, and Henry Morgan.[10][11] The Netherlands eventually gained complete control of the island in 1816.[10]

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Saba's major industries were sugar, indigo and rum produced on plantations owned by Dutchmen living on St. Eustatius, and later fishing, particularly lobster fishing.[citation needed] To work these plantations, slaves from Africa were imported.[10] In the 17th century, Saba was believed to be a favourable hideout for Jamaican pirates.[10] England also deported its "undesirable" people to live in the Caribbean colonies, and some of them also became pirates, a few taking haven on Saba.[12] As the island's coast is forbidding and steep, the island became a private sanctuary for the families of smugglers and pirates. A notable Saban pirate was Hiram Beakes, son of the Dutch councillor of the island.[13]

Later, legitimate sailing and trade became important, and many of the island's men took to the sea. During that time, Saba lace, a Spanish form of needlework introduced by a nun from Venezuela, became an important product made by the island's women.[10] Throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century, the primary source of revenue for the island came from the lacework produced by these women. During this period of time, with most of the island's men gone out to sea for extended periods, the island became known as "The Island of Women".[14][10]

In 1943, Joseph 'Lambee' Hassell, a self-taught engineer, began building a road on Saba, drastically improving transport on the island, which prior to that had been carried out only by foot or by mule.[10] An airport followed in 1963, and a larger pier geared for tourist boats in 1972.[10] As a result, tourism increased, gradually becoming a major part of the Saban economy.[10]

A status referendum was held in Saba on 5 November 2004.[15] 86.05% of the population voted for closer links to the Netherlands. This was duly achieved in October 2010, when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved and Saba became a special municipality of the Netherlands.[10]

Geography and Ecology

Saba island as viewed from the north, with Mount Scenery's peak in the clouds

Saba is a small island at 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi) in size and roughly circular in shape.[16] It lies north-west of Sint Eustatius and south-west of Saint Barthélemy and Sint Maarten. The terrain is generally mountainous, culminating in Mount Scenery in the island's centre.[16] Off the north coast lies the much smaller Green Island.

Saba is the northernmost potentially active volcano in the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc chain of islands. At 887 metres (2,910 ft), Mount Scenery is also the highest point within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island is composed of a single rhombus-shaped volcano measuring 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) east to west and 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) north to south[17] The oldest dated rocks on Saba are around 400,000 years old, and the most recent eruption was shortly before the 1630s European settlement (280 years B.P.).[17][18] Between 1995 and 1997, an increase in local seismic activity was associated with a 7–12 °C (13–22 °F) rise in the temperature of the hot springs on the island's northwest and southeast coasts.[17]

There is an 8.6 hectares (21 acres)[19] cloud forest located at and above 825 metres (2,707 ft)[20] on top of the mountain referred to as the "Elfin Forest Reserve" because of its high altitude mist and mossy appearance.[19] The most dominant tree in the cloud forest is the Mountain Mahogany (Freziera undulate), although hurricanes over the years have destroyed a large number of the mature trees. Despite the name, the mountain mahogany is not related to other mahogany species; although one species of true mahogany tree is found on the island at lower levels, the small-leaved mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). In the underbrush of the mahogany trees, the Sierran palm (Prestoea montana) and tree ferns dominate, with a large variety of epiphytes and Orchids growing on the trunks and branches of all the trees.[20] Wild raspberries and plantain trees can also be found growing on most of the mountain.[21] All seven of the Lesser Antilles Endemic Bird Area restricted-range birds occur in the Elfin Forest Reserve.[20]

Below the cloud forest is a sub-montane forest, and the variety and average number of species are considerably less. Redwood and Mountain fuchsia tree trees grow wild in this zone, as well as cactus species such as the prickly pear, and Seagrape trees. On the lowest southern and eastern slopes of Saba are grassy meadows and scattered shrubs.[21] Saba National Land Park (nl) is a 35 hectares (86 acres) national park located on the north coast of Saba.[22] Formerly owned by the Sulphur Mining Company, the park was established in January 1998 and the property was officially turned over to the Saba Conservation Foundation in 1999.[19] It stretches from the coastline all the way up to the cloud forest, and encompasses all vegetation zones present on Saba.

The Saban anole is endemic to the island.

The coastline of Saba is mostly rubble and rocky cliffs that are 100 metres (330 ft) or taller with no permanent beaches. The steep terrain and sheer bluffs dropping almost straight down to the ocean's edge prevents the formation of mangrove swamps or much vegetation. There are eight bays tucked into the cliffs around the island; Cove Bay, Spring Bay, Core Gut Bay, Fort Bay (location of the island's only port), Tent Bay, Ladder Bay, Wells Bay and Cave of Rum Bay.[20] The shoreline of the island is of particular value to sea birds, and has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA AN006 - "Saba Coastline") by BirdLife International.[23] Saba is home to about sixty species of birds, many of which are sea birds that use the holes and crevices of the steep cliffs and two small islands for breeding and feed in the waters around the island.[21] Saba's shoreline is home to the Caribbean's largest breeding colony of Red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus).[20] The Audubon's Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri) is another common bird, and is the national bird of Saba as well as being featured on their coat of arms.[23]

Being an island, Saba is home to a number of endemic species including the Saban black iguana (Iguana melanoderma), Saba racer (Alsophis rufiventris), the Saban anole (Anolis sabanus), and the Lesser Antillean funnel-eared bat (Natalus stramineus stramineus).[23][21]

About 4.3 kilometres (2.7 mi) southwest of the island is the northeastern edge of the Saba Bank, the largest submarine atoll in the Atlantic Ocean[24] with an especially rich biodiversity. Saba Bank is the top of a sea mount and it is a prime fishing ground, particularly for lobster.

Government

Saba's government house

Relationship with mainland Netherlands

Saba became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010 and is not part of a Dutch province. The island's constitutional status, as well as those of Sint Eustatius and Bonaire, is set out in the Law on the Public Entities BES (Dutch: Wet op de Openbare Lichamen BES).[25]

Sabans vote for members of the Dutch House of Representatives, the members of which are elected on a party-list proportional method.[26] During the 2017 Dutch general election, a majority of Sabans voted for Democrats 66. Of the island's 2,000 residents, 900 were eligible to vote, and of those, 42.8% (or 385 people) voted.[27]

Sabans with Dutch nationality are allowed to vote in elections for the Electoral College to elect the members of the Dutch Senate. The 2019 elections on Saba, held concurrently with the 2019 Island Council Elections resulted in four of the five Saban seats in the Electoral College going to the Windward Islands People's Movement and one seat going to the Saba Labour Party.[28]

Governor

The island governor is the head of the government of Saba. The Dutch monarch appoints the governor for a term of six years, and he or she falls under the supervision of the minister of the interior and kingdom relations. The island governor chairs meetings of both the Island Council and the Executive Council.[26]

They are also responsible for representing the island's government both in and out of court, maintaining public order, implementing policy and legislation, coordinating with other governments, and receiving and handling complaints about the island's government.[29]

The incumbent island governor is Jonathan G. A. Johnson.[26]

Legislature

Saba's legislative body is the Island Council, of which there are five members. Councillors are elected by the citizens of the island every four years.[30] The Island Council holds the power to:[31]

  • Appoint and remove commissioners of the Executive Council.
  • Pass ordinances to be enforced by the Executive Council.
  • Ask questions of the Executive Council.
  • Begin an investigation into the governor or the Executive Council.
  • Approve the budget.

Following the 2019 island elections, the Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM) holds all five seats on the Island Council.[32] In 2019, Esmeralda Johnson was the youngest person ever to be elected to the council.[33]

Members of the Island Council are:

Members of the Saba Island Council, 2019–2023[32]
Name Party
Carl Buncamper WIPM
Vito Charles WIPM
Eviton Heyliger WIPM
Hemmie van Xanten WIPM
Esmeralda Johnson WIPM

Executive

The Executive Council, appointed by the Island Council, acts as the executive branch of government. The council has the following responsibilities:[34][35]

  • Day-to-day administration of the island, except for duties reserved for the Island Council or the governor.
  • Executing policies and legislation passed by the Island Council.
  • Establishing rules regarding the administration of the island, except the Registry.
  • Appointing, promoting, suspending, or dismissing public officials, except those working for and including the registrar.
  • Preparing defence of the island.
  • Maintaining contact with Dutch ministries in the Hague.
  • Executing policies and legislation from the national government.

The council appoints the island secretary, currently Tim Muller.[36]

The council consists of the island governor and two commissioners appointed by the Island Council, currently both members of the WIPM.[35] Each member of the Executive Council is assigned portfolios to oversee.[37]

Executive Council (2019-2023)
Name Title Party Portfolios[37]
Jonathan Johnson Governor N/A Civil Status & Registry, Elections, Personnel Affairs & Organization, Disaster Management, Protocol, Public Safety & Security
Rolando Wilson Commissioner WIPM Archives, Youth Affairs, Gender Affairs, Cadastre & Land Management, Agriculture, Husbandry & Fisheries, Community Development, Culture & Sports, Energy, Public Housing, Public Health & Hygiene, Telecommunication, Social & Labor Affairs, European Union Affairs
Bruce Zagers Commissioner WIPM General Affairs, Finances & Economic Affairs, Education, Planning, Public Works, Constitutional Affairs, Tourism, Water Supply, Harbor, Airport, Communication, Environment & Nature

Society

A typical view of Saba

The population of Saba (the Sabans) was 2,010 in 2017.[38] Saba's small size has led to a fairly small number of island families, who can trace their last names back to around a half-dozen families. This means that many last names are shared across the island, the most numerous being Hassell, Johnson and Every; these three names are shared by upwards of 30% of Saba's population.[39]

Age Sex Pyramid

Most families' ancestry is a result of the intermixing of Africans, Dutch, English, and Scottish. The population is also partly descended from the Irish who were exiled from that country after the accession of King Charles I of England in 1625. Charles exiled these Irish to the Caribbean in an effort to quell a rebellion after he had forcibly procured their lands for his Scottish noble supporters.[citation needed]

Historically, Saba was traded among the many European nations that fought for power in the region. Slaves from Africa were also imported to work on Saba. In recent years Saba has become home to a large group of expatriates, and around 250 immigrants who are either students or teachers at the Saba University School of Medicine.[citation needed]

Languages

Both English and Dutch are spoken on the island and taught in schools, and both languages are official. Despite the island's Dutch affiliation, English is the principal language spoken on the island and has been used in its school system since the 19th century.[3] Dutch is only spoken by 32% of the population.[40] English is the sole medium of instruction in Saba schools. Dutch government policy towards Saba and other SSS islands promotes English-medium education.[41] English can therefore be used in communications of and to the government.[3]

Saban English, a form of Virgin Islands Creole English, is the local vernacular. It is a decreolized variety.[42]

There is one published dictionary of Saban English: Theodore R. Johnson's "A Lee Chip: A Dictionary and Study of Saban English," which contains descriptions of grammar and pronunciation by Caroline Myrick, 2016[43]

Religion

Queen of The Holy Rosary Church in Zions Hill, Saba

Saba is predominantly a Christian territory. The main denominations are Catholics 45%, No denomination 18%, other denomination 11%, Anglicans 9%, Evangelical 4%, and Pentecostal 4%; at least 6% of the population is Muslim.[44]

Education and health

Saba is home to the Saba University School of Medicine, which was established by American expatriates in coordination with the government of the Netherlands. The school adds over 400 residents when classes are in session, and it is the prime educational attraction. A.M. Edwards Medical Center is the major provider of healthcare for local residents.

Same-sex marriage

In Saba (as in Bonaire and Sint Eustatius), marriage is open to same sex and opposite sex couples[45] following the entering in force of a law enabling same-sex couples to marry on 10 October 2012.[46] The first same-sex marriage was performed on Saba on 4 December 2012 between a Dutch man and a Venezuelan man, both residing in Aruba, where same-sex marriage is not performed.[47][48][49]

Economy

Since 2011, the U.S. dollar has been the official currency,[50] replacing the Netherlands Antillean guilder.

Agriculture on Saba is primarily livestock and vegetables, especially potatoes. Saba lace, also known as "Spanish work", is actually drawn thread work and is still produced on the island.

Tourism

Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport

The tourism industry now contributes more to the island's economy than any other sector. There are about 25,000 visitors each year. Saba has a number of inns, hotels, rental cottages and restaurants. Saba is known as the "Unspoiled Queen" of the Caribbean.[51] Saba is especially known for its ecotourism, having exceptional scuba diving, climbing and hiking.

The Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport offers flights to and from the nearby islands of St. Maarten and Sint Eustatius. There is also a ferry service from St. Maarten; the ferry boats "Dawn II ~ The Saba Ferry" and "The Edge" both travel to Saba three times a week. In addition, there are anchorages for private boats.[51]

About 150 species of fish have been found in Saba's waters.[52] A main draw for divers are the pinnacle dive sites, where magma pushed through the sea floor to create underwater towers of volcanic rock that start at about 300 feet (91 m) down and rise to about 85 feet (26 m) beneath the surface.[52] The waters around Saba were designated as the Saba National Marine Park in 1987, and are subject to government regulation to preserve the coral reefs and other marine life. The Saba Conservation Foundation has operated a hyperbaric chamber in case of diving emergencies, since 1991.[53]

Transport

View of the village of Windwardside, taken from Mount Scenery

There is one main road, known as "The Road". Its construction was masterminded by Josephus Lambert Hassell who, contrary to the opinion of Dutch and Switzerland engineers, believed that a road could be built.[54] He took a correspondence course in civil engineering and started building the road with a crew of locals in 1938.[55]

After five years of work the first section of the road from Fort Bay to The Bottom was completed. It was not until 1947 that the first motor vehicle arrived. In 1951, the road to Windwardside and St. Johns was opened and in 1958, the road was completed.[citation needed] Driving "The Road" is considered to be a daunting task, and the curves in Windwardside are extremely difficult to negotiate. Driving is on the right hand side. The speed limit in towns is 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph), and outside of towns, is 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph).

In 1963, Saba residents built the Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport. This 400-metre (1,300 ft) landing strip is reputed to be the shortest commercial runway in the world,[56] and is restricted. Only trained pilots flying small STOL airliners, such as the Twin Otter and the Britten-Norman Islander may land there, as well as helicopters.

In 1972, a pier was completed in Fort Bay to access the island. Travel is also provided by ferry services to and from Sint Maarten with the DAWN II and The Edge ferries.

Of note are 800 steps carved from stone that reach from Ladder Bay to the settlement known as The Bottom. Until the late 20th century, everything that was brought to the island in boats and ships was carried up by hand using these steps. The steps are now often used by tourists who wish to experience an intense climb.

Energy

Like many Caribbean islands, Saba is dependent on fossil fuels imports, which leaves it vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations that directly impact the cost of electricity.[57] Electricity supply depends on a diesel power plant to supply 60% of the island's demand.[58]

According to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP), the Government of Saba made the decision to transform the island to 100% sustainable energy to eventually eliminate dependence on fossil fuel-generated electricity. This new energy policy is defined by the ‘Social development plan 2014–2020’ and ‘Saba's energy sector strategy’. Intermediate targets are 20% renewable electricity by 2017, which was reached in 2018; and 40% by 2020, which is expected to be reached by March 2019.[58]

Culture

The lifestyle on Saba is generally slow with little nightlife, even with the emergence of an ecotourism industry in the last few decades. Sabans are proud of their history of environmental conservation, calling Saba "The Unspoiled Queen."[51]

Saba lace at the Harry L Johnson Museum, Windwardside

Saban women continue to make two traditional island products, Saba Lace and Saba Spice. Saba Lace is hand-stitched lace, which the island's women began making in the late 19th century and built into a thriving mail-order business with the United States. Saba Spice is a rum drink, brewed with a combination of spices.

As in other Caribbean locations, Sabans throw an annual Carnival. Saba's Carnival takes place the last week in July and includes parades, steel bands, competitions, and food.

Another event held in the capital The Bottom is 'Saba Day'. This is the national day of the island in which all offices, schools and stores are closed. The island celebrates its diversity and culture through various activities and parades. The Bottom holds host to a concert at the sports field where local and other Caribbean artists come to perform.

There is one radio station on Saba, "Saba Radio" broadcasts on 93.9 FM and 1410 AM.[59][60]

There is one online newspaper in Saba, Saba News, which publishes local news as well as pieces from the rest of the Dutch Caribbean.[61]

A playground on Saba

Education

The primary school is Sacred Heart Primary School in St. John's.[62] There is one secondary and vocational school in Saba the Saba Comprehensive School in St. John's.[63]

Saba University School of Medicine is a for-profit medical school located in the Saba capital The Bottom.

Sports

The most popular sports on Saba are football, futsal,[64][65] softball,[66] basketball and volleyball.

Notable Sabans

  • Cornelia Jones, innkeeper and politician
  • Barbara Kassab-Every, Saba-born landscape painter

Etymology

Theories about the origin of Saba's name include siba (Arawak word for 'rock'), sabot, sábado, and Sheba.[67][68] The island was referred to by its present name, Saba, as early as 1595 when it appeared in a voyage account by John Hawkins .[68] Before its present name, the island was designated "St. Christopher" by Christopher Columbus.[68]

See also

  • Caribbean Netherlands
  • Caribbean Sea
  • Leeward Islands

Notes

  1. ↑ .bq is designated, but not in use, for the Caribbean Netherlands.[4][5] Like the rest of the Netherlands, .nl is primarily in use.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (May 19, 2015). "Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? - Rijksoverheid.nl". https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "CBS Statline". https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/83698NED/table?ts=1578654405815. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 English can be used in relations with the government. "Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in nl). wetten.nl. http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/tekst_bevat_taal%2Bin%2Bhet%2Bbestuurlijk%2Bverkeer/geldigheidsdatum_14-10-2012. 
  4. ↑ "BQ - Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba". ISO. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BQ. 
  5. ↑ "Delegation Record for .BQ". IANA. 20 December 2010. https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bq.html. 
  6. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). "Saba island in the Caribbean". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. "some reference books wrongly claim it is ˈsɑːb ə or ˈsæb ə" 
  7. ↑ Mangold, Max. Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch. In: Der Duden in zwölf Bänden, Band 6. 7. Auflage. Berlin: Dudenverlag; Mannheim : Institut für Deutsche Sprache, 2015, Seite 747.
  8. ↑ "Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba
    (Law on the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba)"     (in nl). Dutch Government. http://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/31954_wet_openbare_lichamen.     
  9. ↑ "31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in nl). Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal. http://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/31954_wet_openbare_lichamen. "De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. (The public bodies (...), because they are not part of a Province)" 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 "Saba Government- History of Saba". http://www.sabagovernment.com/saba_history_saba.html. 
  11. ↑ Johnson, Will (2014-12-18). "Driving out the Dutch". The Saba Herald. http://thesabaislander.com/2014/12/18/driving-out-the-dutch/. "Sir Henry Morgan, famous pirate, and Governor of Jamaica. His two uncles, Edward (also his father-in-law) and Thomas, captured St. Eustatius and Saba in 1665 and drove out the Dutch. …" 
  12. ↑ "General info | Statia and Saba Chamber of Commerce & Industry". http://www.statiasabachamber.com/statiasaba/general/general-info. 
  13. ↑ "Hiram Beakes of Saba". 30 January 2018. https://stmaartennews.com/columns/hiram-beakes-saba/. 
  14. ↑ "Preserving Tradition on the Island of Women and Lace". Brigham Young University. 2015-09-21. http://humanities.byu.edu/preserving-tradition-on-the-island-of-women-and-lace/. 
  15. ↑ Saba Tourist Bureau. "Referendum on the Constitutional Future of Saba 2004". http://www.sabatourism.com/communitynews269.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Encyclopedia Britannica – Saba". https://www.britannica.com/place/Saba-island-West-Indies. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 The Geology of Saba. 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  18. ↑ Saba. Oregon State University - Volcano World. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Hiking Trails. Saba Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Saba Coastline. Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Flora & Fauna. Saba Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  22. ↑ Saba National Park . Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 AN006 Data Sheet. BirdLife International. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  24. ↑ Saba Bank. Saba Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  25. ↑ "About Saba - Constitutional Status". http://www.sabagovernment.com/saba_constitutional.html. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Island Governor - Introduction". http://www.sabagovernment.com/governor_introduction.html. 
  27. ↑ "Many Sabans vote for first time in the Second Chamber election" (in en-US). 2017-03-16. http://www.saba-news.com/many-sabans-vote-for-first-time-in-the-second-chamber-election/. 
  28. ↑ "Landslide victory for WIPM" (in en-US). 2019-03-21. http://www.saba-news.com/landslide-victory-for-wipm/. 
  29. ↑ "Island Governor - Functions". http://www.sabagovernment.com/governor_functions.html. 
  30. ↑ "Island Council - Council Members". http://www.sabagovernment.com/island_members.html. 
  31. ↑ "Island Council Functions". http://www.sabagovernment.com/island_functions.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Public Entity Saba" (in en). https://www.facebook.com/PublicEntitySaba/posts/2442366569121526. 
  33. ↑ "New Island Council, Commissioners sworn in - Saba News". 2021-10-24. https://www.saba-news.com/new-island-council-commissioners-sworn-in/. 
  34. ↑ "Executive Council Functions". http://www.sabagovernment.com/executive_functions.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Executive Council - Members". http://www.sabagovernment.com/executive_members.html. 
  36. ↑ "Government of Saba Departments - Contact Info". http://www.sabagovernment.com/department_directory.html. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Division of portfolios in new Executive Island Council" (in en-US). 2019-04-04. http://www.saba-news.com/division-of/. 
  38. ↑ "Saba: population 2011-2020" (in en). https://www.statista.com/statistics/706807/population-of-saba-in-the-caribbean-netherlands/. 
  39. ↑ Soloway, L.E.; Demerath, E.W.; Ochs, N.; James, G.D.; Little, M.A.; Bindon, J.R.; Garruto, R.M. (2009). "Blood Pressure and Lifestyle on Saba, Netherlands Antilles". American Journal of Human Biology 21 (3): 319–325. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20862. PMID 19189411. 
  40. ↑ https://www.tourismbonaire.com/includes/trends-in-the-caribbean-netherlands-2017.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  41. ↑ Dijkhoff, Marta, Silvia Kowenberg, and Paul Tjon Sie Fat. Chapter 215 "The Dutch-speaking Caribbean Die niederländischsprachige Karibik." In: Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik. Walter de Gruyter, January 1, 2006. ISBN:3110199874, 9783110199871. Start: p. 2105. CITED: p. 2108.
  42. ↑ Peter Trudgill and Jane Hannah. 2017. "The Handbook of World Englishes". 6th ed. pg 115.
  43. ↑ Johnson, Theodore R. (2016). A Lee Chip. Language & Life Project. https://sabadictionary.weebly.com/. 
  44. ↑ "Religion in Caribbean Netherlands". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2014/51/over-80-percent-of-caribbean-netherlands-population-are-religious. 
  45. ↑ "Burgerlijk wetboek BES, boek 1" (in nl). Government of the Netherlands. http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028743/2012-10-10. 
  46. ↑ "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in nl). Government of the Netherlands. 1 September 2010. http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028129/2010-10-11/1. 
  47. ↑ "Saba records first gay marriage on Tuesday". St. Maarten Time. 4 December 2012. http://www.sxmislandtime.com/component/k2/item/21189-saba-records-first-gay-marriage-on-tuesday.html. 
  48. ↑ "First Gay Marriage In Dutch Caribbean". Curaçao Chronicle. 4 December 2012. http://curacaochronicle.com/region/first-gay-marriage-in-dutch-caribbean/. 
  49. ↑ "First same-gender wedding in Caribbean Netherlands". Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal. 5 December 2012. http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/news/latest-news/2644-eerste-homohuwelijk-in-caribisch-nederland. 
  50. ↑ "Plein". Pleinplus.nl. 2009-12-02. http://www.pleinplus.nl/nieuws/artikel/15046/nieuw_geldstelsel_voor_bonaire,_sint_eustatius_en_saba. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 "Welcome to Saba!". Saba Tourist Bureau. http://www.sabatourism.com. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Witte, Brian (13 July 2013). "Diving off Saba, the Caribbean's unspoiled queen". The Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/07/13/3493994/diving-off-saba-the-caribbeans.html. 
  53. ↑ "SCF to receive subsidies for refurbishment of hyperbaric chamber and mooring system". SabaNews. 23 November 2012. http://www.sabanews.nl/0_wordpress/scf-to-receive-subsidies-for-refurbishment-of-hyperbaric-chamber-and-mooring-system/. 
  54. ↑ "Saba Dutch Caribbean Travel Guide". LukeTravels.com. http://www.luketravels.com/saba/. 
  55. ↑ Slawych, Diane (16 November 2006). "Saba's road less travelled". Canoe.ca. http://travel.canoe.ca/Travel/Caribbean/LesserAntilles/2006/11/15/2365625-sun.html. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  56. ↑ Tweddle, Andy (20 January 2011). "Five of the smallest airports in the world". Business Traveller. Panacea Publishing. http://www.businesstraveller.com/news/five-of-the-smallest-airports-in-the-world. 
  57. ↑ "Energy Snapshot Saint Martin & Sint Maarten". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64122.pdf. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Towards 100% sustainable energy on the Caribbean island of Saba". Leds Global Partnership (Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)). http://ledsgp.org/resource/towards-100-sustainable-energy-on-caribbean-island-saba/?loclang=en_gb. 
  59. ↑ Saba Radio Stations. RadioStationWorld.com. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  60. ↑ Q93.9 FM. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  61. ↑ "Saba News" (in en-US). https://www.saba-news.com/. 
  62. ↑ Home. Sacred Heart Primary School. Retrieved on February 28, 2018.
  63. ↑ Home. Saba Comprehensive School. Retrieved on February 28, 2018.
  64. ↑ "Cruyff Courts Saba/Sint Maarten/Sint Eustatius". Windward Roads B.V.. 1 January 2007. http://windwardroads.com/cruyff-courts-sint-maarten-sint-eustatius-saba. 
  65. ↑ "1st Cruyff Court Dutch Caribbean Futsal Championship 2007 (Aruba)". RSSSF. 6 February 2008. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/cruijff-youth07.html. 
  66. ↑ "Saba and St. Eustatius compete in softball". Pearl FM Radio – Pearl of the Caribbean. 27 June 2011. http://pearlfmradio.sx/2011/06/27/saba-and-st-eustatius-compete-in-softball. 
  67. ↑ Myrick, Caroline. "Putting Saban English on the map" (in English). https://benjamins.com/catalog/eww.35.2.02myr. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Hartog, Johan (1988). History of Saba. Saba: Saba Artisan Foundation. 

Further reading

  • Bolles, Joshua K. (2013). Johnson, Will. ed. Caribbean Interlude: The Story of Saba the Rock. Will Johnson. ISBN 978-1-4675-6637-7. . A first-person account by an American journalist of the eleven months he spent on Saba in 1931, illustrated with photographs of Saba at that time.
  • Johnson, Theodore R. (2016). A Lee Chip: A Dictionary and Study of Saban English. Raleigh, NC: Language and Life Project at North Carolina State University. ISBN 978-0-578-17558-4. . A dictionary, grammar and phonological description, with a history of Saban English in the introduction.
  • Nielsen, Suzanne; Schnabel, Peter (2007). Folk Remedies on a Caribbean Island, the Story of Bush Medicine on Saba. ISBN 9789990407594.  Aguide to many of the plants of Saba, including their medicinal properties.
  • Shrout, Richard Neil (1989). "The mysterious island of Saba". South Florida History Magazine (2): pp. 3–7. http://historymiamiarchives.org/pdfs/sfh-1989-2.pdf. 

External links




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