Help:IPA/Dutch

Short description: Wikipedia key to pronunciation

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Dutch on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Dutch in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or its value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-nl}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Dutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	beet	bait
d	dak	duck
f	fiets	feats
ɣ	gaan^{[lower-alpha 1]}	no English equivalent; roughly like loch (Scottish) but voiced
ɦ	had^{[lower-alpha 1]}	behind
j	jas	yard
k	kat, cabaret	school
l	land	land
m	mens	man
n	nek^{[lower-alpha 2]}	neck
ŋ	eng	long
p	pen, rib^{[lower-alpha 3]}	sport
r	ras^{[lower-alpha 4]}	trilled R or guttural R
s	sok	sock
t	tak, had^{[lower-alpha 3]}	stop
v	ver^{[lower-alpha 1]}	very
ʋ	wang^{[lower-alpha 5]}	between wine and vine
x	acht,^{[lower-alpha 1]} weg^{[lower-alpha 3]}	loch (Scottish English)
z	zeep^{[lower-alpha 1]}	zip
Marginal consonants
c	tientje, check^{[lower-alpha 6]}	cheer
ɡ	goal^{[lower-alpha 7]}	goal
ɟ	Giovanni^{[lower-alpha 6]}	jeep
ɲ	oranje, Trijntje^{[lower-alpha 6]}	somewhat like canyon
ʃ	sjabloon, chef	shall
ʒ	jury^{[lower-alpha 1]}	vision
ʔ	beëindig [bəˈʔɛindəx], Trijntje Oosterhuis [-ə ˈʔoː-]^{[lower-alpha 8]}	catch in uh-oh!
Stress
ˈ	voorkomen voorkomen	as in commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
ˌ	voorkomen voorkomen	as in commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
Other representations
ə(n)	maken	optional /n/ in the /ən/ ending; not pronounced in many dialects^{[lower-alpha 2]}

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Checked vowels^{[lower-alpha 9]}
ɑ	bad	father, but rather short
ɛ	bed	bed
ɪ	vis	sit
ɔ	bot	off
ʏ	hut	roughly like nurse
Free vowels^{[lower-alpha 9]}
aː	aap	father
eː	beet, ezel^{[lower-alpha 10]}	made
i	diep	deep
oː	boot^{[lower-alpha 10]}	story
y	fuut	roughly like few
øː	neus^{[lower-alpha 10]}	roughly like fur
u	hoed	boot
ɛi	bijt, ei^{[lower-alpha 11]}	roughly like may
œy	buit^{[lower-alpha 11]}	house (Scottish English)
ʌu	jou, dauw^{[lower-alpha 11]}	out
ɑi	ai	price
ɔi	hoi	choice
iu	nieuw	ew or free will
yu	duw	few would
ui	groei	to eternity
aːi	draai	prize
eːu	sneeuw	say oo
oːi	nooit	boys
ə	hemel	again
Marginal vowels
ɔː	roze^{[lower-alpha 12]}^{[lower-alpha 13]}	dog
ɛː	scène^{[lower-alpha 14]}	square (British English)
œː	freule^{[lower-alpha 12]}	roughly like fur
iː	analyse^{[lower-alpha 12]}	wheeze
yː	centrifuge^{[lower-alpha 12]}	roughly like fugue
ɑ̃ː	genre^{[lower-alpha 12]}	roughly like croissant
ɛ̃ː	hautain^{[lower-alpha 12]}	roughly like doyen
ɔ̃ː	chanson^{[lower-alpha 12]}	roughly like montage

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Generally, the southern varieties preserve the /f/–/v/, /x/–/ɣ/ and /s/–/z/ contrasts.^[1]^[2] Southern /x/, /ɣ/ may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal.^[2] In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge /x/ and /ɣ/ into a post-velar [x̠] or uvular [χ];^[1]^[2] most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent /f/–/v/ contrast.^[2] In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, /s/ and /z/ are also not distinguished.^[2] /ʒ/ often joins this neutralization by merging with /ʃ/. In some accents, /ɦ/ is also devoiced to [h]. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 The final ‹n› of the plural ending -en is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic [n̩] sound. The syllabic pronunciation is considered to be strongly non-standard, especially in the Netherlands.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [ˈbaːrdə(n)] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as [baːrt]; and plural ribben [ˈrɪbə(n)] ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦət ˈfeː]
↑ The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as the alveolar trill [r] or as a uvular trill [ʀ]. In some dialects, it is realized as an alveolar flap [ɾ] or even as an alveolar approximant [ɹ].
↑ The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ], or even a voiced labiodental fricative [v]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞] (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant [w].
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 The alveolo-palatal stops [c] and [ɟ] and nasal [ɲ] are allophones of the sequences /tj/, /dj/ and /nj/. [ɟ] occurs only in loanwords. [ɲ] also occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /tj/ (realized as [c]).
↑ /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in zakdoek [ˈzɑɡduk].
↑ The glottal stop [ʔ] is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between [aː] and [ə] and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries. Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels and before any word-initial vowel. This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/ can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels).
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs [eɪ], [øʏ] and [oʊ], unless they precede /r/ within the same syllable.^[3]^[4] The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 The exact quality of diphthongs varies; Netherlandic Standard Dutch has somewhat more open (in case of /ʌu/ and often /œy/ also unrounded) first elements: [æi], [ɐy], [ɑu].^[5]^[6] In Belgian Standard Dutch, they begin in the open-mid region, and the last diphthong has a rounded first element: [ɛi], [œy], [ɔu].^[7]^[8] In Belgium, the onset of /œy/ can also be unrounded to [ɐy].^[9] Some non-standard dialects (e.g. many southern dialects) realise these diphthongs as either narrow diphthongs or (as in The Hague dialect) long monophthongs.^[9] See Dutch phonology § Diphthongs for more details.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 Found in loanwords.
↑ In Belgium, /ɔː/ tends to be pronounced the same as /oː/.
↑ Mainly found in loanwords.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Gussenhoven (1999:74)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Collins & Mees (2003:48)
↑ Gussenhoven (1999:76)
↑ Collins & Mees (2003:133–134)
↑ Collins & Mees (2003:135)
↑ Rietveld & Van Heuven (2009:70). Authors state that "in most northern areas, /œy/ is pronounced [ʌ̈y̯]."
↑ Collins & Mees (2003:135–136)
↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Collins & Mees (2003:136)

Bibliography

Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition, ISBN 9004103406, http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231848048_Dutch
Rietveld, A.C.M.; Van Heuven, V.J. (2009), Algemene Fonetiek, Uitgeverij Coutinho
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173, https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/40E060F565C2A84B07993980D2957D49/S0025100305002173a.pdf/belgian_standard_dutch.pdf

External links

Nederlands woordenboek

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch. Read more

[voiceless-voiced-3] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Generally, the southern varieties preserve the /f/–/v/, /x/–/ɣ/ and /s/–/z/ contrasts.^[1]^[2] Southern /x/, /ɣ/ may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal.^[2] In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge /x/ and /ɣ/ into a post-velar [x̠] or uvular [χ];^[1]^[2] most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent /f/–/v/ contrast.^[2] In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, /s/ and /z/ are also not distinguished.^[2] /ʒ/ often joins this neutralization by merging with /ʃ/. In some accents, /ɦ/ is also devoiced to [h]. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.

[final_n-4] 2.0 ^2.1 The final ‹n› of the plural ending -en is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic [n̩] sound. The syllabic pronunciation is considered to be strongly non-standard, especially in the Netherlands.

[devoicing-5] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [ˈbaːrdə(n)] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as [baːrt]; and plural ribben [ˈrɪbə(n)] ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦət ˈfeː]

[r-6] The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as the alveolar trill [r] or as a uvular trill [ʀ]. In some dialects, it is realized as an alveolar flap [ɾ] or even as an alveolar approximant [ɹ].

[w-7] The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ], or even a voiced labiodental fricative [v]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞] (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant [w].

[palatal-8] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 The alveolo-palatal stops [c] and [ɟ] and nasal [ɲ] are allophones of the sequences /tj/, /dj/ and /nj/. [ɟ] occurs only in loanwords. [ɲ] also occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /tj/ (realized as [c]).

[g-9] /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in zakdoek [ˈzɑɡduk].

[glottal_stop-10] The glottal stop [ʔ] is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between [aː] and [ə] and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries. Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels and before any word-initial vowel. This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.

[checked_free-11] 9.0 ^9.1 The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/ can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels).

[mid_vowels-14] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs [eɪ], [øʏ] and [oʊ], unless they precede /r/ within the same syllable.^[3]^[4] The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.

[diphthongs-20] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 The exact quality of diphthongs varies; Netherlandic Standard Dutch has somewhat more open (in case of /ʌu/ and often /œy/ also unrounded) first elements: [æi], [ɐy], [ɑu].^[5]^[6] In Belgian Standard Dutch, they begin in the open-mid region, and the last diphthong has a rounded first element: [ɛi], [œy], [ɔu].^[7]^[8] In Belgium, the onset of /œy/ can also be unrounded to [ɐy].^[9] Some non-standard dialects (e.g. many southern dialects) realise these diphthongs as either narrow diphthongs or (as in The Hague dialect) long monophthongs.^[9] See Dutch phonology § Diphthongs for more details.

[non-native_vowels-21] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 Found in loanwords.

[open-mid_back-22] In Belgium, /ɔː/ tends to be pronounced the same as /oː/.

[open-mid_front-23] Mainly found in loanwords.

[gus74-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Gussenhoven (1999:74)

[cm48-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Collins & Mees (2003:48)

[12] Gussenhoven (1999:76)

[13] Collins & Mees (2003:133–134)

[15] Collins & Mees (2003:135)

[16] Rietveld & Van Heuven (2009:70). Authors state that "in most northern areas, /œy/ is pronounced [ʌ̈y̯]."

[17] Collins & Mees (2003:135–136)

[18] Verhoeven (2005:245)

[cm136-19] 9.0 ^9.1 Collins & Mees (2003:136)

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]

[lower-alpha 4]

[lower-alpha 5]

[lower-alpha 6]

[lower-alpha 7]

[lower-alpha 8]

[lower-alpha 9]

[lower-alpha 10]

[lower-alpha 11]

[lower-alpha 12]

[lower-alpha 13]

[lower-alpha 14]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

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