Hyperfinite set
In nonstandard analysis, a branch of mathematics, a hyperfinite set or *-finite set is a type of internal set. An internal set H of internal cardinality g ∈ *N (the hypernaturals) is hyperfinite if and only if there exists an internal bijection between G = {1,2,3,...,g} and H.[1][2] Hyperfinite sets share the properties of finite sets: A hyperfinite set has minimal and maximal elements, and a hyperfinite union of a hyperfinite collection of hyperfinite sets may be derived. The sum of the elements of any hyperfinite subset of *R always exists, leading to the possibility of well-defined integration.[2]
Hyperfinite sets can be used to approximate other sets. If a hyperfinite set approximates an interval, it is called a near interval with respect to that interval. Consider a hyperfinite set [math]\displaystyle{ K = {k_1,k_2, \dots ,k_n} }[/math] with a hypernatural n. K is a near interval for [a,b] if k1 = a and kn = b, and if the difference between successive elements of K is infinitesimal. Phrased otherwise, the requirement is that for every r ∈ [a,b] there is a ki ∈ K such that ki ≈ r. This, for example, allows for an approximation to the unit circle, considered as the set [math]\displaystyle{ e^{i\theta} }[/math] for θ in the interval [0,2π].[2]
In general, subsets of hyperfinite sets are not hyperfinite, often because they do not contain the extreme elements of the parent set.[3]
Ultrapower construction
In terms of the ultrapower construction, the hyperreal line *R is defined as the collection of equivalence classes of sequences [math]\displaystyle{ \langle u_n, n=1,2,\ldots \rangle }[/math] of real numbers un. Namely, the equivalence class defines a hyperreal, denoted [math]\displaystyle{ [u_n] }[/math] in Goldblatt's notation. Similarly, an arbitrary hyperfinite set in *R is of the form [math]\displaystyle{ [A_n] }[/math], and is defined by a sequence [math]\displaystyle{ \langle A_n \rangle }[/math] of finite sets [math]\displaystyle{ A_n \subseteq \mathbb{R}, n=1,2,\ldots }[/math][4]
References
- ↑ J. E. Rubio (1994). Optimization and nonstandard analysis. Marcel Dekker. p. 110. ISBN 0-8247-9281-5.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 R. Chuaqui (1991). Truth, possibility, and probability: new logical foundations of probability and statistical inference. Elsevier. pp. 182–3. ISBN 0-444-88840-3. https://archive.org/details/truthpossibility00chua_120.
- ↑ L. Ambrosio (2000). Calculus of variations and partial differential equations: topics on geometrical evolution problems and degree theory. Springer. p. 203. ISBN 3-540-64803-8. https://archive.org/details/calculusvariatio00ambr_557.
- ↑ Rob Goldblatt (1998). Lectures on the hyperreals. An introduction to nonstandard analysis. Springer. p. 188. ISBN 0-387-98464-X. https://archive.org/details/lecturesonhyperr00gold_525.
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