Social:K'iche' language

K’iche’
Quiché
Qatzijob'al
Pronunciation	[kʼiˈtʃeʔ]
Native to	Guatemala
Region	Central highlands
Ethnicity	K'iche'
Native speakers	2,330,000 (2000) 300,000 monolinguals
Language family	Mayan Eastern (Quichean–Mamean) Greater Quichean Quichean Quiché–Achi K’iche’
Early form	Classical K'iche'
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Guatemala
Regulated by	Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala
Language codes
ISO 639-3	quc
Glottolog	kich1262

K’iche’ ([kʼiˈtʃeʔ], also Qatzijob'al "our language" to its speakers), or Quiché (/kiːˈtʃeɪ/), is a Maya language of Guatemala, spoken by the K'iche' people of the central highlands. With over a million speakers (some 7% of Guatemala's population), K'iche' is the second-most widely spoken language in the country after Spanish. Most speakers of K'iche' languages also have at least a working knowledge of Spanish.

The Central dialect is the most commonly used in the media and education. The literacy rate is low, but K'iche' is increasingly taught in schools and used on radio. The most famous work in the Classical K'iche' language is the Popol Vuh (Popol Wu'uj in modern spelling).

Dialects

Kaufman (1970) divides the K'iche' complex into the following five dialects, with the representative municipalities given as well (quoted in Par Sapón 2000:17).

East

• Joyabaj
• Zacualpa
• Cubulco
• Rabinal
• San Miguel Chicaj

West

• Nahualá
• Santa Clara La Laguna
• Santa Lucía Utatlán
• Aldea Argueta, Sololá
• Cantel
• Zunil
• San José Chiquilajá, Quetzaltenango
• Totonicapán
• Momostenango

Central

• Santa María Chiquimula
• San Antonio Ilotenango
• Santa Cruz del Quiché
• Chichicastenango

North

• Cunén

South

• Samayac
• Mazatenango

The Nahualá dialect of K'iche' shows some differences from other K'iche' dialects. It preserves an ancient Proto-Mayan distinction between five long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu) and five short vowels (a, e, i, o, u). It is for that conservative linguistic feature that Guatemalan and foreign linguists have actively sought to have the language called K'ichee rather than K'iche' or Quiché.

Phonology

K'iche' has a rather conservative phonology. It has not developed many of the innovations found in neighboring languages, such as retroflex consonants or tone.

Stress

Stress is not phonemic. It occurs on the final syllable, and on every other syllable before the final in an iambic pattern.

Unstressed vowels are frequently reduced (to [ɨ] or [ə]) or elided altogether, often producing consonant clusters even at the beginnings of words. For example, sib'alaj "very" may be pronounced [siɓlaχ], and je na la' "thus" [χenðaʔ].

Vowels

K'iche' dialects differ in their vowel systems. Historically, K'iche' had a ten-vowel system: five short and five long. Some dialects (for instance, Nahualá and Totonicapán) retain the ten-vowel system. Others (for instance, Cantel) have reduced it to a six-vowel system with no length distinctions: short /a/ has become /ə/ in these dialects, and the other short vowels have merged with their long counterparts. Different conventions for spelling the vowels have been proposed, including by the Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín, the Summer Institute of Linguistics and the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala. The table below shows the two vowel systems, and several of the spelling systems that have been proposed.

Phonemes		Spelling
Ten-vowel	Six-vowel	PLFM	SIL	ALMG
/a/	/ə/	a	ä	a
/aː/	/a/	aa	a
/e/	/e/	e	ë	e
/eː/		ee	e
/i/	/i/	i	ï	i
/iː/		ii	i
/o/	/o/	o	ö	o
/oː/		oo	o
/u/	/u/	u	ü	u
/uː/		uu	u

Vowels typically undergo syncope in penultimate syllables, allowing for a wide array of complex onsets. Diphthongs are found in recent loanwords.

Consonants

K'iche' has both pulmonic stops and affricates, p /p/, t /t/, tz /ts/, ch /tʃ/, k /k/, and q /q/, and glottalized counterparts b’ /ɓ/, t’ /t’/, tz’ /ts’/, ch’ /tʃ’/, k’ /k’/, and q’ /q’/. The glottalized /ɓ/ is a weak implosive, while the other glottalized consonants are ejectives. The pulmonic stops and affricates are typically aspirated.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasals	m [m]	n [n]
Glottalized plosive	b' [ɓ]	t' [tʼ]				k' [kʼ]	q' [qʼ]
Aspirated plosive	p [pʰ]	t [tʰ]				k [kʰ]	q [qʰ]	' [ʔ]
Glottalized affricate		tz' [tsʼ]	ch' [tʃʼ]
Aspirated affricate		tz [tsʰ]	ch [tʃʰ]
Fricative		s [s]	x [ʃ]			j [x~χ]		h [h]
Approximant	w [ʋ]	l [l]		r [ɻ]	y [j]

In West Quiche, the approximants l /l/, r /ɻ/, y /j/, and w /w/ devoice and fricate to [ɬ], [ʂ], [ç], and [ʍ] word-finally and often before voiceless consonants. In some dialects, intervocalic /l/ alternates between [l] and [ð], a highly unusual sound change. The fricative [ð] is most common between the vowels o and a and between two o's, and occurs more often than not between two a's.

Syllabic structure

Complex onsets are very common in K'iche', partially due to the active process of penultimate syncope. Complex codas are rare, except when the first member of the complex coda is a phonemic glottal stop, written with an apostrophe. The sonorants /m, n, l, r/ may be syllabic.

Orthography

Historically, different orthographies have been used to transliterate the K'iche' languages. The classic orthography of Father Ximénez who wrote down the Popol Vuh is based on the Spanish orthography and has been replaced by a new standardized orthography defined by the ALMG (Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala). Ethnohistorian and Mayanist Dennis Tedlock uses his own transliteration system which is completely different from any of the established orthographies, but this system will not be given here.

The first line of Popol Wuj in different orthographies

Ximénez's classical orthography	Are v xe oher tzíh varal Quíche ubí.
ALMG orthography	Are’ uxe’ ojer tzij waral K’iche’ ub’i’.
(Ximénez's Spanish translation)	Este es el principio de las Antiguas historias aquí en el Quiché.
(Tedlock's English translation)	"This is the beginning of the ancient word, here in the place called Quiché."

Morphology

Like other Mayan languages, K'iche' uses two sets of agreement markers — known to Mayanists as "Set A" and "Set B" markers — which can appear on both nouns and verbs. "Set A" markers are used on nouns to mark possessor agreement, and on verbs to agree with the transitive subject (ergative case). "Set B" markers are used on verbs to agree with the transitive object or the intransitive subject (absolutive case).

Set A markers

	Before a consonant	Before a vowel
First person singular	nu- or in-	w- or inw-
Second person singular	a-	aw-
Third person singular	u-	r-
First person plural	qa-	q-
Second person plural	i-	iw-
Third person plural	ki-	k-

Set B markers

First person singular	in-
Second person singular	at-
Third person singular	Ø-
First person plural	oj- (uj- in some varieties)
Second person plural	ix-
Third person plural	e- (eb'- in some varieties)

Pronouns

K'iche' distinguishes six pronouns, classified by person and number. Gender and case are not marked on pronouns. Pronouns are often omitted, as subject and object agreement are obligatorily marked on the verb.

Subject and object pronouns

	In orthography	In IPA
First person singular	in	/in/
Second person singular	at	/at/
Third person singular	are'	/aɾeʔ/
First person plural	uj	/uχ/
Second person plural	ix	/iʃ/
Third person plural	iyare'	/ijaɾeʔ/

Verbs

Verbs are highly morphologically complex, and can take numerous prefixes and suffixes serving both inflectional and derivational purposes.

The table below shows the inflectional template of a K'iche' verb. Agreement follows an ergative/absolutive pattern. Subjects of transitive verbs are indexed using Set A markers. Intransitive subjects and transitive objects are indexed using Set B markers. Aspect and mood are also indicated, as is movement: the prefix ul- in the movement slot indicates movement towards the speaker, while the prefix e- (or b'e- in some varieties) indicates movement away.

Verb inflection

Aspect/mood	Set B (absolutive)	Movement	Set A (ergative)	Stem	Status suffix
k-	at-			b'in	-ik	katb'inik "You walk."
x-	at-		inw-	il	-o	xatinwilo "I saw you."
ch-	Ø-		a-	k'am	-a'	chak'ama' "Carry it!"
k-	Ø-	ul-		wa'	-oq	kulwa'oq "S/he comes and eats."

The last morpheme on a verb, the so-called "status suffix," is a portmanteau morph whose form determined by a rather complicated set of rules. Relevant factors include:

• whether the verb is transitive or intransitive
• whether the verb's mood is indicative or imperative
• whether or not the verb contains a movement marker
• whether or not the verb falls at the end of an intonational phrase

Voice and derivation

The examples above involve verbs with simple stems. Verb stems may also be morphologically complex. Complex stems may involve voice suffixes

• Causative: -isa (-kam- "die," -kam-isa- "kill (someone)")
• Passive: -x (-kuna- "cure (someone)," -kuna-x- "be cured")
• Completive passive: -taj (-kuna- "cure (someone)," -kuna-taj- "be completely cured; recover")
• Antipassive: -n, -on or -un (-mes- "sweep (something) clean," -mes-on- "sweep up")

or derivational suffixes, many of which form verb stems from other parts of speech. For instance, the versive suffix -ir or -ar forms verb stems from adjectives: utz "good," -utz-ir- "get good"; nim "big," -nim-ar- "get big." Multiple suffixes can appear within a single stem: -nim-ar- "get big," -nim-ar-isa- "enlarge (something)," -nim-ar-isa-x- "be enlarged."

Syntax

As with all Mayan languages, K'iche' has an ergative pattern of verb agreement, and often uses verb-object-subject (VOS) word order. Most modern speakers use SOV, SVO, and VSO word orders interchangeably. Language purists have tried to preserve the traditional verb-initial word order, while influence from Spanish (an SVO language) promotes a subject-initial order.

Babytalk

Contrary to the way many other languages use high pitch in Child directed speech (babytalk), K'iche' babytalk has been shown not to use high pitch. Mayans in fact lower their pitch slightly when they speak to children, due to the fact that in the Quiche Mayan culture high pitch is very often used to address persons of high status.

References

• Edmonson, Munro S.. 1965. Quiche-English Dictionary. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, publ. no. 30.
• García-Hernández, Abraham; Yac Sam, Santiago and Pontius, David Henne. 1980. Diccionario Quiché-Español. Instituto Linguistico de Verano, Guatemala
• Grimes, Larry. 1972. The Phonological History of the Quichean Languages. Mayan Languages Collection of Larry Grimes. The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America: www.ailla.utexas.org. Media: text. Access: public. Resource: QUC001R004.
• Kaufman, Terrence. 1970. Proyecto de alfabetos y ortografías para escribir las lenguas mayances. Antigua: Editorial José de Pineda Ibarra.
• Mondloch, James L. 1978. Basic Quiche Grammar. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, University at Albany, The State University of New York, publ. no. 2.
• Par Sapón, María Beatriz. 2000. Variación dialectal en k'ichee' . Guatemala City: Cholsamaj.
• Par Sapón, María Beatriz and Can Pixabaj, Telma Angelina. 2000. Ujunamaxiik ri K'ichee' Ch'ab'al, Variación Dialectal en K'ichee' . Proyecto de Investigación Lingüística de Oxlajuuj Keej Maya' Ajtz'iib'. Guatemala City: (OKMA)/Editorial Cholsamaj. ISBN:99922-53-07-X.
• Sam Colop. 1999. Popol Wuj — Versión Poética K‘iche‘. PEMBI/GTZ/Cholsamaj. (In the Quiché Maya language).
• Tedlock, Dennis. 1996. Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. Touchstone Books. ISBN:0-684-81845-0.

External links

• A K‘iche‘-English Dictionary
• A reversal of Christenson's K'iche'-English Dictionary into an English-K'iche' Dictionary
• Decree 19-2003 of Guatemala
• Brief K'iche' tutorial in English and Spanish
• Some basics of Quiché on Spanish-language Wikibooks (in Spanish)
• Arte de Lengua Kiché, Anleo, Bartholomé de, ca. 1630-1694
• Zaccicoxol, ó Baile de Cortés en kiché y castellano, Berendt, C. Hermann
• Calendario de los indios de Guatemala, 1722, Kiché, Berendt, C. Hermann
• Einführung in das kolonialzeitliche K’iche’ (Quiché) by Michael Dürr - an introduction to Classical K'iche', in German
• Morphologie, Syntax und Textstrukturen des Maya-Quiche des Popol Vuh by Michael Dürr - a description of the grammar of the Classical K'iche' of Popol Vuh, in German
• Mayan Languages Collection of Larry Grimes, containing audio recordings of word lists in K'iche', from Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America.