Biology:Haplogroup O-M176
Haplogroup O-M176 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 31,108 (95% CI 22,844 <-> 34,893) years before present[1] 29,100 years before present[2] 28,200 [95% CI 26,100 <-> 30,500] years before present[3] |
Coalescence age | 25,660 years before present[2] 25,800 [95% CI 23,400 <-> 28,400] years before present (YFull[3][4]) |
Possible place of origin | the Korean Peninsula or a nearby part of northeastern Asia[5] |
Ancestor | O-P31 |
Defining mutations | M176/SRY465, P49, 022454[citation needed] |
Highest frequencies | Japanese, Koreans, Ryukyuans, Manchus
|
Haplogroup O-M176 (aka O-SRY465) or O1b2 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is best known for its part in the settlement of Korea and Japan. It is a descendant of Haplogroup O-P31, and it has been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, Haplogroup O-K18, approximately 31,108 (95% CI 22,844 <-> 34,893) years before present,[1] approximately 29,100 years before present,[2] or approximately 28,200 (95% CI 26,100 <-> 30,500) years before present.[3]
Distribution
Haplogroup O-M176 is found mainly in the northernmost parts of East Asia, from the Uriankhai and Zakhchin peoples of western Mongolia (Katoh Munkhbat) to the Japanese of Japan , though it also has been detected sporadically in the Buryats (Jin Kwak). It has been detected with moderate frequencies in Udegeys (Jin Kim) of southern Siberia, rarely among populations of Southeast Asia including Indonesia (Hammer et al. 2006 and Jin et al. 2003), the Philippines (Jin Kwak), Thailand (Jin Kwak), and Vietnam (Hammer et al. 2006 and Jin et al. 2003), and Micronesians (Hammer Karafet). This haplogroup is found with its highest frequency and diversity values among modern populations of Japan and Korea and is rare in most populations in China. Among Han Chinese, it has been detected in some samples of Han Chinese from Beijing (1/51, Jin et al. 2003 and Kim et al. 2011),[5] Xi'an (1/34, Kim et al. 2011),[5] one Han Chinese in Henan,[17] Han Chinese in Taiwan (2/352 = 0.57%, including one of 34 Hakka people and one of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers),[18] Han Chinese from East China sampled from the infertility clinic at the Affiliated Hospitals of Nanjing Medical University at Jiangsu (6/1147 = 0.52%, Lu et al. 2009), Wuhan (1/160),[19] and South China outside of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai (1/65).[20] Among ethnic minorities in China, haplogroup O-M176 has been detected with high frequency in samples of Koreans in China (Xue et al. 2006 and Katoh et al. 2005) and with low frequency among Manchus[21] (Xue et al. 2006, Katoh et al. 2005, and Karafet et al. 2001), Hezhe people,[12] Daurs,[12] Evenks,[11] Sibes (Xue Zerjal), Kham Tibetans,[22] and Hui.[23] In a study of various populations of Hunan, O1b2-M176 was found in 0.55% (5/903) of all samples; specifically, this haplogroup was observed in 3.0% (1/33) of a sample of Iu Mien from Hunan, 1.9% (2/103) of a sample of Gàn Chinese from Hunan, 1.4% (1/71) of a sample of Kam from Hunan, and 1.1% (1/95) of a sample of Xong Miao from Hunan.[24] In a study published in July 2020, Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O1b2-M176 was observed in 1.31% (4/305) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong and in 1.06% (6/565) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zhaotong, Yunnan.[25]
Mitsuru Sakitani suggests that haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today Koreans, Japanese and Manchu, are one of the carriers of Liao civilization or Yangtze civilization. As the Liao civilization and the Yangtze civilization declined several tribes crossed westward and northerly, to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. However, Mitsuru Sakitani said that Currently, very little o1b2 are detected in the Yangtze River region, there are many problems in the theory that originate from the Yangtze River area.[26][27][28] Another study calls the haplogroup O1b1 as the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and the haplogroup O1b2 (of Koreans and Japanese) as the "para-Austroasiatic" paternal lineage.[29]
Subclade distribution
Paragroup O-M176*
Y-DNA that belongs to O-M176(xK10, F3356) has been found in an individual from Hiroshima,[4] an individual from Fukushima,[4] an individual from Beijing,[4] and 1% (7/706) of a sample of males collected in Seoul and Daejeon.[30]
O-M176(x47z) has been found in approximately 9.2% of Japanese males (ranging from 3.5% in the JPT sample from Tokyo[31] to 13.1% in a sample from Shizuoka[32]) and in approximately 8.3% of Ryukyuan males (ranging from 5.3% in a sample from Miyako[8] to 11.1% in a sample from Okinawa[32]).[6]
O-K10
The majority of extant members of O-M176 belong to the subclade O-K10 (aka O-F3356 aka O-F1204). O-K10 (TMRCA 8,070 ybp according to TheYtree,[33] 7,900 [95% CI 5,624 <-> 9,449] ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,[1] 7,500 ± 1,300 years according to FamilyTreeDNA,[34] 7,000 [95% CI 8,000 <-> 6,000] ybp according to YFull,[4] or 6,960 years according to 23mofang[2]) subsumes the prolific subclades O-47z, which occurs with especially high frequency in Japan, and O-L682, which occurs with especially high frequency in Korea, in addition to the relatively rare subclades O-CTS10687, which has been found in Japan, Korea, and China, and O-K3, which has been found among Han Chinese mostly in South Central China. O-L682 and O-K3 are linked by 18 SNPs that define the O-K4 clade, and thus their members are more closely related to one another by paternal lineage than any of them is related to any member of O-47z or O-CTS10687.
O-F3356(x47z, L682) has been found in 2% (14/706) of a sample of Koreans collected in Seoul and Daejeon, South Korea.[30] However, the status of these individuals' Y-DNA in regard to K4, K3, CTS10687, and phylogenetically equivalent SNPs has not been published.
O-CTS10687 has been found in 1.8% (1/56) of the JPT sample of Japanese from Tokyo, Japan.[35][4]
O-47z
Haplogroup O-47z | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 7,870 [95% CI 5,720–12,630] years ago (Hammer Karafet) 7,613 (95% CI 5,309 <-> 9,130) ybp[1] 7,000 [95% CI 6,100 <-> 7,900] ybp[3] |
Coalescence age | 5,780 ybp[2] 5,600 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 4,700) ybp[4] |
Possible place of origin | Japanese Archipelago (Hammer Karafet) or Korean Peninsula (Jin Kwak) |
Ancestor | O-M176 |
Defining mutations | 47z |
Highest frequencies | Japanese, Ryukyuans, Koreans
|
O-47z or O-CTS11986 is a subclade of O-K10. It is found with high frequency among the Japanese and Ryukyuan populations of Japan, and with lower frequency among Koreans.
Haplogroup O-47z has been detected in approximately 22% of males who speak a Japonic language, while it has not been found at all among Ainu males whose Y-DNA has been tested in two genetic studies (Tajima et al. 2004, n=16; Hammer et al. 2006, n=4). Based on the STR haplotype diversity within Haplogroup O-47z, it has been estimated in a study published in 2006 that this haplogroup has expanded from a single founder who has lived approximately 3,810 (95% CI 1,640 <–> 7,960) years before present in a model according to which continuous, pure exponential population growth is assumed.[11] In a paper published in 2016, the time to most recent common ancestor of a set of fifteen members of the O-47z clade, all from the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, was estimated to be 4,500 years using a relatively slow mutation rate (μ = 0.76 x 10−9 per bp per year as according to Qiaomei Fu et al. 2014) or 3,900 years using a relatively fast mutation rate (μ = 0.888 x 10−9 per bp per year as according to A. Helgason et al. 2015).[31] Haplogroup O-47z also has been found among samples of modern Koreans, though with low frequency in comparison to both the frequency of O-47z in samples of Japanese and the frequency of O-M176(x47z) in samples of Koreans.[5]
Soon-Hee Kim et al. (2011) found haplogroup O-47z (DXYS5Y-Y2) in 8.89% (45/506) of a pool of samples from South Korea. O-47z was found in greatest proportion in the study's sample from the Gyeongsang region (10/84 = 11.9%), which is located in the southeast corner of the Korean Peninsula, and in least proportion in the study's sample from the Seoul-Gyeonggi region (8/110 = 7.3%), which is located on the west coast of the middle of the Korean Peninsula.[36] Haplogroup O-47z also has been observed in a sample of Koreans in China (2/25 = 8.0%).[37]
O-K4
O-K4 is a subclade of O-K10. It includes at least two subclades, O-L682 and O-K3, which have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor approximately 6,327 (95% CI 4,575 <-> 7,762) years before present.[1]
O-K3
Haplogroup O-F940 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 6,327 (95% CI 4,575 <-> 7,762) years before present[1] 6,000 years before present[2] 6,000 (95% CI 7,100 <-> 4,900) ybp[4] |
Coalescence age | 2,630 years before present[2] |
Possible place of origin | East Asia (origin) China (MRCA) |
Ancestor | O-F2868 |
Defining mutations | CTS12145, F1912, F2206, F2703, F940, K3 |
Highest frequencies | Chinese[4][1] 0.12%[2] |
The O-K3 (or O-F940) lineage is a subclade of O-K4 that has been observed to date in three individuals from Hunan,[4] one individual from Jiangxi,[4] and one individual from Henan.[17] The TMRCA of the three individuals from Hunan plus the one individual from Jiangxi has been estimated to be 1,300 (95% CI 800 <-> 2,100) ybp.[4]
O-L682
Haplogroup O-L682 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 6,327 [95% CI 4,575 <-> 7,762] ybp[1] 5,990 ybp[2] |
Coalescence age | 4,040 ybp[2] 3,900 (95% CI 4,800 <-> 3,100) ybp[4] |
Possible place of origin | Korean Peninsula or Manchuria |
Ancestor | O-M176, O-F3356 |
Defining mutations | L682 |
Highest frequencies | Koreans, Japanese, Ryukyuans, Hezhen, Manchus |
The O-L682 subclade of O-K4 is believed to be related to Native Korean population. One study has found O-L682 Y-DNA in 19% (134/706) of Koreans sampled in Seoul and Daejeon.[30] O-L682 also has been found in Japanese in Tokyo, Okayama, Kōchi, and the US and in Chinese (especially in Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning, with a greater than average presence also in Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Tianjin, and Anhui,[2] and with some presence in other areas, such as Shanxi,[4] and among some ethnic minorities, such as Nanai people[4]). Its descendants appear to have begun rapidly increasing in number at approximately the same time as those of its distant cousin O-47z, perhaps 4,000 years ago.[4]
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) |
(α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) |
YCC 2005 (Longhand) |
YCC 2008 (Longhand) |
YCC 2010r (Longhand) |
ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O-M175 | 26 | VII | 1U | 28 | Eu16 | H9 | I | O* | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O |
O-M119 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1* | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a |
O-M101 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1a | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1 | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a |
O-M50 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H10 | H | O1b | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 |
O-P31 | 26 | VII | 1U | 33 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2* | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 |
O-M95 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H11 | G | O2a* | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a1 | O2a1 |
O-M88 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H12 | G | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1a | O2a1a |
O-SRY465 | 20 | VII | 1U | 35 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b* | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b |
O-47z | 5 | VII | 1U | 26 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 |
O-M122 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3* | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 |
O-M121 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3a | O3a | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1a | O3a1a |
O-M164 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3b | O3b | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a1b | O3a1b |
O-M159 | 13 | VII | 1U | 31 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3c | O3c | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3 | O3a3 | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a |
O-M7 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d* | O3c | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a4 | O3a4 | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a2b | O3a2b |
O-M113 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d1 | O3c1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | - | O3a4a | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a2b1 | O3a2b1 |
O-M134 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e* | O3d | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a5 | O3a5 | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a2c1 | O3a2c1 |
O-M117 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1* | O3d1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a5a | O3a5a | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a2c1a | O3a2c1a |
O-M162 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1a | O3d1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a5a1 | O3a5a1 | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a2c1a1 | O3a2c1a1 |
Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet Mendez) and subsequent published research.
- O1b2 (IMS-JST022454, L272.2, M176/Page63/SRY465, M302, P49, F1942/Page92)
- O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
- O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
- O1b2a1a (F3356)
- O1b2a1a1 (47z, CTS713, CTS11986)
- O1b2a1a2 (F2868, F3110, K4)
- O1b2a1a2a (L682)
- O1b2a1a2b (F940, F1912, F3390)
- O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687, F1813, F1800)
- O1b2a1b (CTS562)
- O1b2a1a (F3356)
- O1b2a2 (Page90)
- O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
- O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
Table of frequencies of O-M176
Population | Frequency | Sample Size | SNPs | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Korean (Gangwon) | 0.397 | 63 | M176(x47z)=20 47z=5 |
Kim et al. 2011 |
Korean (National Biobank of Korea) |
0.377 | 300 | M176(x47z)=88 47z=25 |
Park 2013 |
South Korea | 0.373 | 75 | M176/P49(x47z)=25 47z=3 |
Hammer et al. 2006 |
Japanese (Shizuoka) | 0.344 | 61 | 47z=13 M176/P49(x47z)=8 |
Hammer et al. 2006 |
Korean (Daejeon) | 0.338 | 133 | M176(x47z)=30 47z=15 |
Park 2012 |
Japanese | 0.335 | 263 | 47z=66 M176/JST022454(x47z)=22 |
Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007 |
Korean (Jeju) | 0.322 | 87 | M176(x47z)=20 47z=8 |
Kim et al. 2011 |
Japanese (Kyushu) | 0.321 | 53 | 47z=15 M176/P49(x47z)=2 |
Hammer et al. 2006 |
Korean (Seoul) | 0.316 | 573 | M176(x47z)=125 47z=56 |
Park 2012 |
Korean (Jeolla) | 0.311 | 90 | M176(x47z)=21 47z=7 |
Kim et al. 2011 |
Japanese (Aomori) | 0.308 | 26 | 47z=7 M176/P49(x47z)=1 |
Hammer et al. 2006 |
Korean (Chungcheong) | 0.306 | 72 | M176(x47z)=15 47z=7 |
Kim et al. 2011 |
Japanese (Tokushima) | 0.300 | 70 | 47z=17 M176/P49(x47z)=4 |
Hammer et al. 2006 |
Korean (Gyeongsang) | 0.298 | 84 | M176(x47z)=15 47z=10 |
Kim et al. 2011 |
Japanese | 0.293 | 157 | 47z=38 M176(x47z)=8 |
Kim et al. 2011 |
Korean (Seoul/Gyeonggi) | 0.282 | 110 | M176(x47z)=23 47z=8 |
Kim et al. 2011 |
Korean (PRC) | 0.280 | 25 | M176(x47z)=5 47z=2 |
Xue et al. 2006 |
Korean (Korea) | 0.279 | 43 | M176(x47z)=6 47z=6 |
Xue et al. 2006 |
Japanese | 0.277 | 47 | 47z=11 M176(x47z)=2 |
Xue et al. 2006 |
Manchurians | 0.271 | 48 | 47z=9 M176(x47z)=4 |
Jin, Kim & Kim 2010 |
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon) | 0.269 | 216 | M176(x47z)=37 47z=21 |
Kim et al. 2007 |
Japanese | 0.262 | 107 | 47z=21 M176(x47z)=7 |
Jin, Kim & Kim 2010 |
Okinawa | 0.222 | 45 | 47z=5 M176/P49(x47z)=5 |
Hammer et al. 2006 |
Korean | 0.201 | 154 | M176(x47z)=22 47z=9 |
Jin, Kim & Kim 2010 |
Udeges | 0.095 | 21 | M176(x47z)=2 | Jin, Kim & Kim 2010 |
Han (Beijing) | 0.020 | 51 | M176(x47z)=1 | Kim et al. 2011 |
Manchu | 0.057 | 35 | M176(x47z)=2 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Uriankhai (Mongolia) | 0.050 | 60 | M176=3 | Katoh et al. 2005 |
Mongol (NE Mongolia) | 0.050 | 20 | M176=1 | Di Cristofaro et al. 2013 |
Hezhe (PRC) | 0.044 | 45 | M176(x47z)=2 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Manchu | 0.038 | 52 | M176/P49(x47z)=2 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Zakhchin (Mongolia) | 0.033 | 60 | M176=2 | Katoh et al. 2005 |
Manchurian | 0.033 | 30 | M176(x47z)=1 | Kim et al. 2011 |
Hakka (Taiwan) | 0.029 | 34 | M176=1 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Buryat | 0.028 | 36 | M176(x47z)=1 | Kim et al. 2011 |
Nanai (Samar from Khabarovsk) |
≤0.027 | 37 | O-P31=1 | Bogunov et al. 2015 |
Daur | 0.026 | 39 | M176(x47z)=1 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Evenk (PRC) | 0.024 | 41 | M176/P49(x47z)=1 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Xibe | 0.024 | 41 | M176(x47z)=1 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Buryat | 0.020 | 50 | M176(x47z)=1 | Jin, Kim & Kim 2010 |
Mongols (Mongolia) | 0.006 | 160 | M176=1 | Di Cristofaro et al. 2013 |
Han (Taiwan) | 0.004 | 258 | M176=1 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Zhuang | 0.000 | 20 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Oroqen | 0.000 | 22 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Hanoi, Vietnam | 0.000 | 24 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Kalimantan | 0.000 | 25 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Evenk (PRC) | 0.000 | 26 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Sumatra | 0.000 | 26 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Akha (Thailand) | 0.000 | 27 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Alor | 0.000 | 28 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Han (Lanzhou) | 0.000 | 30 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Even | 0.000 | 31 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Oroqen | 0.000 | 31 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Uyghur (Ürümqi) | 0.000 | 31 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Han (Yili) | 0.000 | 32 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Malay | 0.000 | 32 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Australian aborigines | 0.000 | 33 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Qiang | 0.000 | 33 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Han (Chengdu) | 0.000 | 34 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Hani (PRC) | 0.000 | 34 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Li | 0.000 | 34 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
She | 0.000 | 34 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Buyi | 0.000 | 35 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Han (Harbin) | 0.000 | 35 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Han (Meixian) | 0.000 | 35 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Hui (PRC) | 0.000 | 35 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Tibetan | 0.000 | 35 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Yao (Bama) | 0.000 | 35 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Yao (Liannan) | 0.000 | 35 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Batak Toba (Sumatra) | 0.000 | 38 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Uyghur (Yili) | 0.000 | 39 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
East Indonesia | 0.000 | 40 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Han (Guangdong) | 0.000 | 40 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Yi (Butuo, Sichuan) | 0.000 | 43 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Northern Han | 0.000 | 44 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Khalkh | 0.000 | 45 | M176=0 | Kim et al. 2011 |
Mongol (Inner Mongolia) | 0.000 | 45 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Papua New Guinea | 0.000 | 46 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Khalkh | 0.000 | 48 | M176=0 | Jin, Kim & Kim 2010 |
Philippines | 0.000 | 48 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Taiwanese aborigines | 0.000 | 48 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Tujia | 0.000 | 49 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
She | 0.000 | 51 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Melanesia | 0.000 | 53 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Mandar (Sulawesi) | 0.000 | 54 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Han (Fujian) | 0.000 | 55 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Indonesia (East) | 0.000 | 55 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Miao | 0.000 | 58 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Han (Yunnan) | 0.000 | 60 | M176=0 | Kim et al. 2011 |
Minnan (Taiwan) | 0.000 | 60 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Nias | 0.000 | 60 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Polynesia | 0.000 | 60 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Yao | 0.000 | 60 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Java | 0.000 | 61 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Filipino | 0.000 | 64 | M176=0 | Kim et al. 2011 |
Mongol (Outer Mongolia) | 0.000 | 65 | M176=0 | Xue et al. 2006 |
Uyghur | 0.000 | 67 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Mentawai | 0.000 | 74 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Thailand | 0.000 | 75 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Buryat | 0.000 | 81 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Han (Taiwan) | 0.000 | 84 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Borneo | 0.000 | 86 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Sri Lanka | 0.000 | 91 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Lembata | 0.000 | 92 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Evenk (Russia) | 0.000 | 95 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Altai | 0.000 | 98 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Tibet | 0.000 | 105 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Java | 0.000 | 141 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Philippines | 0.000 | 146 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Mongolia | 0.000 | 149 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Sumba | 0.000 | 350 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
Taiwan mountain tribes | 0.000 | 355 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Taiwan plains tribes | 0.000 | 370 | M176=0 | Trejaut et al. 2014 |
Flores | 0.000 | 394 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
India | 0.000 | 405 | M176/P49=0 | Hammer et al. 2006 |
Bali | 0.000 | 641 | M176=0 | Karafet et al. 2010 |
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA O subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Footnotes
- ↑ 256/800=32.0% O-M176 in a pool of all Japanese samples of (Xue Zerjal), (Katoh Munkhbat), (Jin Kim), (Nonaka Minaguchi), (Poznik Xue), and all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Hammer Karafet).
- ↑ 202/677=29.8% O-M176 in a pool of all ethnic South Korean samples of (Hammer Karafet), (Xue Zerjal), (Katoh Munkhbat), (Kim Yoo), and (Park 2013)
- ↑ 61/255=23.92% O-M176 in a pool of all Ryukyuan data from (Hammer Karafet), (Nonaka Minaguchi), and Totsuka et al. 2016
- ↑ 30/123=24.3% O-M176 in a pool of all ethnic North Korea samples of (Jeong 2018)
- ↑ 733/3271 = 22.41% O-47z in a pool of all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Hammer Karafet), (Xue Zerjal), (Nonaka Minaguchi), Kim et al. 2011, Sato et al. 2014, and Totsuka et al. 2016
- ↑ 44/255 = 17.3% O-47z in a pool of all Okinawan samples of (Hammer Karafet), (Nonaka Minaguchi), and Totsuka et al. 2016
- ↑ 299/3271 = 9.14% O-P49(x47z) in a pool of all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Hammer Karafet), (Xue Zerjal), (Nonaka Minaguchi), Kim et al. 2011, Sato et al. 2014, and Totsuka et al. 2016
- ↑ 17/255 = 6.7% O-P49(x47z) in a pool of all Okinawan samples of (Hammer Karafet), (Nonaka Minaguchi), and Totsuka et al. 2016
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, et al. (2022), "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages." Mol. Biol. Evol. 39(3): msac045 doi:10.1093/molbev/msac045
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O-M268 at 23mofang
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 YFull Haplogroup YTree v6.01 at 04 January 2018
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.04 at 16 May 2017
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Kim et al. 2011.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males". Anthropological Science 122 (3): 131–136. 2014. doi:10.1537/ase.140709.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Soon-Hee Kim, Ki-Cheol Kim, Dong-Jik Shin, Han-Jun Jin, Kyoung-Don Kwak, Myun-Soo Han, Joon-Myong Song, Won Kim, and Wook Kim, "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea." Investigative Genetics 2011, 2:10. http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/2/1/10
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Shoji Totsuka, The Super Science High School Consortium, Youichi Sato, and Masashi Tanaka, "A study of the geographic distribution of Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Japanese population by Super Science High School Consortium (SSH)." Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) Vol. 124(2), 85–91, 2016.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Genomic Insight Into the Population Admixture History of Tungusic-Speaking Manchu People in Northeast China". Frontiers in Genetics 12: 754492. 30 September 2021. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.754492. PMID 34659368.
- ↑ Karafet et al. 2001.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Hammer et al. 2006.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Xue et al. 2006.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Katoh et al. 2005.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bogunov et al. 2015.
- ↑ Jin, Kim & Kim 2010.
- ↑ Kharkov VN (2012). Структура и филогеография генофонда коренного населения Сибири по маркерам Y-хромосомы [The structure and phylogeography of the gene pool of the indigenous population of Siberia by Y-chromosome markers] (PDF) (Thesis) (in русский).
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Y chromosomes of 40% Chinese descend from three Neolithic super-grandfathers". PLOS ONE 9 (8): e105691. 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691. PMID 25170956. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j5691Y.
- ↑ Trejaut et al. 2014.
- ↑ "[Genetic polymorphism of 23 Y chromosome biallelic markers in Wuhan Han population]" (in zh). Yi Chuan = Hereditas 28 (7): 791–798. July 2006. PMID 16825164.
- ↑ "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (9): 1013–1015. September 2011. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMID 21505448.
- ↑ 新日本人の起源 神話からDNA科学へ、崎谷満 (著)
- ↑ "Genetic structure of Qiangic populations residing in the western Sichuan corridor". PLOS ONE 9 (8): e103772. 4 August 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772. PMID 25090432. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j3772W.
- ↑ 陆艳 (2011). 中国西部人群的遗传混合 [Genetic Mixture of People in Western China] (Thesis) (in 中文).
- ↑ Inland-coastal bifurcation of southern East Asians revealed by Hmong-Mien genomic history. 9 August 2019. doi:10.1101/730903. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/08/09/730903.full.pdf.
- ↑ "Genetic Reconstruction and Forensic Analysis of Chinese Shandong and Yunnan Han Populations by Co-Analyzing Y Chromosomal STRs and SNPs". Genes 11 (7): 743. July 2020. doi:10.3390/genes11070743. PMID 32635262.
- ↑ 新日本人の起源 神話からDNA科学へ、崎谷満
- ↑ 崎谷 満 (2009) (in ja). DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史 日本人集団・日本語の成立史. 勉誠出版. ISBN 978-4-585-05394-1. OCLC 429025925.[page needed]
- ↑ "遼河周辺から満洲あたりから見られる日本人の起源" (in ja). http://www.cam.hi-ho.ne.jp/sakura-komichi/kodaishi/hn2602/5.htm.
- ↑ Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2017. ISBN 978-90-272-6464-0.[page needed]
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "Confirmation of Y haplogroup tree topologies with newly suggested Y-SNPs for the C2, O2b and O3a subhaplogroups". Forensic Science International. Genetics 19: 42–46. November 2015. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.003. PMID 26103100.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Poznik et al. 2016.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking, and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." J Hum Genet (2006) 51:47–58. DOI 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0
- ↑ TheYTree phylogenetic tree of O-M268 as of 2022 Sept 7
- ↑ FamilyTreeDNA Discover
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Poznik et al. 2016
- ↑ Kim 2011.
- ↑ Xue, 2006 & p4.
- ↑ Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007.
- ↑ HGDP 2009.
Sources
- "The Nanai Clan Samar: The structure of gene pool based on Y-chromosome markers". Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 43 (2): 146–152. June 2015. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2015.09.015.
- "A predominantly indigenous paternal heritage for the Austronesian-speaking peoples of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2): 432–443. February 2001. doi:10.1086/318205. PMID 11170891.
- "Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge". PLOS ONE 8 (10): e76748. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMID 24204668. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...876748D.
- "Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution 18 (7): 1189–1203. July 2001. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.[verification needed]
- "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1): 47–58. January 2006. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
- "Population genetics of 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Japanese". Forensic Science International. Genetics 2 (4): e69–e70. September 2008. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.01.001. PMID 19083832.[verification needed]
- "Genetic characteristics of Y-chromosome short tandem repeat haplotypes from cigarette butt samples presumed to be smoked by North Korean men". Genes & Genomics 40 (8): 819–824. August 2018. doi:10.1007/s13258-018-0701-5. PMID 30047114.
- "Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications for the dual origins of the Koreans". Human Genetics 114 (1): 27–35. December 2003. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1019-0. PMID 14505036.
- "Genetic diversity of two haploid markers in the Udegey population from southeastern Siberia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142 (2): 303–313. June 2010. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21232. PMID 19953529.
- "New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection". Trends in Genetics 16 (8): 356–362. August 2000. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6. PMID 10904265.
- "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics 9 (2): 97–104. February 2001. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742.[verification needed]
- "Paternal population history of East Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes". American Journal of Human Genetics 69 (3): 615–628. September 2001. doi:10.1086/323299. PMID 11481588.
- "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–838. May 2008. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274.
- "Major east-west division underlies Y chromosome stratification across Indonesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution 27 (8): 1833–1844. August 2010. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712.
- "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene 346: 63–70. February 2005. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023. PMID 15716011.
- "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics 2 (1): 10. April 2011. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMID 21463511.
- "Lack of association between Y-chromosomal haplogroups and prostate cancer in the Korean population". PLOS ONE 2 (1): e172. January 2007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000172. PMID 17245448. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2..172K.
- "Allele frequencies of 19 autosomal STR loci in Manchu population of China with phylogenetic structure among worldwide populations". Gene 529 (2): 282–287. October 2013. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.033. PMID 23928110.
- "The b2/b3 subdeletion shows higher risk of spermatogenic failure and higher frequency of complete AZFc deletion than the gr/gr subdeletion in a Chinese population". Human Molecular Genetics 18 (6): 1122–1130. March 2009. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn427. PMID 19088127.
- "Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups in the Japanese population and their relationship to 16 Y-STR polymorphisms". Annals of Human Genetics 71 (Pt 4): 480–495. July 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. PMID 17274803.
- "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics 48 (6): 593–599. June 2016. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMID 27111036.
- "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science 290 (5494): 1155–1159. November 2000. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453. Bibcode: 2000Sci...290.1155S.
- "Y-Chromosome evidence for a northward migration of modern humans into Eastern Asia during the last Ice Age". American Journal of Human Genetics 65 (6): 1718–1724. December 1999. doi:10.1086/302680. PMID 10577926.
- "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics 49 (4): 187–193. 2004. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363.
- "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia". BMC Genetics 15 (1): 77. June 2014. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77. PMID 24965575.
- "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics 26 (3): 358–361. November 2000. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480.
- "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics 172 (4): 2431–2439. April 2006. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMID 16489223.
Further reading
- "The peopling of Korea revealed by analyses of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal markers". PLOS ONE 4 (1): e4210. 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMID 19148289. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.4210J.
- "Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River". Human Genetics 122 (3–4): 383–388. November 2007. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2. PMID 17657509.
- "Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations". European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (10): 1413–1422. October 2015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.285. PMID 25585703.