Biology:Haplogroup O-K18
| Haplogroup O-K18 a.k.a. O-F2320 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 28,500 [95% CI 26,200 <-> 30,900] years before present[1] |
| Coalescence age | 22,200 [95% CI 20,000 <-> 24,400] years before present[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia or East Asia[1] |
| Ancestor | O-M268 (O1b) |
| Descendants | Primary: O-M1470 (O1b1a). Secondary: O-CTS10007 (O1b1a1a), O-M1283 (O1b1a1a1b), O-F4212 (O1b1a1a1a1b2), O-CTS10484 (O1b1a1a1a1b1b), O-CTS7399 (O1b1a1a1a1b1a), O-M111 (O1b1a1a1a1a), O-PK4 (O1b1a1), O-CTS10887/O-PAGE59(O1b1a2).[2] |
| Defining mutations | K18; F2320; F3008/M1441; F3286/M146; M95; F1931/M1362; F1358/M1318; CTS11761/M1487 |
| Highest frequencies | Southern China , Southeast Asia, India (Austroasiatic peoples and Kuki-Chin-Mizo peoples) |
Haplogroup O-K18 also known as O-F2320 and (as of 2017) Haplogroup O1b1,[3] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31. Based on its disjunct distribution, O-K18 can be further divided into south subclade O1b1a1-PK4 and north subclade O1b1a2-CTS4040. O-CTS4040 is widely distributed in East Asia, whereas O-PK4 is more frequent in South China and Southeast Asia. O-PK4 is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.
Origin
In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with Fudan University, it has been suggested that China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-M268, the parent haplogroup of O-F2320.[4]
Distribution
Haplogroup O-K18 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. According to its distribution, O-K18 can be roughly divided into north subclade O-CTS4040 and south subclade O-PK4. O-CTS4040 is overall uncommon, but it is relatively abundant in Northern and Eastern parts of China (about 5%). It is also found at low frequencies of approximately 1% or less at the periphery of its distribution in other Indo-Pacific area like Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). The other haplogroup O-PK4 consists of O-F838 and O-M95. O-F838 are more frequent in the South Han in China, showing the same trend with the its parallel branch O-M95 in China. The other branch, O-M95, is the best known subclade for the whole Y Haplogroup O-K18. O-M95 is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M95 Y-chromosomes. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among speakers of Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien languages in China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines , also generally occur among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95.
Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples.[5]
According to the National Geographic project regarding O-M95: The Austro-Asiatic language family developed in groups containing men from this lineage. As these groups spread across Southeast Asia in successive waves, they spread their language. Today, the distribution of men from this lineage matches the pattern of these waves of migration. It is 42 percent of male lineages in Java, 40 percent of male lineages in Vietnam, and 38 percent of male lineages in Borneo. It accounts for 28 percent of the male population in Malaysia. It is present in Sumatra in about 14 percent of the male population. In mainland China, it is, on average, about 3 percent of the male population but a lot higher in ethnic minorities of South China. In South Asia, it is 9 percent of the Pardhan, between 1 and 2 percent of the Andh, and 10 percent of the Naikpod. It is around 59 percent of Balinese male lineages.
Haplogroup O-M95 is generally found in high percentages in most Austro-Asiatic ethnic groups but also found high in the Tai-Kradai people of South China and Southeast Asia, and Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese of Indonesia. It is also widespread in ethnic minorities of South China related to language families of East Asian origin and Southeast Asian origin.
Subclade Distribution
O-K18
O-CTS4040
O-CTS4040 is relatively rare and is usually marked as O1B*/O2*-M268(PK4-, M176-) in the past academic report. It shares a common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, O-PK4, approximately 24,405 (95% CI 17,810 <-> 27,604) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,[6] approximately 23,410 years before present according to 23mofang,[7] or approximately 22,100 (95% CI 20,400 <-> 23,900) years before present according to YFull.[1]
It is mainly distributed in East Asia[7] and is mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Taiwan plains tribes, Vietnamese, Dai, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). TMRCA of Han Chinese, Dai, Vietnamese, and Japanese members estimated to be 15,900 [95% CI 13,300 <-> 16,400] ybp.[1] Relative paper illustrates O-P31/M268(PK4-, M176-) is found in North China (6.2%), East China (4.8%) and South China (3.1%).[8]
Analysis of DNA extracted from a tooth from what are believed to be the remains of Cao Ding shows that he belonged to this clade. The researchers also found that the Y-chromosome of Cao Ding matches those of self-proclaimed living descendants of Cao Cao who hold lineage records dating back to more than 100 generations ago.[9] Cao Cao laid the foundation of Cao Wei, one of three major states that succeeded the Han Dynasty of China.
In Yangshao culture (around 5000 BC), there is an ancient male who belongs to haplogroup O-PAGE59 in WangGou site (Zhengzhou, Henan, China). This is currently the oldest discovered ancient DNA that has been confirmed to be derived from O-CTS4040.[10]
O-PK4
The coalescence age of O-PK4 is 13,911 (95% CI 11,147 <-> 15,915) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,[6] 12,900 (95% CI 11,700 <-> 14,200) years before present according to YFull,[1] or 12,880 ybp according to 23mofang.[7] It mainly consists of two subclades: O-F838 and O-M95. It is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.
O-F838
This lineage has been relocated upstream of M95 following a paper published on the subject in 2011.(Shi Yan et al. 2011) Found in three samples of Han Chinese: 3/65 = 4.6% South China, 1/129 = 0.8% North China, 1/167 = 0.6% East China.
According to 23mofang, O-F838 currently accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 1.35% of all males in China , with its distribution being densest in the South Central Region of China.[7]
Peng et al. (2013) found O-PK4(xM95), which probably should belong to O-F838 according to the phylogenetic tree of human Y-DNA as it is currently resolved,[1] in a Bamar individual in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar.[11]
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in one of 18 individuals sampled on Ambon Island, Indonesia, one of 24 individuals sampled in Hanoi, Vietnam, six of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, one of 60 Minnan in Taiwan, and one of 85 Siraya in Pingtung, Taiwan.[12]
Wang et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in two of a sample of 46 Khams Tibetans from Xinlong County, Sichuan.[13]
O-M95
This subclade is downstream from O-PK4. It reaches high frequencies among the populations of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo in western Indonesia (Underhill 2001) (Karafet 2010). It has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the Balinese, occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men. It has been found in 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy in Madagascar (Hurles 2005) and in 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Swahili people in Kilifi, Kenya.[14] It is one of the most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroups among men in Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar. It is also very common among minority ethnic groups in India and China , especially those who have ethnolinguistic connections with populations in Southeast Asia (e.g. Munda peoples, Khasi people, and Nicobarese people in India and Kra–Dai peoples, Blang people, and Mang people in China).
O-M95(xM88) is relatively infrequent in other populations, but a study published in 2006 has found it in samples of Daurs (6/39 = 15.4%), Qiang people (3/33 = 9.1%), She people (3/34 = 8.8%), Hani people (2/34 = 5.9%), Yao people in Liannan, Guangdong (2/35 = 5.7%), Japanese people (2/47 = 4.3%), Evenks in China (1/26 = 3.8%), Han Chinese in Lanzhou, Gansu (1/30 = 3.3%), Han Chinese in Yili, Xinjiang (1/32 = 3.1%), Han Chinese in Chengdu, Sichuan (1/34 = 2.9%), and Yao people in Bama, Guangxi (1/35 = 2.9%).[15]
A study published in 2010 found O-M95(xM111) in 57.3% (367/641) Bali, 49.2% (30/61) Java, 31.3% (10/32) Malaysia, 20.9% (18/86) Borneo (Indonesia), 15.8% (6/38) Toba people in Sumatra, 13.0% (7/54) Mandar people in Sulawesi, 7.1% (5/70) Vietnam, 6.1% (10/165) Han Chinese, 4.6% (18/394) Flores, 3.4% (2/58) Miao in China, 2.1% (1/48) Philippines, 1.7% (1/60) Yao in China, and 0.3% (1/350) Sumba. (Karafet 2010)
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M95(xM88) in 36.2% (51/141) Java, 29.4% (5/17) Sulawesi, 25.3% (19/75) general population of Thailand, 25% (2/8) Malaysia, 22.2% (4/18) Ambon, 19.2% (5/26) Sumatra, 12.0% (3/25) Kalimantan, 10.0% (3/30) Yami, 8.3% (2/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 6.7% (4/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 5.9% (2/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 3.7% (1/27) Akka in Thailand, 3.5% (9/258) miscellaneous Han in Taiwan, 1.8% (1/55) Han in Fujian, 1.6% (6/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes. The authors did not find any cases of O-M95(xM88) among their samples from the Philippines (0/146) or Taiwan Highlands Tribes (0/325).[12]
O-M88
This subclade is downstream from O-M95. The TMRCA of O-M88, which is also known as O-M111, is estimated to be 6,607 (95% CI 5,216 <-> 7,632) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,[6] 5,950 ybp according to 23mofang,[7] or 5,600 [95% CI 5,000 <-> 6,300] years before present according to YFull. The entire O-M88 clade is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with O-CTS5854, most members of which have been found in southern China, Laos, and Thailand, but some also in northern China, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, 10,071 (95% CI 7,821 <-> 11,536) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022, 9,500 [95% CI 8,600 <-> 10,500] years before present according to YFull, or 8,980 ybp according to 23mofang.
O-M88 is frequently found among Tai peoples, Vietnamese people, Hani-Akha people, She people, and some tribal peoples in Laos (including Aheu people, Xinh Mul people, Alak people, Kuy people, and So people[16]), with a moderate distribution among Cambodians, Qiang people, Yi people, Tujia people, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Cham people, Taiwanese aborigines, populations of Borneo, the Philippines , and Malaysia (Hurles 2005) (Karafet 2010), and Han Chinese of Sichuan,[15] Hunan, Guangxi,[17] Guangdong,[18] Yunnan,[19] and Taiwan.[12][18]
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M88 in 37.5% (21/56) Bunun, 25.9% (7/27) Akka in Thailand, 25.0% (6/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 17.3% (13/75) general population of Bangkok, Thailand, 5.0% (7/141) Java, 3.4% (5/146) Philippines, 3.3% (1/30) Yami, 2.9% (1/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 1.7% (1/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 1.55% (4/258) Han in Taiwan, and 0.54% (2/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes (including 1/18 Papora and 1/38 Siraya from the Tainan coast).[12]
Macholdt et al. (2020) found Y-DNA that belongs to subclades of O-M88 (O-F2758, O-F1399, O-Z24091, O-F2890, and O-Z24014) in 69.4% (25/36) of a sample of Lolo, 32.4% (12/37) of a sample of Nung, 28.0% (14/50) of a sample of Kinh, 22.2% (8/36) of a sample of Lachi, 12.9% (4/31) of a sample of Lahu, 11.6% (5/43) of a sample of Dao, 10.6% (5/47) of a sample of Tày, 8.3% (3/36) of a sample of Pathen, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede, 6.1% (2/33) of a sample of Hanhi, 4.2% (1/24) of a sample of Thái, and 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Giarai from Vietnam.[20]
O-M297
More research is needed on this lineage. It is claimed to be downstream from M95 and parallel to M88.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | ISOGG
2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-M175 | 26 | VII | 1U | 28 | Eu16 | H9 | I | O* | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O |
| O-M119 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1* | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a |
| O-M101 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1a | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1 | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a1b1a |
| O-M50 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H10 | H | O1b | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 |
| O-P31 | 26 | VII | 1U | 33 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2* | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O1b |
| O-M95 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H11 | G | O2a* | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a1 | O2a1 | O1b1a1a |
| O-M88 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H12 | G | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1a | O2a1a | O1b1a1a1a1a1 |
| O-SRY465
(O-M176) |
20 | VII | 1U | 35 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b* | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O1b2 |
| O-47z
(O-CTS713) |
5 | VII | 1U | 26 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O1b2a1a1 |
| O-M122 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3* | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O2 |
| O-M121 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3a | O3a | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1a | O3a1a | O2a1a1a1a1 |
| O-M164 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3b | O3b | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a1b | O3a1b | O2a1b2a1a1 |
| O-M159
(Page96) |
13 | VII | 1U | 31 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3c | O3c | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3 | O3a3 | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O2a2a1a1a |
| O-M7 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d* | O3c | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a4 | O3a4 | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a2b | O3a2b | O2a2a1a2 |
| O-M113 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d1 | O3c1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | - | O3a4a | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a2b1 | O3a2b1 | O2a2a1a2a1a1a1a |
| O-M134 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e* | O3d | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a5 | O3a5 | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a2c1 | O3a2c1 | O2a2b1 |
| O-M117 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1* | O3d1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a5a | O3a5a | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a2c1a | O3a2c1a | O2a2b1a1 |
| O-M162 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1a | O3d1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a5a1 | O3a5a1 | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a2c1a1 | O3a2c1a1 | O2a2b1a1(?) |
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.
- O-M95 (M95)
- O-M88 (M88, M111)
Table of frequencies of O-M95
| Population | Frequency | n | Source | SNPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shompen | 1.00 | 12 | Trivedi 2006 | M95=12 |
| Nicobarese | 1.00 | 11 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88)=11 |
| Juang (Keonjhar district) | 0.980 | 49 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88)=48 |
| Mang (Mường Tè District) | 0.973 | 37 | Macholdt 2020 | B426=36 |
| Bonda (Koraput district) | 0.952 | 42 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=40 |
| Juang (Sambalpur district) | 0.889 | 54 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=48 |
| Birhor (Raipur district) | 0.889 | 27 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=24 |
| Gadaba (Koraput district) | 0.889 | 27 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=24 |
| Birhor (Chandrapur district) | 0.886 | 35 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=31 |
| Suy | 0.872 | 39 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=22 M88=12 |
| Xinhmul | 0.862 | 29 | Cai 2011 | M88=20 M95(xM88)=5 |
| Lamet | 0.857 | 35 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=30 |
| Ho (Begusarai district) | 0.844 | 45 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=38 |
| Han Chinese (Pinghua speakers from Wuxuan) |
0.839 | 31 | Gan 2008 | M95=26 |
| Mawasi (Bhopal district) | 0.833 | 12 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=10 |
| Korku (Amravati district) | 0.814 | 59 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88)=48 |
| Baiga (Kendujhar district) | 0.810 | 42 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=34 |
| Inh | 0.794 | 34 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=27 |
| Colao (Hoàng Su Phì District) | 0.765 | 34 | Macholdt 2020 | M1283(xB426)=16 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=10 |
| Ede | 0.750 | 24 | Macholdt 2020 | M1283(xB426)=14 B426=2 Z24091=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1 |
| Mal | 0.740 | 50 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=33 M88=4 |
| Alak | 0.733 | 30 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=17 M88=5 |
| Kharia (West Bengal) | 0.706 | 34 | Debnath 2011 | M95(xM88)=24 |
| Lô Lô (Mèo Vạc District) | 0.694 | 36 | Macholdt 2020 | Z24091=25 |
| Katu | 0.689 | 45 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=31 |
| Santhal | 0.689 | 90 | Borkar 2011 | M95=62 |
| Aheu | 0.684 | 38 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=20 M88=6 |
| Bo | 0.679 | 28 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=18 M88=1 |
| Giarai | 0.667 | 27 | Macholdt 2020 | M1283(xB426)=16 B426=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1 |
| Khmu | 0.667 | 51 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=31 M88=3 |
| Mawasi (Gumla district) | 0.667 | 27 | Chaubey 2011 | M95=18 |
| Thái (Vietnam) | 0.667 | 24 | Macholdt 2020 | M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=7 M1283(xB426)=5 FGC19713=2 B426=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1 |
| Ho (Mayurbhanj district) | 0.658 | 79 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88)=52 |
| Talieng | 0.657 | 35 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=22 M88=1 |
| Brau | 0.656 | 32 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=20 M88=1 |
| Oy | 0.620 | 50 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=30 M88=1 |
| Li (Hlai) | 0.618 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=20 M88=1 |
| Asur | 0.602 | 88 | Chaubey 2011 | M95 |
| Korwa | 0.595 | 42 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88) |
| Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan) | 0.583 | 48 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=20 M88=8 |
| Bouyei | 0.578 | 45 | Xie 2004 | M95(xM88)=21 M88=5 |
| Tày (Vietnam) | 0.574 | 47 | Macholdt 2020 | M1283(xB426)=12 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=7 CTS651=3 Z24091=2 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=2 F2890(xZ24014)=1 |
| Balinese | 0.573 | 641 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=367 |
| Mech (Nepal) | 0.550 | 20 | Borkar 2011 | M95=11 |
| Buyi | 0.543 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=13 M88=6 |
| Nùng (Hoàng Su Phì District & vicinity) |
0.541 | 37 | Macholdt 2020 | F1399=9 M1283(xB426)=6 Z24091=3 CTS651=1 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=1 |
| So | 0.540 | 50 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=21 M88=6 |
| Bit | 0.536 | 28 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=15 |
| Ho | 0.536 | 28 | Borkar 2011 | M95=15 |
| Savara | 0.524 | 21 | Chaubey 2011 | M95 |
| Baiga (Madhya Pradesh) | 0.522 | 23 | Chaubey 2011 | M95 |
| Blang (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) |
0.500 | 28 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=14 |
| Bugan | 0.500 | 32 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=16 |
| Han (Pinghua speakers from Fuchuan) |
0.500 | 28 | Gan 2008 | M95=14 |
| Hani | 0.500 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M88=15 M95(xM88)=2 |
| Java (mostly sampled in Dieng) | 0.492 | 61 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=30 |
| Kharia | 0.486 | 37 | Chaubey 2011 | M95 |
| Ngeq | 0.486 | 35 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=17 |
| Birhor | 0.480 | 100 | Borkar 2011 | M95=48 |
| Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos) | 0.480 | 25 | He 2012 | M95(xM88)=9 M88=3 |
| Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.475 | 40 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=19 |
| Jeh | 0.469 | 32 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=15 |
| Santhal | 0.468 | 109 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88) |
| Munda | 0.453 | 53 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88) |
| Lowland Yao | 0.452 | 31 | Cai 2011 | M88=9 M95(xM88)=5 |
| Lachung | 0.450 | 20 | Borkar 2011 | M95=9 |
| Kinh (Hanoi and vicinity) | 0.440 | 50 | Macholdt 2020 | F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=11 B426=4 M1283(xB426)=3 Z24014=2 Z24091=1 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=1 |
| Laven | 0.440 | 50 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=21 M88=1 |
| Lawa (Northern Thailand) |
0.440 | 50 | Brunelli 2017 | M95(xM111)=22 |
| Sui | 0.440 | 50 | Xie 2004 | M95(xM88/M111)=22 |
| Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.429 | 35 | Yang 2005 | M88=8 M95(xM88)=7 |
| Chin (Chin State, Myanmar) |
0.421 | 19 | Peng 2013 | M95(xM88)=8 |
| Kinh (Hanoi) | 0.421 | 76 | He 2012 | M88=23 M95(xM88)=9 |
| Muong | 0.417 | 12 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=5 |
| Khasi | 0.413 | 92 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88) |
| Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan) | 0.408 | 49 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=14 M88=6 |
| Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) | 0.393 | 28 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=6 M88=5 |
| Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam) | 0.390 | 59 | He 2012 | M95(xM88)=18 M88=5 |
| Kharia | 0.389 | 36 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88) |
| Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.383 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=18 |
| Kataang | 0.378 | 37 | Cai 2011 | M88=10 M95(xM88)=4 |
| Bunun | 0.375 | 56 | Trejaut 2014 | M88=21 |
| Santhal (West Bengal) | 0.373 | 51 | Debnath 2011 | M95(xM88)=19 |
| Kol (West Bengal) | 0.371 | 62 | Debnath 2011 | M95(xM88)=23 |
| Dai (Xinping, Yunnan) | 0.367 | 49 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=14 M88=4 |
| Java | 0.362 | 141 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| She | 0.353 | 51 | Karafet 2010 | M111=18 |
| Munda | 0.351 | 94 | Borkar 2011 | M95=33 |
| Santhal | 0.350 | 20 | Chaubey 2011 | M95 |
| Malaysia | 0.344 | 32 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=10 M111=1 |
| Mon (Northern Thailand) |
0.333 | 18 | Brunelli 2017 | M95(xM111)=6 |
| Mulam (Luocheng)[21] | 0.333 | 42 | Wang 2013 | M95(xM88)=12 M88=2 |
| Kinh | 0.333 | 15 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=5 |
| Southern Mien | 0.323 | 31 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=6 M88=4 |
| Oraon | 0.319 | 91 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88) |
| Banjarmasin, Indonesia | 0.318 | 22 | Hurles 2005 | M95(xM88) |
| Lowland Kimmun | 0.317 | 41 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=10 M88=3 |
| Mountain Kimmun | 0.313 | 32 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=10 |
| Blang | 0.308 | 52 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=16 |
| Zhuang (Guangxi) | 0.307 | 166 | Chen 2006 | M95(xM111)=39 M111=12 |
| Miao (Yunnan) | 0.306 | 49 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=15 |
| Lachi (Hoàng Su Phì District) | 0.306 | 36 | Macholdt 2020 | Z24091=8 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=3 |
| Khasi | 0.303 | 353 | Reddy 2007 | M95 |
| Dao (Hoàng Su Phì District) | 0.302 | 43 | Macholdt 2020 | F2758(xF1399, Z24091)=5 M1283(xB426)=5 CTS651=3 |
| Shan (Northern Thailand) |
0.300 | 20 | Brunelli 2017 | M95(xM111)=6 |
| Mon (Thailand) | 0.295 | 105 | Kutanan 2019 | M1283(xB426,SK1646)=10 F2758(xF1399,F2415)=10 B426(xSK1640,FGC29907)=8 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1 |
| Sulawesi | 0.294 | 17 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.292 | 48 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=12 M88=2 |
| Phù Lá (Mường Khương District) | 0.286 | 14 | Macholdt 2020 | M1283(xB426)=4 |
| Northern Mien | 0.273 | 33 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=7 M88=2 |
| Vietnamese | 0.271 | 70 | Karafet 2010 | M111=14 M95(xM111)=5 |
| Flower-head Mien | 0.263 | 19 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=4 M88=1 |
| Thailand | 0.253 | 75 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Tai Khün (Northern Thailand) |
0.250 | 24 | Brunelli 2017 | M95(xM111)=6 |
| Zhuang | 0.250 | 28 | Su 1999 | M95(xM88)=7 |
| Tai Lue (Northern Thailand) |
0.242 | 91 | Brunelli 2017 | M95(xM111)=22 |
| Thai (Northern Thailand) | 0.235 | 17 | He 2012 | M95(xM88)=3 M88=1 |
| Palyu | 0.233 | 30 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=7 |
| Cambodian | 0.231 | 26 | Li 2010 | M95(xM88)=6 |
| Khon Mueang (Northern Thailand) |
0.229 | 205 | Brunelli 2017 | M95(xM111)=47 |
| Lahu (Mường Tè District) | 0.226 | 31 | Macholdt 2020 | F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=4 M1283(xB426)=3 |
| Wa (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) |
0.226 | 31 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=7 |
| Tai Yuan (Thailand) |
0.224 | 85 | Brunelli 2017 | M95(xM111)=18 M95(M111 null)=1 |
| Ambon | 0.222 | 18 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia | 0.215 | 65 | Hurles 2005 | M95(xM88) |
| Mech (West Bengal) | 0.211 | 19 | Debnath 2011 | M95(xM88)=4 |
| Borneo (Indonesia) | 0.209 | 86 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=18 |
| Kam | 0.200 | 20 | Xie 2004 | M95(xM88/M111)=4 |
| Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan) | 0.200 | 40 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=7 M88=1 |
| Bamar (Myanmar) |
0.194 | 72 | Peng 2013 | M95(xM88)=11 M88=2 PK4(xM95)=1 |
| Bunu | 0.194 | 36 | Cai 2011 | M88=5 M95(xM88)=2 |
| CDX (Dai in Xishuangbanna) |
0.192 | 52 | Poznik 2016 | Z1018=4 Z23849=2 F2517=2 Y26463=1 Y9322*(xY9325)=1 |
| Sumatra | 0.192 | 26 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) |
0.190 | 63 | Zhao 2010 | M95(xM88)=12 |
| Mahali (Santhal) | 0.188 | 32 | Chaubey 2011 | M95 |
| Miao (Guizhou) | 0.184 | 49 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=8 M88=1 |
| Garo | 0.182 | 33 | Kumar 2007 | M95(xM88) |
| Thin Board Mien | 0.182 | 11 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=1 M88=1 |
| Top Board Mien | 0.182 | 11 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=1 M88=1 |
| Blue Kimmun | 0.179 | 28 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=5 |
| Malagasy | 0.171 | 35 | Hurles 2005 | M95(xM88) |
| Hmong (Điện Biên Phủ) | 0.171 | 41 | Macholdt 2020 | M1283(xB426)=7 |
| Yao (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.170 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=5 M88=3 |
| Naxi | 0.167 | 18 | Xie 2004 | M95(xM88)=3 |
| Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan) | 0.160 | 50 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=6 M88=2 |
| Batak Toba (Sumatra) | 0.158 | 38 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=6 |
| Rajbanshi (West Bengal) |
0.156 | 45 | Borkar 2011 | M95=7 |
| Daur | 0.154 | 39 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=6 |
| Dai (Dehong, Yunnan) | 0.150 | 20 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 M95(xM88)=1 |
| Western Mien | 0.149 | 47 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=7 |
| Han (Chengdu) | 0.147 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M88=4 M95(xM88)=1 |
| Miao (Hunan) | 0.140 | 100 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=9 M88=5 |
| Pa Then (Quang Bình District) | 0.139 | 36 | Macholdt 2020 | F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=3 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=2 |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.133 | 30 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=3 M88=1 |
| Yami | 0.133 | 30 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88)=3 M88=1 |
| Paharia (Jharkhand) |
0.130 | 100 | Borkar 2011 | M95=13 |
| Mandar (Sulawesi) | 0.130 | 54 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=7 |
| Pahng | 0.129 | 31 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88)=4 |
| De'ang (Luxi, Yunnan) |
0.125 | 16 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=2 |
| Hani (Mường Tè District) | 0.121 | 33 | Macholdt 2020 | Z24091=2 FGC19713=2 |
| Qiang | 0.121 | 33 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=3 M88=1 |
| Kalimantan | 0.120 | 25 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Han Chinese (China) | 0.115 | 165 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=10 M111=9 |
| Garo | 0.113 | 71 | Reddy 2007 | M95 |
| Papura | 0.111 | 18 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88)=1 M88=1 |
| Oraon | 0.109 | 110 | Borkar 2011 | M95=12 |
| Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.106 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=4 M88=1 |
| Miao (China) | 0.103 | 58 | Karafet 2010 | M111=4 M95(xM111)=2 |
| Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan) | 0.100 | 40 | Yang 2005 | M88=3 M95(xM88)=1 |
| Yizu (Butuo, Sichuan) | 0.093 | 43 | Hammer 2006 | M95(xM111)=3 M111=1 |
| Han (South China) | 0.092 | 65 | Yan 2011 | M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=3 |
| She | 0.088 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=3 |
| Yao (Liannan) | 0.086 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=2 M88=1 |
| Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan) | 0.085 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=2 M88=2 |
| Hanoi, Vietnam | 0.083 | 24 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Tai Yong (Northern Thailand) |
0.077 | 26 | Brunelli 2017 | M95(xM111)=2 |
| Native Mien | 0.073 | 41 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88) |
| Han (Pinghua speakers from Hezhou) |
0.067 | 15 | Gan 2008 | M95=1 |
| Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.067 | 45 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=2 M88=1 |
| Minnan (Taiwan) | 0.067 | 60 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Filipinos (Visayas) | 0.065 | 31 | Trejaut 2014 | M88=2 |
| Han (Yuxi, Yunnan) | 0.064 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 M95(xM88)=1 |
| Han Chinese (Lanzhou) | 0.061 | 49 | Yao 2021 | O1b1a1a1b2=2 O1b1a1a1a1b1a1=1 |
| Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan) | 0.060 | 50 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 M95(xM88)=1 |
| Hmong Daw (Laos) | 0.059 | 51 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88) |
| Hakka (Taiwan) | 0.059 | 34 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.059 | 17 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Filipinos (Other) | 0.056 | 36 | Trejaut 2014 | M88=2 |
| Jino | 0.056 | 18 | Xie 2004 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Han (Pinghua speakers from Luocheng) |
0.048 | 21 | Gan 2008 | M95=1 |
| Kapingamarangi | 0.048 | 21 | Hurles 2005 | M95(xM88) |
| Flores | 0.046 | 394 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=18 |
| Japanese | 0.043 | 47 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=2 |
| Southern Han | 0.042 | 283 | Xie 2004 | M95(xM88)=10 M88=2 |
| Philippines | 0.042 | 48 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=1 M111=1 |
| Utsat (Sanya, Hainan) | 0.042 | 72 | Li 2013 | M95=3 |
| Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.040 | 50 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=2 |
| Western Samoa | 0.040 | 25 | Hurles 2005 | M95(xM88) |
| Ewenki (China) | 0.038 | 26 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Akha (Thailand) | 0.037 | 27 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Bengali (West Bengal) | 0.037 | 54 | Debnath 2011 | M95(xM88)=2 |
| Northern She (Zhejiang) | 0.036 | 56 | Cai 2011 | M95(xM88) |
| Han (Taiwan) | 0.035 | 258 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Han (Lanzhou) | 0.033 | 30 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Kategalan | 0.033 | 30 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Yao (Guangxi) | 0.033 | 60 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111)=1 M111=1 |
| Han (Yili, Xinjiang) | 0.031 | 32 | Xue 2006 | M95(x88)=1 |
| Han (North China) | 0.031 | 129 | Yan 2011 | M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=1 |
| Yao (Bama) | 0.029 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Dhimal (West Bengal) | 0.028 | 36 | Debnath 2011 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Pazeh | 0.025 | 40 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Tharu (Uttar Pradesh) | 0.024 | 164 | Chaubey 2014 | M95 |
| Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan) | 0.024 | 41 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Han (East China) | 0.024 | 167 | Yan 2011 | M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=1 |
| Japanese | 0.024 | 210 | Hammer 2006 | M95(xM111) |
| Tharu (Uttarakhand) | 0.022 | 45 | Chaubey 2014 | M95 |
| Tibetan (Lhasa) | 0.022 | 46 | Xie 2004 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Yunnan Mongolian (Tonghai) | 0.022 | 46 | Yang 2005 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Taiwanese Aboriginals | 0.021 | 48 | Karafet 2010 | M111=1 |
| Tharu (Nepal) | 0.020 | 202 | Fornarino 2009 Chaubey 2014 |
M95 |
| Rajbanshi (West Bengal) | 0.020 | 51 | Debnath 2011 | M95(xM88)=1 |
| Siraya | 0.019 | 261 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88)=3 M88=1 PK4(xM95)=1 |
| Uzbek | 0.019 | 54 | Karafet 2001 | M95 |
| Filipinos (South Luzon) | 0.018 | 55 | Trejaut 2014 | M88=1 |
| Han (Fujian) | 0.018 | 55 | Trejaut 2014 | M95(xM88) |
| Japanese | 0.018 | 56 | Poznik 2016 | M95(xM88) |
| Japanese | 0.013 | 2390 | Sato 2014 | M95 |
| Japanese | 0.008 | 263 | Nonaka 2007 | M95(xM88) |
| Sumba | 0.003 | 350 | Karafet 2010 | M95(xM111) |
| Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 15 | Yang 2005 | M95=0 |
| Thao | 0.000 | 16 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Taroko | 0.000 | 20 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Phù Lá (Xín Mần District) | 0.000 | 21 | Macholdt 2020 | M95=0 |
| Yunlin aboriginals | 0.000 | 21 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Puyuma | 0.000 | 23 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Ivatan | 0.000 | 24 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Saisiyat | 0.000 | 24 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Korean (China) | 0.000 | 25 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Paiwan | 0.000 | 25 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Tibetan (Kham) | 0.000 | 27 | Xie 2004 | M95=0 |
| Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 28 | Yang 2005 | M95=0 |
| Rukai | 0.000 | 29 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Si La (Mường Tè District) | 0.000 | 29 | Macholdt 2020 | M95=0 |
| Oroqen | 0.000 | 31 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Uyghur (Urumqi) | 0.000 | 31 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Han (Harbin) | 0.000 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Han (Meixian) | 0.000 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Hui (China) | 0.000 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Manchu | 0.000 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Tibetan | 0.000 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Amis | 0.000 | 39 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Uyghur (Yili) | 0.000 | 39 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 41 | Yang 2005 | M95=0 |
| Tsou | 0.000 | 41 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Xibe | 0.000 | 41 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Korean (Korea) | 0.000 | 43 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Hezhe (China) | 0.000 | 45 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Mongol (Inner Mongolia) | 0.000 | 45 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M95=0 |
| Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M95=0 |
| Atayal | 0.000 | 52 | Trejaut 2014 | PK4=0 |
| Mongol (Mongolia) | 0.000 | 65 | Xue 2006 | M95=0 |
| Northern Han | 0.000 | 82 | Xie 2004 | M95=0 |
Table of frequencies of O-M88/M111
| Population | Frequency | Count | Source | SNPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xinhmul | 0.690 | 29 | Cai 2011 | M88 |
| Hani | 0.441 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M88 |
| Tai Yong (Thailand) | 0.385 | 26 | Brunelli 2017 | M111 |
| Bunun | 0.375 | 56 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| She | 0.353 | 51 | Karafet 2010 | M111 |
| Suy | 0.308 | 39 | Cai 2011 | M88 |
| Tai Lü (Thailand) | 0.308 | 91 | Brunelli 2017 | M111 |
| Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam) | 0.303 | 76 | He 2012 | M88 |
| Lowland Yao | 0.290 | 31 | Cai 2011 | M88 |
| Kataang | 0.270 | 37 | Cai 2011 | M88 |
| Kinh (Ho Chi Minh City) | 0.261 | 46 | Poznik 2016 | M88 M111 |
| Akha (Thailand) | 0.259 | 27 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Hanoi, Vietnam | 0.250 | 24 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Tai Khün (Thailand) | 0.250 | 24 | Brunelli 2017 | M111 |
| CDX (Dai in Xishuangbanna) |
0.231 | 52 | Poznik 2016 | M88 M111 |
| Dai (Xishuangbanna) | 0.229 | 35 | Yang 2005 | M88=8 |
| Tai Yuan (Thailand) | 0.224 | 85 | Brunelli 2017 | M111 |
| Zaomin | 0.216 | 37 | Cai 2011 | M88 |
| Thai (North & Northeast Thailand) |
0.200 | 40 | Su 2000 | M88/M111=8 |
| Vietnamese | 0.200 | 70 | Karafet 2010 | M111 |
| Northern Thai (Thailand) |
0.186 | 86 | Kutanan 2019 | F2758(xF1399, F2415)=8 F2890=5 F2415=2 F1399=1 |
| Khon Mueang (Thailand) | 0.185 | 205 | Brunelli 2017 | M111 |
| Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) | 0.179 | 28 | Yang 2005 | M88=5 |
| Thailand | 0.173 | 75 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Buyi | 0.171 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M88 |
| Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan) | 0.167 | 48 | Yang 2005 | M88=8 |
| Aheu | 0.158 | 38 | Cai 2011 | M88 |
| Shan (Thailand) | 0.150 | 20 | Brunelli 2017 | M111 |
| Lao Isan | 0.129 | 62 | Kutanan 2019 | F2758(xF1399, F2415)=5 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1 |
| Mon (Thailand) | 0.124 | 105 | Kutanan 2019 | F2758(xF1399, F2415)=10 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1 |
| Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan) | 0.122 | 49 | Yang 2005 | M88=6 |
| Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos) | 0.120 | 25 | He 2012 | M88 |
| Han (Chengdu, Sichuan) | 0.118 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M88 |
| Cambodian | 0.115 | 26 | Su 1999 | M88/M111=3 |
| Zhuang (Guangxi) | 0.107 | 28 | Su 1999 | M88/M111=3 |
| Dai (Dehong, Yunnan) | 0.100 | 20 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 |
| Thai | 0.085 | 129 | Kutanan 2019 | F2758(xF1399, F2415)=6 F2890=3 F2415=1 Z24091=1 |
| Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam) | 0.085 | 59 | He 2012 | M88 |
| Dai (Xinping, Yunnan) | 0.082 | 49 | Yang 2005 | M88=4 |
| Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan) | 0.075 | 40 | Yang 2005 | M88=3 |
| Laotian (Vientiane & Luang Prabang) |
0.075 | 40 | Kutanan 2019 | F2758(xF1399, F2415)=2 Z24091=1 |
| Zhuang (Guangxi) | 0.072 | 166 | Chen 2006 | M111 |
| Miao (China) | 0.069 | 58 | Karafet 2010 | M111 |
| Yao (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.064 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M88=3 |
| Thai (Northern Thailand) | 0.059 | 17 | He 2012 | M88 |
| Han (China) | 0.055 | 165 | Karafet 2010 | M111 |
| Taiwanese aborigines | 0.051 | 39 | Hurles 2005 | M88 |
| Java | 0.050 | 141 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Banjarmasin, Indonesia | 0.045 | 22 | Hurles 2005 | M88 |
| Han (Yuxi, Yunnan) | 0.043 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 |
| Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan) | 0.043 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 |
| Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.042 | 48 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 |
| Pathans (Dir, Pakistan) | 0.042 | 96 | Firasat 2007 | M88, M111 |
| Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan) | 0.040 | 50 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 |
| Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan) | 0.040 | 50 | Yang 2005 | M88=2 |
| Philippines | 0.034 | 146 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.033 | 30 | Yang 2005 | M88=1 |
| Yami | 0.033 | 30 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) |
0.032 | 63 | Zhao 2010 | M88=2 |
| Malaysia | 0.031 | 32 | Karafet 2010 | M111 |
| Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia | 0.031 | 65 | Hurles 2005 | M88 |
| Qiang | 0.030 | 33 | Xue 2006 | M88 |
| Hakka (Taiwan) | 0.029 | 34 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Hlai (Hainan) | 0.029 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M88 |
| Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 0.029 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M88 |
| Bamar (Myanmar) | 0.028 | 72 | Peng 2013 | M88=2 |
| Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan) | 0.025 | 40 | Yang 2005 | M88=1 |
| Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.022 | 45 | Yang 2005 | M88=1 |
| Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.021 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M88=1 |
| Philippines | 0.021 | 48 | Karafet 2010 | M111 |
| Taiwanese aborigines | 0.021 | 48 | Karafet 2010 | M111 |
| Lawa | 0.020 | 50 | Brunelli 2017 | M111 |
| Minnan (Taiwan) | 0.017 | 60 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Yao (China) | 0.017 | 60 | Karafet 2010 | M111 |
| Han (Taiwan) | 0.016 | 258 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Taiwan plains tribes | 0.005 | 370 | Trejaut 2014 | M88 |
| Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 15 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| De'ang (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 16 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 17 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Mon (Thailand) | 0.000 | 18 | Brunelli 2017 | M111 |
| Blang (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 28 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 28 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Wa (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 31 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 40 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 41 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 41 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Mongol (Tonghai, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 46 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 47 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
| Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 50 | Yang 2005 | M88=0 |
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA O subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.01 at 4 January 2017
- ↑ ISOGG 2017; YFull 2017
- ↑ ISOGG 2017
- ↑ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; The Genographic Consortium (18 August 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMID 21505448.
- ↑ Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui et al. (May 4, 2015). "Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago". PLOS ONE 10 (5): e0125676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676. PMID 25938511. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1025676Z.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKarmin2022 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Y Haplogroup Distribution Data". 23Mofang Corp. https://www.23mofang.com/.
- ↑ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; The Genographic Consortium (18 August 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMID 21505448.
- ↑ Chuan-Chao Wang; Shi Yan; Can Yao; Xiu-Yuan Huang; Xue Ao; Zhanfeng Wang; Sheng Han; Li Jin et al. (14 February 2013). "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". Journal of Human Genetics (The Japan Society of Human Genetics) 58 (4): 238–39. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. PMID 23407348. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235620438. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ↑ Tianjiao, Li (2019). Genomic Study of the Ancient Populations from the period of YangShao to LongShan Culture in Central Plain. http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10183-1019162097.htm.
- ↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Long Fan, Jie Liu, Adeniyi C Adeola, Shi-Fang Wu, Robert W Murphy, Yong-Gang Yao, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data." European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 27 November 2013; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, Ying-Hui Lai, Jun-Hun Loo, Chien-Liang Lee, Chun-Lin He, and Marie Lin, "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia." BMC Genetics 2014, 15:77. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/15/77
- ↑ Wang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, et al. (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." PLoS ONE 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772
- ↑ Nicolas Brucato, Veronica Fernandes, Stéphane Mazières, et al., "The Comoros Show the Earliest Austronesian Gene Flow into the Swahili Corridor." The American Journal of Human Genetics 102, 58–68, 4 January 2018.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054270
- ↑ Cai, Xiaoyun; Qin, Zhendong; Wen, Bo; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Yi; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao et al. (2011). O'Rourke, Dennis. ed. "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLOS ONE 6 (8): e24282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMID 21904623. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...624282C.
- ↑ Yan LU, Shang-Ling PAN, Shu-Ming QIN, Zheng-Dong QIN, Chuan-Chao WANG, Rui-Jing GAN, Hui LI, and the Genographic Consortium, "Genetic evidence for the multiple origins of Pinghua Chinese." Journal of Systematics and Evolution Volume 51, Issue 3 (May 2013), Pages 271–279. DOI: 10.1111/jse.12003
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking, and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." Journal of Human Genetics (2006) 51:47–58. DOI 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0
- ↑ Zhili Yang, Yongli Dong, Lu Gao, Baowen Cheng, Jie Yang, Weimin Zeng, Jing Lu, Yanhua Su, & Chunjie Xiao, "The distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in the nationalities from Yunnan Province of China." Annals of Human Biology, January–February 2005; 32(1): 80–87.
- ↑ Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al., "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." European Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4
- ↑ WANG Xiao-Qing, WANG Chuan-Chao, DENG Qiong-Ying, and LI Hui (2013), "Genetic analysis of Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of Mulam ethnic group in Guangxi, China." HEREDITAS (Beijing) Feb 2013, 35(2): 168―174. ISSN 0253-9772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2013.00168
Works cited
Books
- Underhill, Peter (2005). "Chapter 17: A synopsis of extant Y chromosome diversity in East Asia and Oceania". in Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. Psychology Press. pp. 297–314. ISBN 9780415322423.
Conference Posters
- Yong, R.Y.Y.; Gan, L.S.H.; Khripin, Y.; Yap, V.B.; Yap, E.P.H. (2006). "Workshop 6 Genomic Variation and Diversity: Association of Y chromosome variation with paternal ancestry origin of three ethnic populations in Singapore". HUGO's 11th Human Genome Meeting Helsinki Fair Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Wed 31 May to Sat 3 June 2006. Helsinki, Finland. http://hgm2006.hugo-international.org/Abstracts/Publish/WorkshopPosters/WorkshopPosters06/hgm128.html.
Journals
- Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMID 17047675.
- Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella et al. (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMID 19573232.
- Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMID 15793703.
- Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819.
- Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Kashyap, V.K. (2006). "Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20399. PMID 16485297.
- Trivedi, Rajni; Sitalaximi, T.; Banerjee, Jheelam; Singh, Anamika; Sircar, P. K.; Kashyap, V. K. (2006). "Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics 51 (3): 217–26. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2. PMID 16453062.
- Shi Yan; Chuan-Chao Wang; Hui Li; Shi-Lin Li; Li Jin; The Genographic Consortium (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (9): 1013–1015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMID 21505448.
Further reading
- Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
- Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li et al. (2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics 77 (3): 408–19. doi:10.1086/444436. PMID 16080116.
- Thanseem, Ismail; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Vijay; Bhaskar, Lakkakula VKS; Reddy, B Mohan; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics 7 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMID 16893451.
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