Medicine:Schmitt Gillenwater Kelly syndrome

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Schmitt Gillenwater Kelly syndrome
Other namesRadial hypoplasia-triphalangeal thumbs-hypospadias-maxillary diastema syndrome
Autosomal dominant - en.svg
Schmitt Gillenwater Kelly syndrome has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

Schmitt Gillenwater Kelly syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant[1] congenital disorder consisting of radial hypoplasia, triphalangeal thumbs, hypospadias, and maxillary diastema.[1][2]

Discovery

It was first identified by Edward Schmitt, Jay Y. Gillenwater, Thadeus E. Kelly, and John M. Opitz in 1962, where they published their results in a case study.[1] The family was found to be minimally restricted in normal functions, and lived relatively normal lives. The symptoms were consistent throughout all the members of the family, with the exception of all three of the boys having hypospadias.[1]

Radial Hypoplasia

Signs and Symptoms

The family had hypoplastic radii, which resulted in approximately 50% shorter radii. Because of this, the ulna was bowed outwards with outermost part of the ulna being pushed towards the skin. This resulted in a shorter reach.

Causes

Although more research is needed, the genetic cause of radial hypoplasia is believed to come from a rare allele of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene.[3] This gene produces the Shh protein that induces development of the ulna, and the index, middle, ring, and pinky fingers while increasing the expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), another signaling molecule, which induces development of the radius and thumb. Both Shh and FGF are widely expressed during early embryo development.[4][5] When this rare allele of Shh gene is expressed, the result is reduced Shh protein production, which hampers FGF expression, potentially leading to radial hypoplasia.[6]

Treatment and Prognosis

Treatment usually begins after birth and minor cases involve stretching, manipulation, and splinting. The goal of surgery is to increase length and straighten forearm and thumb reconstruction.[3]

Triphalangeal thumbs

Signs and Symptoms

Triphalangeal thumbs

Another symptom of the individuals with the syndrome was Bilaterally symmetrical triphalangeal thumbs had three phalanges rather than two, and a longer finger like appearance. The thumbs were non-opposable.

Causes

The cause of this condition is understood to be genetic in nature, but the exact mechanism is unknown. However, research has shown that the gene of interest is located in chromosome 7, with potential candidate genes including EN2 and the human homologs of mouse genes Hx and Hm.[7]

Treatment and Prognosis

Surgery is done to correct any variations in the thumb and improve appearance; methods would vary on a case by case basis[8]

Hypospadia

Signs and Symptoms

Examples of different types of hypospadias

In the males, Hypospadias was seen, which is the opening of the urethra was at the underside of the penis rather than at the tip.

Causes

Hypospadias can come about as a result of imbalances in the Wnt, Shh, Hox, and BMP pathways during fetal development. The Wnt, Shh, Hox, and BMP families are widely expressed throughout development.[4][9][10][11] During the development of male external genitalia, Shh acts as a central cue, indirectly activating Hoxa13 and Hoxd13 by binding to the Patched receptor, and directly activating BMP2, Fgf10, Wnt5a, and BMP4. Fgf10 induces further Shh expression, while BMP4 represses Wnt5a expression. Rare allelic expression of any one of these genes can result in hypospadias.[12]

Treatment and Prognosis

Minor forms do not require reconstructive surgery; Interventions include: correcting the location of urethral opening, repairing skin near the urethra opening, and straightening penile shaft.[13]

Maxillary diastema

Signs and Symptoms

Diastema of the upper (maxillary) teeth

The family also had Anterior Maxillary Diastema, a space between the upper incisors.

Causes

It highly likely this condition is caused by a genetic factor, but the exact gene is unknown.[citation needed]

Treatment and Prognosis

Treatment is centered around closing the gap between the incisors: either by veneers, braces, implants, or boding to conceal the gap.[14]

Similar diseases

Marfan syndrome - Is another autosomal dominant congenital condition. Symptoms consist of curved spine, thumb abnormalities, heart disease. Like Schmitt Gillenwater Kelly syndrome, surgery is done for cosmetic and reconstructive purposes.[15] Unlike Schmitt GIllenwater Kelly Syndrome, Marfan syndrome has a higher likelihood of developing life-threatening complications.[16]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "An autosomal dominant syndrome of radial hypoplasia, triphalangeal thumbs, hypospadias, and maxillary diastema". Am. J. Med. Genet. 13 (1): 63–69. 1982. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320130111. PMID 7137222. 
  2. ↑ Schmitt Gillenwater Kelly syndrome; Radial hypoplasia triphalangeal thumbs hypospadias maxillary diastema at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Olson, Nathanael; Hosseinzadeh, Shayan (2023), "Radial Dysplasia", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 32491425, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557493/, retrieved 2023-12-05 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "SHH sonic hedgehog signaling molecule [Homo sapiens (human) - Gene - NCBI"]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6469. 
  5. ↑ Beenken, Andrew; Mohammadi, Moosa (March 2009). "The FGF family: biology, pathophysiology and therapy". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 8 (3): 235–253. doi:10.1038/nrd2792. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 19247306. 
  6. ↑ Elmakky, Amira; Stanghellini, Ilaria; Landi, Antonio; Percesepe, Antonio (August 2015). "Role of Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Radial Deficiencies in Humans". Current Genomics 16 (4): 264–278. doi:10.2174/1389202916666150528000412. ISSN 1389-2029. PMID 26962299. 
  7. ↑ Heutink, Peter; Zguricas, Julia; Oosterhout, Linda van; Breedveld, Guido J.; Testers, Leon; Sandkuijl, Lodewijk A.; Snijders, Pieter J. L. M.; Weissenbach, Jean et al. (March 1994). "The gene for triphalangeal thumb maps to the subtelomeric region of chromosome 7q" (in en). Nature Genetics 6 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1038/ng0394-287. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 8012392. https://www.nature.com/articles/ng0394-287. 
  8. ↑ Hovius, Steven E. R.; Zuidam, J. Michiel; de Wit, Thijs (December 2004). "Treatment of the Triphalangeal Thumb" (in en-US). Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery 8 (4): 247–256. doi:10.1097/00130911-200412000-00008. ISSN 1531-6572. PMID 16518099. https://journals.lww.com/techhandsurg/abstract/2004/12000/treatment_of_the_triphalangeal_thumb.8.aspx. 
  9. ↑ Komiya, Yuko; Habas, Raymond (April 2008). "Wnt signal transduction pathways" (in en). Organogenesis 4 (2): 68–75. doi:10.4161/org.4.2.5851. ISSN 1547-6278. PMID 19279717. 
  10. ↑ "Hox Genes in Development: The Hox Code | Learn Science at Scitable" (in en). http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/hox-genes-in-development-the-hox-code-41402. 
  11. ↑ Katagiri, Takenobu; Watabe, Tetsuro (June 2016). "Bone Morphogenetic Proteins" (in en). Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 8 (6): a021899. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021899. ISSN 1943-0264. PMID 27252362. PMC 4888821. http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/8/6/a021899. 
  12. ↑ Bouty, Aurore; Ayers, Katie L.; Pask, Andrew; Heloury, Yves; Sinclair, Andrew H. (2015). "The Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Hypospadias". Sexual Development 9 (5): 239–259. doi:10.1159/000441988. PMID 26613581. PMC 5012964. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/441988. Retrieved 2023-12-05. 
  13. ↑ Keays, Melise A.; Dave, Sumit (February 2016). "Current hypospadias management: Diagnosis, surgical management, and long-term patient-centred outcomes" (in en). Canadian Urological Association Journal 11 (1–2S): S48–53. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4386. ISSN 1920-1214. PMID 28265319. PMC 5332236. https://cuaj.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/4386. 
  14. ↑ Vijaya, Sheetal; Vijaya, Shilpa; J Shetty, Meghan (July 2023). "Management of Midline Diastema in a Young Adult With Minimal-Thickness Porcelain Laminate Veneers" (in en). Cureus 15 (7): e41904. doi:10.7759/cureus.41904. ISSN 2168-8184. PMID 37588337. 
  15. ↑ CDC (December 2019). "Marfan Syndrome | cdc.gov" (in en-us). https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/marfan_syndrome.htm. 
  16. ↑ Salik, Irim; Rawla, Prashanth (2023), "Marfan Syndrome", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 30726024, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537339/, retrieved 2023-12-04 

External links

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External resources



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