Organization:Westminster School

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Short description: Public school in Westminster, England
Short description: Public school in London, England
Westminster School
Official rendition of the Coat of arms of Westminster School.svg
Coat of arms
Address
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Little Dean's Yard

London, SW1P 3PF[1][2]

England
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 51°29′54″N 0°07′42″W / 51.4984°N 0.1284°W / 51.4984; -0.1284
Information
TypePublic school
Independent day and boarding school
MottoLatin: Dat Deus Incrementum
(God Gives the Increase)
Religious affiliation(s)Church of England[3]
EstablishedEarliest records date from the 14th century, refounded in 1560
FounderHenry VIII (1541)
Elizabeth I (1560 – refoundation)
Local authorityCity of Westminster
Department for Education URN101162 Tables
Chairman of GovernorsDavid Hoyle, Dean of Westminster
Head MasterGary Savage[4]
Staff105
GenderBoys
Coeducational (Sixth Form)[5][6]
Age13 (boys), 16 (girls) to 18
Enrolment747
Houses     Busby's
     College
     Ashburnham
     Dryden's
     Grant's
     Hakluyt's
     Liddell's
     Milne's
     Purcell's
     Rigaud's
     Wren's
Colour(s)     Pink
PublicationThe Elizabethan
Websitewww.westminster.org.uk

Westminster School is a public school in Westminster, London, England, in the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It descends from a charity school founded by Westminster Benedictines before the Norman Conquest, as documented by the Croyland Chronicle and a charter of King Offa. Continuous existence is clear from the early 14th century.[7] Its academic results place it among the top schools nationally;[8][9] about half its students go to Oxbridge,[10] giving it the highest national Oxbridge acceptance rate.[11] In the 2023 A-Levels, the school saw 82.3 of its candidates score A*/A.[12]

Boys join the Under School at seven and the Senior School at 13 by examination. Girls join the Sixth Form at 16.[13] About a quarter of the 750 pupils board. Weekly boarders may go home after Saturday morning school.[14] The school motto, Dat Deus Incrementum, quotes 1 Corinthians 3:6: "I planted the seed... but God made it grow."[15] Westminster was one of nine schools examined by the 1861 Clarendon Commission[16] and reformed by the Public Schools Act 1868.

The school has produced three Nobel laureates: Edgar Adrian (Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1932), Sir Andrew Huxley (likewise in 1963) and Sir Richard Stone (Nobel Prize in Economics in 1984). In the mid-17th century, the liberal philosopher of the Enlightenment, John Locke, attended the school, and seven UK prime ministers also then attended, all belonging to the Whig or Liberal factions of British politics: Henry Pelham and his brother Thomas Pelham-Holmes, Charles Watson-Wentworth, James Waldegrave, Augustus Fitzroy, William Cavendish-Bentinck, and John Russell.

History

Little Dean's Yard from Liddell's Arch

The earliest records of a school at Westminster date back to the 1340s and are held in Westminster Abbey's Muniment Room.[17] Parts of the buildings now used by the school date back to the tenth-century Anglo-Saxon abbey at Westminster.[18]

The entrance to Dean's Yard and Westminster School war memorial viewed from the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in August 2012

In 1540, Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, including that of the powerful Abbots of Westminster, but personally ensured the School's survival by his royal charter.[19] The Royal College of St. Peter carried on with forty "King's Scholars" financed from the royal purse. By this point Westminster School had certainly become a public school (i.e. a school available to members of the paying public, rather than the private tuition arranged by the nobility). During Mary I's reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, but the school continued.

Elizabeth I refounded the school in 1560,[20] with new statutes to select 40 King's Scholars from boys who had attended the school for a year.[21] Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes or endowed her scholarships; 1560 is now generally taken as the date that the school was "founded".

Elizabeth I appointed William Camden[22] as Head Master, and he is the only layman known to have held the position until 1937.[23] It was Richard Busby,[24][25] himself an Old Westminster, who established the reputation of the school for several hundred years, as much by his classical learning as for his ruthless discipline by the birch, immortalised in Pope's Dunciad. Busby prayed publicly up School[26] for the safety of the Crown, on the very day of Charles I's execution, and then locked the boys inside to prevent their going to watch the spectacle a few hundred yards away. Regardless of politics, he thrashed Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour. Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwell's funeral procession in 1658, when a Westminster schoolboy, Robert Uvedale, succeeded in snatching the "Majesty Scutcheon" (white satin banner) draped on the coffin, which is now held in the library[27] (it was given to the school by his family two hundred years later). Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration.

In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of Abbey's traditional right of sanctuary, but possibly because the man was trying to arrest a consort[clarification needed] of the boys. Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II and added the cost to the school bills.

Liddell's arch, the main entrance to Little Dean's Yard

Until the 19th century, the curriculum was predominantly made up of Latin and Greek, and all taught up School.[28] Westminster boys were uncontrolled outside school hours and notoriously unruly about town, but the proximity of the school to the Palace of Westminster meant that politicians were well aware of boys' exploits. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission[29] on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close and the Dean of Westminster is ex officio the Chairman of the Governors. There followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute lasting a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the school. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II. The Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, are ex officio members of the school's governing body.[30]

Unusually among public schools, Westminster did not adopt most of the broader changes associated with the Victorian ethos of Thomas Arnold, such as the emphasis on team over individual spirit, and the school retained much of its distinctive character. Despite many pressures, including evacuation and the destruction of the school roof during the Blitz, the school refused to move out of the city, unlike other schools such as Charterhouse and St. Paul's, and remains in its central London location.

Westminster Under School was formed in 1943[31] in the evacuated school buildings in Westminster, as a distinct preparatory school for day pupils between the ages of eight to 13 (now seven to 13). Only the separation is new: for example, in the 18th century, Edward Gibbon attended Westminster from the age of 11 and Jeremy Bentham from the age of eight.[32] The Under School has since moved to Vincent Square,[33] overlooking the school's playing fields. Its current Master is Kate Jefferson.[34]

In 1967, the first female pupil was admitted to the school. Girls became full members in 1973.[35] In 1981, a single-sex boarding house, Purcell's, was created for girls. In 1997 the school expanded further with the creation of a new day house, Milne's, at 5a, Dean's Yard.

In 2005 the school was one of 50 leading independent schools found guilty of running a cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to collaborate in uncompetitive fees for thousands of customers.[36][37] Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.".[38] However, each school agreed to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.[39][40][41]

In 2007, the school responded to an invitation to become the sponsor of Pimlico School, which was due to be rebuilt as an academy, but decided not to do so after Westminster City Council developed its plans. In 2013 the school collaborated with the Harris Federation to set up a selective, mixed sixth-form academy, with entrance priority being given to those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Harris Westminster Sixth Form opened nearby in 2014; pupils of the academy share some lessons and facilities of the school.

In 2010 the school and the abbey celebrated the 450th anniversary of the granting of their royal charter and Elizabeth I's refoundation of the school in 1560. Queen Elizabeth II with the Duke of Edinburgh unveiled a controversial statue in Little Dean's Yard of the Queen's namesake Elizabeth I, the nominal foundress of the School, by Old Westminster sculptor Matthew Spender.[42] The head of the statue came off in May 2016 after a Sixth Former (a pupil in Year 12) tried to climb onto the statue. The head has since been reattached.

In May 2013, the school was criticized for staging an auction involving the selling of internships to fund bursaries, resulting in adverse press coverage.[43]

In December 2017, the school announced plans to open six schools in China, working with the Hong Kong educational group HKMETG; the first opened in Chengdu in 2020.[44] Revenue generated by the deal will be used to support bursary funds at the existing school, and follows similar moves by Harrow School, Malvern School, Wellington College and Dulwich College. The school was criticized in the media and by its pupils for its decision to teach the Chinese national curriculum as opposed to an international curriculum normally taught by international schools.[45] Steve Tsang, director of the China Institute at SOAS London, was quoted in the Financial Times as saying, "I think they have no idea what they're dealing with.... If you set up a school in China, they will have a party secretary superintending the whole school and the party secretary will be responsible for political education."[46] The school responded that it would exercise "soft power" over the teaching and would also teach an international curriculum for students aged 16–18.[47] The issue was re-opened when The Times published an article quoting Professor Edward Vickers of Kyushu University, who accused the school (and King's College School, with similar plans) of "helping Chinese teach propaganda".[48] These plans were cancelled in November 2021 in response to "recent changes in Chinese education policy".[49]

The school stands mainly in the precincts of the medieval monastery of Westminster Abbey,[50] its main buildings surrounding its private square Little Dean's Yard (known as Yard), off Dean's Yard, where Church House, the headquarters of the Church of England, is situated,[51] along with some of the houses, the common room, the humanities building Weston's, and College Hall.

Liddell's House, and the school reception, taken from Dean's Yard

Just outside the abbey precincts in Great College Street is Sutcliff's (named after the tuck shop on the site of the building in the 19th century), where Geography, Art,[52] Theology, Philosophy and Classics (Latin and Ancient Greek) are taught. The Robert Hooke Science Centre[53] is further away, just off Smith Square.[54] As part of an expansion programme funded by donations and a legacy from A. A. Milne,[55] the school has acquired the nearby Millicent Fawcett Hall for Drama and Theatre Studies lessons and performances;[56][57] the Manoukian Centre for Music Lessons[58][59][60] (timetabled and private) and recitals; and the Weston Building at 3 Dean's Yard.[61][62] It often uses St John's, Smith Square as a venue for major musical concerts.

The School often uses St John's, Smith Square as a venue for major musical concerts.

College Garden, to the East of Little Dean's Yard, is believed to be the oldest garden in England, under continuous cultivation for about a millennium.[63] Just beyond rises the Victoria Tower of the Houses of Parliament; the King's Scholars have special rights of access to the House of Commons.[citation needed] To the North, the Dark Cloister leads straight to the Abbey, which serves as the School Chapel.[64]

The playing fields are half a mile away at Vincent Square,[65] which Dean Vincent created for the school by hiring a horse and plough to carve 10 acres (40,000 m2) out of the open Tothill Fields. The boathouse is now some way from the school at Putney,[65] where it is also used for the Oxford and Cambridge boat race; but the school's First Eight still returns annually to exercise its traditional right to land at Black Rod Steps of the Palace of Westminster.

In 2011, the school agreed to buy a 999-year lease of Lawrence Hall, London from The Royal Horticultural Society.[66] This listed Art-Deco building adjacent to the school's playing fields at Vincent Square has been converted into a Sports Centre. It provides for climbing, martial arts, fencing, rowing, table tennis, badminton, netball, indoor football and indoor cricket.[67] In 2012 the school took possession of St Edward's House, which was the last Anglican monastery in London.[68] The building, on the corner of Great College Street and Tufton Street, now houses Purcell's, a Boarding House for girls and a Day House for boys, as well as a small Chapel and Refectory.[69] Westminster Under School has also been enlarged by a building in Douglas Street, which provides an Art Studio, IT Suite and Dining Hall.[70]

Westminster was the 13th most expensive HMC day school and tenth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK in 2014/2015[71] It achieved the highest percentage of students accepted by Oxbridge colleges over the period 2002–2006,[72] and was ranked as best boys' school in the country in terms of GCSE results in 2017.[73] In 2019, 84% of pupils scored A*-A for their A-Levels examination, while 80% scored A*-A for their GCSEs.[74]

Notable buildings

Westminster School, in the middle of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Westminster Abbey, St. Margaret's, and the Palace of Westminster, has several buildings notable for qualities, age and history.

The Great Cloisters, St Faith's Chapel, The Chapter House, The Parlour, 1 and 2 The Cloisters, and the dormitory with the Chapel of St Dunstan are listed Grade I as a group on the National Heritage List for England.[75] The dormitory at Little Dean's Yard and the staircase and doorway in Little Dean's Yard to the Busby Library are separately listed Grade I.[76][77]

College Hall, the 14th-century abbot's state dining hall, is one of the oldest and finest examples of a medieval refectory and still in daily use for that purpose in term-time; outside of term it reverts to the dean as the abbot's successor.[78] Queen Elizabeth Woodville took sanctuary here in 1483 with five daughters and her son Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, but failed to save him from his fate as one of the Princes in the Tower. In the 1560s, Elizabeth I several times came to see her scholars act their Latin plays on a stage in front of the attractive Elizabethan gallery, which may have been first erected especially for the purpose.[79][80]

College, now shared between the three Houses of College, Dryden's and Wren's, is a dressed stone building overlooking College Garden,[81] the former monastery's Infirmary garden, which is still the property of the Collegiate Church of Westminster Abbey. College dates from 1729 and was designed by the Earl of Burlington, based on earlier designs by Sir Christopher Wren (himself an Old Westminster).

School, originally built in the 1090s as the monks' dormitory, is the school's main hall, used for Latin Prayers (a weekly assembly with prayers in the Westminster dialect of Latin),[82] exams, and large concerts, plays and the like. From 1599 it was used to teach all the pupils, the Upper and Lower Schools being separated by a curtain hung from a 16th-century pig iron bar, which remains the largest piece of pig iron in the world.[citation needed] The school gateway was also designed by the Earl of Burlington. It is engraved with the names of many pupils, who used to hire a stonemason for the purpose.[83] The panelling "up School" is similarly, but officially, painted with the coats of arms of many former pupils. The original shell-shaped apse at the north end of the school gave its name to the 'Shell' forms taught there and the corresponding classes at many other public schools. The current shell displays a Latin epigram on the rebuilding of School, with the acrostic Semper Eadem, Elizabeth I's motto. The classroom door to the right of the Shell was recovered from the notorious Star Chamber at its demolition, but was destroyed during the Blitz.

The phoenix which was placed on the roof of the school in the 1950s to commemorate the school's resurgence after World War II

The building lies directly on top of the Westminster Abbey museum in the Norman Undercroft, and ends at the start of the Pyx Chamber.

Both School and College had their roofs destroyed by incendiary bombs in the Blitz of 1941. They were re-opened by George VI in 1950.[84]

Ashburnham House, as seen in 1880

Ashburnham House houses the library[85] and the Mathematics Department,[86] and until 2005 accommodated the Economics, English and History of Art departments as well. Ashburnham House may have been built by Inigo Jones or his pupil John Webb around the time of the Restoration, as a London seat for the family, who became the Earls of Ashburnham. It incorporates remains of the mediaeval Prior's House. Its garden is the site of the monks' refectory and some of the earliest sittings of the House of Commons. In 1731 when Ashburnham housed the King's and Cottonian libraries, which form the basis of the British Library,[87] there was a disastrous fire, and many of the books and manuscripts still show the marks.[88] After the Public Schools Act 1868 there was a scandalous parliamentary and legal battle between the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey and the School until the School eventually obtained Ashburnham House under the Act for £4,000. The dispute was reported in The Times and it was suggested by Thomas Wise, Secretary of The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings that the property was "in danger of being pulled down or of being virtually destroyed by being converted into a boarding-house in connexion with Westminster School", adding that the "house is admirably suited for a residence for the Dean or one of the Canons, and is totally unfitted for a school or a boarding house."[89] The school responded: "The Chapter themselves have in past years greatly altered and disfigured Ashburnham-house. It had originally two wings; one was destroyed and never restored. About 1848 the roof was taken off, a story added, and a dome in the ceiling of the drawing-room demolished, the external elevation being ruined. The house now has no beauty externally, and hardly any features of interest internally, except the staircase, which in any case would be preserved".[90] On 28 November William Morris also became involved in the campaign, writing a letter to the editor of The Daily News.[91] In the event, the school demolished the adjacent Turle's House and renovated sections of the east wing, but left the staircase and drawing room untouched.[92] During the Second World War, the library was used for military purposes and as an American officers' club, the Churchill Club.

Customs

Pupils fight for the pancake (left), watched by the Dean of Westminster and the Head Master (right). The set of scales determines the winner.

The Greaze has been held "up School" (in the School Hall) on Shrove Tuesday since at least 1753.[93] The head cook ceremoniously tosses a horsehair-reinforced pancake over a high bar, which was used from the 16th century to curtain off the Under School from the Great School. Members of the school fight for the pancake for one minute, watched over by the Dean of Westminster (as Chairman of the Governors), the headmaster, and the upper years' groups of the school[94] and distinguished or even occasionally royal visitors. The pupil who gets the largest weight is awarded a gold sovereign (promptly redeemed for use next year), and the Dean begs for a half-holiday for the whole school. Weighing scales are on hand in the event of a dispute. A cook who failed to get the pancake over the bar after three attempts would formerly have been "booked" or pelted with Latin primers, but that tradition has long lapsed.[95][96]

The privilege of being the first commoners to acclaim each new sovereign at their coronation in Westminster Abbey is reserved for the King's (or Queen's) Scholars. Their shouts of "Vivat Rex/Regina" ("Long live the king/queen!") are incorporated into the coronation anthem "I was glad".[97] The tradition dates back to the coronation of King James II.[98]

Despite the formal separation from the abbey,[99] the school remains Anglican, with services in the abbey attended by the entire school at least twice a week, and many other voluntary-attendance services of worship. The school was expressly exempted by the Act of Uniformity to allow it to continue saying Latin prayers despite the Reformation. Every Wednesday there is an assembly Up School known as Latin Prayers, which opens with the Head Master leading all members of the school in chanting prayers in Latin, followed by notices in English. The school's unique pronunciation of formal Latin is known as "Westminster Latin", and descends from medieval English scholastic pronunciation: Queen Elizabeth I, who spoke fluent Latin, commanded that Latin was not to be said "in the monkish fashion", a significant warning upon loyalties between Church and State. The School commemorates its benefactors every year with a service in Westminster Abbey in Latin in which the Captain of the King's Scholars lays a wreath of pink roses on the tomb of Elizabeth I: the service alternates between Little Commem, held in Henry VII's Chapel and involving just the King's Scholars, and the Big Commem, to which the whole school community is invited.[100]

Since the monastic Christmas revels of medieval times, Latin plays have been presented by Scholars, with a prologue and witty epilogue on contemporary events. Annual plays, "either tragedy or comedy", were required by the school statutes in 1560, and some early plays were acted in College Hall before Elizabeth I and her whole Council. However, in a more prudish age, Queen Victoria did not accompany Prince Albert and the Prince of Wales to the play, and recorded in her diary that it was "very Improper". Today, the play is put on less frequently, any members of the school may take part, and the Master of the King's Scholars gives the Latin prologue. The 1938 play caused a diplomatic incident, with the German ambassador withdrawing offended by the words Magna Germania figuring in extenso on a map of Europe displayed.

The King's Scholars have privileged access to the House of Commons gallery, said to be a compromise recorded in the Standing Orders of the House in the 19th century, to stop the boys from climbing into the Palace over the roofs.

There is a Westminster jargon little known to the general public:

  • Years 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 are called Fifth Form, Lower Shell, Upper Shell, Sixth Form and Remove, respectively.
  • Green is Dean's Yard.
  • Yard is Little Dean's Yard.
  • School is the main school hall, where Latin Prayers, exams and major plays and talks take place.
  • Sanctuary is the area outside the Great West Door of the Abbey off Broad Sanctuary.
  • Fields is Vincent Square.
  • The preposition "up" is used to mean "at" or "towards" (hence up School). At my house (boarding/day) and home can be differentiated thus, up House means at School and at my house means at home.

Entry

There are four main points of entry for pupils:

  • For the Under School, at ages 7, 8, and 11, judged by a combination of internal exam and interview.[101]
  • For the Great School for entry at age 13, judged by either the ISEB Common Entrance Examination, a standardised, national set of exams for entrance to independent schools,[102] for standard entry; a second-round set of internal examinations in English and Mathematics; or the Challenge, an internal set of exams for scholarship entry; as well as an interview.
  • For the Great School for entry at age 16, judged by subject-specific exams and interviews and conditional upon GCSE results. This is the only point of entry for girls, and only a handful of boys join at this point each year.

As well as the normally eight annual King's Scholarships, which pay 80 per cent of boarding fees, there are Honorary Scholarships for boys who pass the Challenge and could have been scholars but do not want to board, and Exhibitions for a few candidates who were close to scholarship standard – however, neither of these carry any fee reduction or other financial benefits. Notably, Stephen Hawking was entered for the Challenge in 1952, but fell ill on the day of the Challenge examination. His parents could not pay the fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, and so he did not attend school.

Houses

Rigaud's House (far right), Grant's House (right), residence of the Master of the King's Scholars (centre), College (far left, top floors) and the Houses of Wren's and Dryden's (far left, ground floor)

The school is split into 11 houses, some of which are day houses (only admitting day pupils, who go home after school), the others being boarding houses with a mix of boarders and day pupils. College is the exception to this — all King’s Scholars must board. Each house has a Housemaster, a teacher who is responsible for the house, the pupils in it and their welfare, and a Head of House, a pupil in the Remove, nominated by the Housemaster. The role of the Head of House largely consists of assisting the Housemaster in organising activities such as house competitions, for which the Head of House might draw up teams. Further to these positions, each day house has an Assistant Housemaster, and each boarding house has a Resident Tutor. The houses are named after people connected to the house or school in various ways – mainly prominent Old Westminsters, but also former Head Masters and Housemasters. Grant's is the oldest house for pupils other than scholars, not only of Westminster but of any public school.

Houses are a focus for pastoral care and social and sporting activities, as well as accommodation for boarders. All day houses are mixed-sex, and all houses admit girls; RR is the only boarding house not to admit girls as boarders (up until 2020) and PP does not admit boys as boarders.[103]

At inter-house sporting events, pupils wear house T-shirts, which are in house colours and feature the name of the house (except the College T-shirt which has no text).
House Abbr. Founded Named after Colours Pupils
Boarding Day
College CC 1560 n/a Dark green Mixed[104] None
Grant's GG 1750 The "mothers" Grant – landladies who owned the property and put up boys in the days before boarding existed, when the School only accommodated Scholars; the oldest house in any of the Public Schools. ■ Maroon on light blue Mixed Mixed
Rigaud's RR pre-1896 (rebuilt) Stephen Jordan Rigaud – former schoolmaster ■ Black on orange (Tie uses orange on black) Mixed Mixed
Busby's BB 1925 Richard Busby – former headmaster ■ Dark blue on maroon Mixed Mixed
Liddell's LL 1956 Henry Liddell – former headmaster ■ Blue on yellow (ties are yellow on black or yellow and silver on black) Mixed Mixed
Purcell's[lower-alpha 1] PP 1981 Henry Purcell – former organist of Westminster Abbey ■ White on purple Girls Boys
Ashburnham AHH 1881 The Earls of Ashburnham whose London house is now part of the School ■ Light blue on dark blue None Mixed
Wren's WW 1948 Christopher Wren ■ Pink on black (Blue and Maroon used on ties)
Dryden's DD 1976 John Dryden ■ Silver on red (Tie uses separated silver and red stripes on dark blue)
Hakluyt's HH 1987 Richard Hakluyt[105] ■ Yellow on blue
Milne's MM 1997 A. A. Milne ■ Black on orange (Tie uses Red and Yellow)

All King's Scholars, both boys and girls, are required to board in College (unless under exceptional circumstances). Wren's was formerly known as Homeboarders and Dryden's as Dale's. Before it was rebuilt, Rigaud's was known as Clapham's and Best's.

Sport ("Station")

Westminster School Boat Club's boathouse in Putney

The school has three Eton Fives courts behind Ashburnham House. The school frequently fields pupils as national entries in international competitions in rowing, or "water", and fencing.

Westminster School Boat Club is one of the oldest rowing clubs in the world, located on the River Thames. The Oxford University Boat Club uses Westminster's boathouse at Putney as its HQ for the annual Oxford and Cambridge boat race on the Thames. The boathouse was remodelled in 1997 and won a Wandsworth design award in 1999.[106] The school's colour is pink; Westminster rowers raced Eton College for the right to wear the colour.[107] One story goes that, at one annual Eton-Westminster rowing race, both crews arrived wearing pink, which was fashionable at the time. The Eton crew bought some light-blue ribbons (which later became the standard Eton colours) to differentiate themselves, but the Westminster crew won the race and the right to wear pink in perpetuity.[citation needed] The premier Leander Club at Henley, founded in London by a number of Old Westminster rowers, later adopted it, although they call the colour cerise.[108] The only problems arise when racing against Abingdon School, whose team also wears pink.

The school playing fields in Vincent Square

Since 1810, when the Head Master, William Vincent, fenced off and ordered the ploughing of the waste marshlands known as Tothill Fields for use by the school, which were being threatened by London's urban sprawl, the school's main sports ground has been nearby at Vincent Square,[109][110] with football and cricket on the main area and tennis and netball on the courts; it also hosts a playground for Westminster Under School. At 13 acres, it is the largest private, open green space in Central London, despite this, it is not large enough for all pupils doing these sports to use simultaneously the three football pitches and typically one smaller practice pitch becomes one main cricket square and several smaller practice squares for the cricket season. So the school hires and owns other sporting facilities near the school. These include the oldest boating club in the world, an astroturf ground in Battersea, and the Queen Mother Sports Centre, home to a variety of sports. "Green" (Dean's Yard) is also used, as are the two school gyms, one in the Abbey Cloisters and one in the Weston Building, and the three Eton Fives courts in Ashburnham Garden, the garden behind Ashburnham House.

Westminster played in the first school cricket match against Charterhouse School in 1794[111] and from 1796 played cricket against Eton.[112] Westminster has a historic joint claim to a major role in developing Association Football.[113] During the 1840s at both Westminster and Charterhouse, pupils' surroundings meant they were confined to playing their football in the cloisters,[114] making the rough and tumble of the handling game that was developing at other schools such as Rugby impossible, and necessitating a new code of rules. On 24 November 1858,[115] Westminster played Dingley Dell at Vincent Square in the earliest known football fixture in the London area (Dingley Dell was the most active non-school team in the London area in the five years before the Football Association was established in 1863).[116] During the formulation of the rules of Association Football in the 1860s, representatives of Westminster School and Charterhouse also pushed for a passing game, in particular rules that allowed forward passing ("passing on"). Other schools (in particular Eton College, Harrow, and Shrewsbury School) favoured a dribbling game with a tight off-side rule. By 1867 the Football Association had chosen in favour of the Westminster and Charterhouse game and adopted an off-side rule that permitted forward passing.[117][118] The modern forward-passing game was a direct consequence of Westminster and Charterhouse football.

Head masters

Other notable staff

  • Nick Bevan (rowing coach, later headmaster of Shiplake College)
  • John Sargeaunt (English Master)
  • Douglas Reith (teacher)[119]

Controversies

Fee fixing

Between 2001 and 2004, the school was one of fifty independent schools involved in the independent school fee fixing scandal in the United Kingdom. It was subsequently found guilty of operating a fee-fixing cartel by the Office of Fair Trading. The commission argued that until 2000, the practice had been legal and that the commission had not been aware of the change to the law.[120]

Rape culture and racism

Two independent reviews were commissioned after national campaigns from Everyone's Invited and Black Lives Matter prompted evidence of rape culture and racism at Westminster School.[121] In March 2022, the school issued a "sincere and unreserved" apology for harm caused by racism, sexual harassment and other harmful sexual behaviour.[121][122]

Review into harmful sexual behaviours

In March 2021, alumni compiled a "dossier of rape culture" at the school.[123] A 21-page document included 76 entries on "everyday life" for female pupils and included claims of rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment.[124] Allegations were levelled at both students and teachers.[123][125]

In March 2022, a review into harmful sexual behaviour at the school was headed by Fiona Scolding QC. The review considered 44 Westminster-related posts submitted to Everyone's Invited alongside other evidence. The review found that 25% of pupils and 65% of girls surveyed said they experienced physical or verbal harmful sexual behaviours, sexual discrimination, and unwanted sharing of images.[121] There was also "a strong sense from pupil interviewees of a social hierarchy within the school where some male pupils' status was dictated by familial wealth, academic success and charisma."[121] Submissions to Everyone's Invited also recalled the Westminster Tree: website that mapped sexual contact between students.[126]

A total of 44 recommendations included an overhaul of the school's relationships and sex education curriculum, "active bystander" training, and a greater emphasis on building healthy relationships. The report also recommended training for housemasters, matrons, and tutors on managing pastoral issues including mental health. Other recommendations include a behavioural code of conduct for students informed by the student body.[121]

Racism and race review

In 2020, more than 250 alumni signed a letter lobbying the school to combat the "toxic culture of racism within the student body." Signatories complained that Westminster did not include any black authors in their curriculum and overlooked Britain's role in the slave trade.[127]

In March 2022, Challenge Consultancy published a Race Review of Westminster School that found "continued denial of the racism and the invisibility of the issue".[121] Challenge Consultancy was commissioned by Westminster School to facilitate understanding of how staff and pupils perceive the culture around race, ethnicity and cultural diversity and consider how it can better engage with these issues in the future. The review's authors were led by Femi Otitoju who found evidence that international pupils including British Asian, British Black, Chinese and Jewish pupils "recounted a lack of sensitivity and delays in responding to emotions they experienced when calling out unacceptable behaviour".[121] 25 recommendations included the recruitment of "diverse teaching staff," a publicised racial harassment policy, and an increased offer of counselling for victims.[121] The review also stressed that food service assistants and cleaning staff need to be "treated with dignity and respect in induction for staff and pupils."

Former pupils

About 900 people educated at Westminster School are in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Former pupils are known at the school as "Old Westminsters" and include the following:

  • Richard Hakluyt (1553–1616), writer[128]
  • Thomas Braddock (1556–1607), clergyman and translator[129]
  • Ben Jonson (1573–1637), poet and dramatist[130]
  • Arthur Dee (1579–1651), alchemist and royal physician
  • George Herbert (1593–1633), public orator and poet[131]
  • John Dryden (1631–1700), poet and playwright[132]
  • John Locke (1632–1704), philosopher[133]
  • Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723), architect and scientist, co-founder of the Royal Society[134]
  • Harry Robert Kempe (1852–1935), electrical engineer, author and editor.[135]
  • Robert Hooke (1635–1703), scientist[136]
  • Henry Purcell (1659–1695), composer
  • Joseph Thurston (1704–1732), poet admired by Alexander Pope[137]
  • Charles Wesley (1707–1788), Methodist preacher and writer of over 6,000 hymns[138]
  • Sir Charles Asgill, 1st Baronet (1714–1788), banker and Lord Mayor of London (1757–1758)
  • Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel (1725–1786), First Lord of the Admiralty
  • Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (1735–1811), Prime Minister
  • Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), historian[139]
  • Charles O'Hara (1740 – 25 February 1802), British military officer in the Seven Years' War, American War of Independence, and French Revolutionary War, later Governor of Gibraltar
  • Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1746–1825), ADC to Washington 1777, defeated by Jefferson in 1804 in contest for Presidency
  • Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), lawyer, eccentric and philosopher[140]
  • Thomas Pinckney (1750–1828), American soldier, politician, and diplomat
  • Sir Charles Asgill, 2nd Baronet (1762–1823), British soldier and principal in the Asgill Affair
  • Robert Southey (1774–1843), poet, historian and biographer[141]
  • Matthew Lewis (1775–1818), novelist and dramatist[142]
  • FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan (1788–1855), lost his right arm at Waterloo, C-in-C in the Crimea who is honoured with a statue in Dean's Yard
  • John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878), Prime Minister
  • Augustus Short (11 June 1802 – 5 October 1883), the first Anglican bishop of Adelaide, South Australia
  • A. A. Milne (1882–1956, QS), author and journalist[143]
  • Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos (1893–1972), Cabinet Minister during World War II, chairman of the National Theatre Board
  • Hossein Ala' (1882–1964), former Prime Minister of Iran
  • Sir Adrian Boult (1889–1983), conductor
  • Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian (1889–1977) Nobel prize winner
  • Charles William Anderson Scott (1903–1946), pioneer aviator
  • Sir John Gielgud (1904–2000, GG), actor and director[144]
  • Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith (1909–1981), historian[145]
  • Kim Philby (1912–1988), high-ranking member of British intelligence, one of the Cambridge Five and NKVD/KGB double agent
  • Sir Norman Parkinson (1913–1990), portrait and fashion photographer
  • Richard Stone (1913–1991), winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics[146]
  • Roger Kidner (1914–2007), publisher and railway photographer[147]
  • Sir Andrew Huxley (1917–2012), Nobel prizewinning physiologist
  • Sir Peter Ustinov (1921–2004), actor, writer, director and raconteur[148]
  • John Cole (1923–1995), fashion photographer
  • Tony Benn (1925–2014), politician[149]
  • Peter Brook (1925–2022, LL 1937–1938), theatre director
  • Nigel Lawson (1932–2023, WW 1945–1950), former Chancellor of the Exchequer, father of Nigella Lawson
  • Simon Gray (1936–2008, WW 1949–1954), playwright and diarist[150]
  • Jonathan Fenby (born 1942, LL 1956–1960), journalist, author and former Editor of The Observer and South China Morning Post
  • Sir Martyn Poliakoff (born 1947) Professor of Chemistry and narrator of The Periodic Table of Videos[151]
  • Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948, QS 1960–1965), composer and producer[152]
  • Stephen Poliakoff (born 1952, WW 1966–1970), director, playwright and television dramatist[153]
  • Chris Huhne (born 1954), disgraced Liberal Democrat politician
  • Dominic Grieve (born 1956), former attorney-general and pro-European politician
  • Jon Crowcroft (born 1957), Professor at the University of Cambridge
  • Shane MacGowan (1957-2023, AHH 1972–1973), musician
  • Adam Boulton (born 1959), journalist, broadcaster and author
  • Andrew Graham-Dixon (born 1960), art critic and writer
  • Edward St Aubyn (born 1960), author and journalist[154]
  • Timothy Winter (born 1960), Shaykh Zayed Lecturer in Islamic Studies, Faculty of Divinity, Cambridge University
  • David Heyman (born 1961), film producer[155][156][157]
  • Alexander Beard (born 1963), arts administrator
  • Matt Frei (born 1963, RR 1978–1981), broadcaster[158]
  • Ian Bostridge (born 1964), classical tenor
  • Gavin Rossdale (born 1965), musician, songwriter, and lead singer with rock band Bush
  • Michael Sherwood (born 1965), banker
  • Lucasta Miller (born 1966), writer and critic
  • Helena Bonham Carter (born 1966, LL 1982–1984), actress[159]
  • Jason Kouchak (born 1967), pianist and composer
  • Noreena Hertz (born 1967, CC 1983–85), economist and campaigner
  • Nick Clegg (born 1967, LL), Liberal Democrat leader, MP for Sheffield Hallam, former Deputy Prime Minister[160]
  • James Robbins (1968–1972, GG), broadcaster
  • Ruth Kelly (born 1968, DD 1984–86), cabinet minister[161]
  • Afshin Rattansi (RR 1981–83), journalist
  • Marcel Theroux (born 1968), novelist and broadcaster[162]
  • Joe Cornish (born 1968), broadcaster, director and screenwriter
  • Adam Buxton (born 1969), comedian
  • Giles Coren (born 1969, RR 1982–1988), journalist
  • Lucy Walker (born 1970), documentary film-maker[163]
  • Louis Theroux (born 1970), broadcaster
  • Jonathan Yeo (born 1970), artist
  • Dido Armstrong (born 1971, WW, 1987–1989), British musician under the name "Dido"
  • Polly Arnold (born 1972) Director of the Chemical Sciences Division at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  • Martha Lane Fox (born 1973), head of Digital Public Services[164]
  • James Reynolds (born 1974), BBC News presenter
  • Conrad Shawcross (born 1977), artist
  • Pinny Grylls (born 1978, HH 1994–1996), documentary film-maker
  • Benjamin Yeoh (born 1978), playwright
  • Christian Coulson (born 1978), Harry Potter actor
  • Simon Ambrose (born 1979), Chairman of the London Contemporary Orchestra
  • Alexander Shelley (born 1979), conductor
  • Anna Stothard (born 1983), novelist
  • Michael Penniman (born 1983), musician
  • Jack Farthing (born 1985), actor
  • Grace Chatto (born 1985), cellist in the band Clean Bandit
  • Alfred Enoch (born 1988), Harry Potter actor
  • Alexander Guttenplan (born 1990), captain of winning University Challenge team 2010
  • Jack Aitken (born 1995), racing driver
  • Blondey McCoy (born 1997), artist and model
  • Olivia Hardy (2021-2023), singer
A monument to commemorate former pupils who died in the Crimean War, situated in the Sanctuary, next to the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey

Victoria Cross holders

Six pupils of Westminster have been awarded the Victoria Cross:

  • Edmund Henry Lenon (1830–1893, at Westminster June 1851 – 1855)
  • William George Hawtry Bankes (1836–1858) (at Westminster April 1850 – 1856)
  • Sir Nevill Maskelyne Smyth (1868–1941, at Westminster June 1882 – 1885). He served in the First World War
  • Arthur Martin-Leake (1874–1953; at Westminster June 1888 – 1891), one of only three to receive twice[165]
  • William Hew Clark-Kennedy (1879–1961, at Westminster June 1893 – 1896)
  • Richard Wakeford (1921–1972, at Westminster June 1934 – 1940)

See also

  • List of the oldest schools in the world
  • Old Westminsters F.C.
  • Schools' Head of the River Race
  • The Old Boys' Network

Notes

  1. ↑ Formerly Barton Street, and originally a part of Dryden's

References

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  2. ↑ Performance tables, Westminster School . Department for Education, 2005.
  3. ↑ School Overview – Westminster School , schoolsfinder (government website).
  4. ↑ "New Head Master Announced". Westminster School. 25 November 2019. https://www.westminster.org.uk/new-head-master-announced. 
  5. ↑ "Westminster School, Westminster, London Area, Independent Schools". Isc.co.uk. http://www.isc.co.uk/school_WestminsterSchool_Westminster.htm. 
  6. ↑ "Schools List South". Ogden Trust. 25 January 2008. http://www.ogdentrust.com/page/24/schools-list-south.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Our History". Westminster School. https://www.westminster.org.uk/about/our-history/. 
  8. ↑ "Top UK 100 boarding schools by A-levels results". https://www.ukuni.net/articles/top-uk-100-boarding-schools-levels-results. 
  9. ↑ Kirk, Ashley; Scott, Patrick (24 August 2019). "Best independent schools in the UK: Compare league table results for A-levels". The Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education-and-careers/0/best-independent-schools-uk-compare-league-table-results-a-levels2/. 
  10. ↑ "University Destinations". Westminster School. https://www.westminster.org.uk/academic-life/university-destinations/. 
  11. ↑ "These are officially the private schools who get the most students into Oxbridge". London. 10 September 2020. https://thetab.com/uk/2020/09/10/these-are-officially-the-private-schools-who-get-the-most-students-into-oxbridge-174560. 
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  32. ↑ The Record of Old Westminsters
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  35. ↑ Rae, John (18 April 2009). "The Old Boys' Network". The Spectator (London). http://www.spectator.co.uk/books/3539666/tales-out-of-school.thtml. 
  36. ↑ Halpin, Tony (10 November 2005). "Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article588559.ece. (Subscription content?)
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  38. ↑ "Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry". The Daily Telegraph (London). 1 March 2004. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private-schools-send-papers-to-fee-fixing-inquiry.html. 
  39. ↑ "OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement" (Press release). Office of Fair Trading. 21 December 2006. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
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  41. ↑ MacLeod, Donald (9 November 2005). "Elite schools 'breached law' on fees". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/nov/09/schools.uk. 
  42. ↑ "Queen unveils statue of Elizabeth I at Westminster Abbey". The Telegraph. London. 22 May 2010. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/7750380/Queen-unveils-statue-of-Elizabeth-I-at-Westminster-Abbey.html. (Subscription content?)
  43. ↑ "Luke Hurst: Westminster School are Slapping You in the Face With a Big Wad of Cash" . Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
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  46. ↑ "Westminster School to teach Chinese curriculum in China – Political education at UK private school's new sites to fall under Communist party direction". London. 7 December 2017. https://www.ft.com/content/4ea11ec0-daa9-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482. (Subscription content?)
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  52. ↑ Westminster School|Activities|Art
  53. ↑ "Projects". Weston Williamson Architects. http://www.westonwilliamson.com/projects.php?a=westminster_school. 
  54. ↑ Westminster School|Academic Life|Robert Hooke Science Centre
  55. ↑ Mount, Harry (12 October 2004). "Trust me: TJP would gain nothing from taking a PGCE". The Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3611924/Trust-me-TJP-would-gain-nothing-from-taking-a-PGCE.html. (Subscription content?)
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  58. ↑ "Commercial Case Studies". Smartcomm. http://www.smartcomm.co.uk/casestudies/commercial/westminster-school-smart-technology.aspx. 
  59. ↑ Westminster School|Activities|Music
  60. ↑ "London Conducting Workshop Details". London-conducting-workshop.com. http://www.london-conducting-workshop.com/about.htm. 
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  62. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.byrnegroup.co.uk/CaseStudies/ViewCaseStudy.aspx?CaseID=25&Sector=EducationCentres&MainImageToLoad=6. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  63. ↑ "College Garden". Westminster Abbey. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/venue-bookings/venues/college-garden. 
  64. ↑ Horan, Tom (2 April 2009). "The Old Boys' Network: a Headmaster's Diaries, 1970–86 by John Rae: Review". The Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5094502/The-Old-Boys-Network-a-Headmasters-Diaries-1970-86-by-John-Rae-Review.html. (Subscription content?)
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  66. ↑ "Westminster School News". Westminster.org.uk. http://www.westminster.org.uk/news-article.html?id=114. 
  67. ↑ "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 14". oldwestminster.org.uk/. http://www.oldwestminster.org.uk/document.doc?id=162. 
  68. ↑ Society of St. John the Evangelist#British congregation.
  69. ↑ "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 16". oldwestminster.org.uk/. http://www.oldwestminster.org.uk/document.doc?id=162. 
  70. ↑ "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 17". oldwestminster.org.uk/. http://www.oldwestminster.org.uk/document.doc?id=162. 
  71. ↑ "Private School Fees". http://www.privateschoolfees.co.uk. 
  72. ↑ "Oxbridge 'elitism'".
  73. ↑ "Top 100 Schools by GCSE". https://www.best-schools.co.uk/uk-school-league-tables/gcse-grades/. 
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  76. ↑ Historic England. "Little Dean's Yard (College of Westminster School) (1066372)". National Heritage List for England. https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1066372. 
  77. ↑ Historic England. "Little Dean's Yard: Staircase to Doorway and Gateway to 'School' and Busby Library (1066373)". National Heritage List for England. https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1066373. 
  78. ↑ [1]
  79. ↑ "Abbey's 'secret' hall opens its doors". London: BBC News. 28 February 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1845552.stm. 
  80. ↑ "Six hundred years of history". BBC News. 28 February 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1846818.stm. 
  81. ↑ "College Garden". Westminster Abbey. 25 October 2010. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/college-garden. 
  82. ↑ Westminster School Almanack, p. 13.
  83. ↑ "History of the School Gateway". Westminster School. http://schoolgateway.westminster.org.uk/?page_id=7. 
  84. ↑ The King's Nurseries, John Field, p. 101.
  85. ↑ Westminster School |Academic Life |The Library
  86. ↑ "Westminster Almanack, p. 16". https://intranet.westminster.org.uk/almanack/pdf/play08.pdf. 
  87. ↑ Cotton Manuscripts , British Library.
  88. ↑ "Burnt Cotton Collection survey enables digitisation prioritisation". http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/collectioncare/2014/10/burnt-cotton-collection-survey-enables-digitisation-prioritisation.html. 
  89. ↑ [The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 23 November 1881; pg. 8]
  90. ↑ [The Times (London, England), Monday, 28 November 1881; p. 6]
  91. ↑ Morris, William (14 July 2014). The Collected Letters of William Morris, Volume II, Part A: 1881–1884, Volume 2. ISBN 9781400858675. https://books.google.com/books?id=qggABAAAQBAJ&q=%22Ashburnham+House%22+%22William+Morris%22&pg=PA83. Retrieved 10 July 2015. 
  92. ↑ Donovan, Andrea Elizabeth (12 December 2007). William Morris and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. ISBN 9781135914080. https://books.google.com/books?id=4seSAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Ashburnham+House%22+%22William+Morris%22&pg=PA75. Retrieved 10 July 2015. 
  93. ↑ "Westminster School, Milestones". https://www.westminster.org.uk/about-westminster/history/westminster-milestones.  1753 – "First recorded 'Pancake Greaze".
  94. ↑ "Health and safety diminishes Westminister School's annual Pancake 'Greaze'". The Telegraph. 4 March 2010. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7361452/Health-and-safety-diminishes-Westminister-Schools-annual-Pancake-Greaze.html. 
  95. ↑ "One Pancake for Fifteen Boys". The New York Times. 2 March 1899. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/03/02/117915167.pdf. 
  96. ↑ "English Schoolboys: Recollections of Westminster". The New York Times. 11 July 1903. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/07/11/102012887.pdf. 
  97. ↑ "Guide to the Coronation Service". Westminster Abbey. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations/guide-to-the-coronation-service. 
  98. ↑ Lawrence E. Tanner (1934), Westminster School: A History, Country Life Ltd, London, p. 36.
  99. ↑ "Westminster School, a public school with ancient and modern buildings nearby, was once the Abbey School."
  100. ↑ "Big Commem 2014". https://www.oldwestminster.org.uk/big-commem-2014. 
  101. ↑ "Westminster School | Entry at 7/8". Westminster.org.uk. https://westminster.org.uk/entrylevels/7-8plus.asp. 
  102. ↑ "General Information for Parents". ISEB. http://www.iseb.co.uk/parents.htm. 
  103. ↑ Westminster School |Entry Levels |Entry at 7/8
  104. ↑ Derham, Patrick (15 September 2017). "A great moment in the history of @wschool. The induction of the Queen's Scholars including the first four girls.pic.twitter.com/LaixNZ7EIu" (in en). https://twitter.com/PatrickDerham/status/908621585984212994. 
  105. ↑ "Hakluyt's Online | About Hakluyt's". Homepages.westminster.org.uk. https://homepages.westminster.org.uk/hakluyts/about.htm. 
  106. ↑ [2]
  107. ↑ Prospectus , p. 20. "In 1837 there was a boat race against Eton in which each school chose their colours – Westminster chose pink which remains the school's colour to this day."
  108. ↑ "Leander Club – Shop – About". Leander.co.uk. http://www.leander.co.uk/shop/about.asp. 
  109. ↑ Shearer, Paul (16 May 2009). "Palatial surroundings". Financial Times (London). http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/4f85705a-401d-11de-9ced-00144feabdc0.html. 
  110. ↑ Coren, Giles (23 May 2009). "Forget the Ashes This is how to play cricket". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/giles_coren/article6345675.ece. 
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