Biography:H. Robert Horvitz

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Short description: American biologist
H. Robert Horvitz
H. Robert Horvitz.jpg
Born
Howard Robert Horvitz

(1947-05-08) May 8, 1947 (age 77)[1]
Chicago , Illinois, US
Alma mater
Known forApoptosis research
Spouse(s)Martha Constantine-Paton
Awards
  • NAS Award in Molecular Biology (1988)
  • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2002)[2]
  • Gruber Prize in Genetics (2002)
  • Wiley Prize (2002)
  • ForMemRS (2009)[3]
Scientific career
FieldsBiology
InstitutionsMRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ThesisModifications of the host RNA polymerase induced by coliphage T4 (1974)
Notable studentsCornelia Bargmann[citation needed]

Michael Hengartner Gary Ruvkun Yishi Jin Andrew Chisholm

Junying Yuan
Websiteweb.mit.edu/horvitz/www/

Howard Robert Horvitz ForMemRS NAS AAA&S APS NAM (born May 8, 1947) is an American biologist best known for his research on the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans,[4][2][5] for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston, whose "seminal discoveries concerning the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" were "important for medical research and have shed new light on the pathogenesis of many diseases".[6]

Education and early life

Horvitz was born in Chicago, Illinois to Jewish parents,[1] the son of Mary R. (Savit), a school teacher, and Oscar Freedom Horvitz, a GAO accountant. He majored in mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he joined Alpha Epsilon Pi and spent his summers working for IBM, at first wiring panels for accounting machines and then in his final summer helping to develop IBM's Conversational Programming System.[2]

During his senior year, Horvitz took his first courses in biology and was encouraged by his professors to continue to study biology in graduate school, despite his limited coursework in the field. After he completed his undergraduate studies in 1968, he enrolled in graduate studies in biology at Harvard University, where he studied T4-induced modifications of E. coli RNA polymerase under the direction of Walter Gilbert and James Watson. He completed his PhD in 1974.[7]

Career

In 1974, Horvitz took a postdoctoral position at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge, England, where he worked with his future Nobel prize co-winners Sydney Brenner and John Sulston on the genetics and cell lineage of C. elegans. In 1978, Horvitz was offered a faculty position at MIT, where he is currently Professor of Biology and a member of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research. He is also an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Horvitz serves as the chair of the board of trustees for Society for Science & the Public and is a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Advisory Board.[8]

Research

At LMB, Horvitz worked with Sulston to track every non-gonadal cell division that occurred during larval development, and published a complete description of these lineages in 1977.[2][9] Later, in cooperation with Sulston and Martin Chalfie, Horvitz began investigations first characterizing several cell lineage mutants[10][11] and then seeking genes that controlled cell lineage or that controlled specific lineages. In 1981, they identified and characterized the gene lin-4, a "heterochronic" mutant that changes the timeline of cell fates.[12]

In his early work at MIT, Horvitz continued his work on cell lineage and cell fate, using C. elegans to investigate whether there was a genetic program controlling cell death, or apoptosis. In 1986, he identified the first "death genes", ced-3 and ced-4. He showed that functional ced-3 and ced-4 genes were a prerequisite for cell death to be executed.[13] He went on to show that another gene, ced-9, protects against cell death by interacting with ced-4 and ced-3, as well as identifying a number of genes that direct how a dead cell is eliminated. Horvitz showed that the human genome contains a ced-3-like gene.[14][15]

Horvitz's later research continued to use C. elegans to analyze the genetic control of animal development and behavior, as well as to link discoveries in the nematode to human diseases, particularly cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). He made further advancements in defining the molecular pathway of programmed cell death, and has identified several key components, including: EGL-1, a protein which activates apoptosis by inhibiting CED-9;[16] transcription factors ces-1 and ces-2,[17][18] and ced-8, which controls the timing of cell death.[19] He has also continued work on heterochronic mutants and other aspects of cell lineage, and established lines of research in signal transduction, morphogenesis, and neural development. Horvitz has collaborated with Victor Ambros and David Bartel on a project to characterize the complete set of the more than 100 microRNAs in the C. elegans genome.[20]

Works

Robert Horvitz has over 255 publications, has been cited over 49,000 times and has an h-index of 108.[21]

  • Sulston, J.E.; Horvitz, H.R. (March 1977). "Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans". Developmental Biology 56 (1): 110–156. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(77)90158-0. PMID 838129. 
  • Ellis, Hillary M.; Horvitz, H. Robert (28 March 1986). "Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans". Cell 44 (6): 817–829. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90004-8. PMID 3955651. 
  • Ellis, R E; Yuan, J; Horvitz, H R (November 1991). "Mechanisms and Functions of Cell Death". Annual Review of Cell Biology 7 (1): 663–698. doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.003311. PMID 1809356. 
  • Yuan, J; Shaham, S; Ledoux, S; Ellis, HM; Horvitz, HR (19 November 1993). "The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme.". Cell 75 (4): 641–52. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90485-9. PMID 8242740. 
  • Hengartner, MO; Horvitz, HR (25 February 1994). "C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2.". Cell 76 (4): 665–76. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90506-1. PMID 7907274. 

Awards and honors

  • 1986 Spencer Award in Neurobiology from Columbia University[22]
  • 1986 Warren Triennial Prize from the Massachusetts General Hospital[22]
  • 1988 U.S. Steel Foundation Award in Molecular Biology from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences[23][22]
  • 1991 Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences
  • 1993 V.D. Mattia Award (Roche Institute of Molecular Biology)[24]
  • 1994 Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
  • 1994 Hans Sigrist Prize from the University of Bern, Switzerland[25]
  • 1995 Charles A. Dana Award
  • 1995 President of the Genetics Society of America
  • 1996 Ciba-Drew Award for Biomedical Science
  • 1997 Rosenstiel Award[26]
  • 1998 Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology
  • 1998 Passano Award for the Advancement of Medical Science[27]
  • 1998 Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize, General Motors Research Foundation
  • 1999 Gairdner Foundation International Award[28]
  • 2000 Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize[29]
  • 2000 Segerfalk Award
  • 2000 March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology[30]
  • 2000 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for Biology or Biochemistry[31]
  • 2000 Grand Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer (French Academy of Sciences)
  • 2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience[32]
  • 2001 Genetics Society of America Medal[33]
  • 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sydney Brenner and John Sulston[34]
  • 2002 Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences[35]
  • 2002 Gruber Prize in Geneticsgrom the Gruber Foundation[36]
  • 2004 Member, American Philosophical Society[37]
  • 2003 Member, Institute of Medicine
  • 2007 UK Genetics Society Mendel Medal[38]
  • 2009 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)[3]


See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Green, David B. (8 May 2015). "Biologist who discovered death genes' through worm research is born". This Day in Jewish History. Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/this-day-in-jewish-history/.premium-1.655423. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Miss nobel-id as parameter , accessed 11 October 2020
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/. 
  4. ↑ Horvitz, H. Robert (30 May 2012). "Genetic Control of Nematode Development and Behavior". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/horvitz.html. 
  5. ↑ "H. Robert Horvitz – Autobiography". NobelPrize.org. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-autobio.htm. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  6. ↑ Nobelprize pressrelease
  7. ↑ "H. Robert Horvitz - Biographical". https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-bio.html. 
  8. ↑ "USA Science and Engineering Festival - Advisors". Usasciencefestival.org. http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors. 
  9. ↑ Sulston, J.E.; Horvitz, H.R. (1977). "Post-embryonic Cell Lineages of the Nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans". Developmental Biology 56 (1): 110–156. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(77)90158-0. PMID 838129. http://hobertlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Sulston_1977.pdf. Retrieved 26 January 2016. 
  10. ↑ Horvitz, H. R.; Sulston, J. E. (1980-10-01). "Isolation and genetic characterization of cell-lineage mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Genetics 96 (2): 435–454. doi:10.1093/genetics/96.2.435. ISSN 0016-6731. PMID 7262539. 
  11. ↑ Sulston, John E.; Horvitz, H. Robert (1981-02-01). "Abnormal cell lineages in mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Developmental Biology 82 (1): 41–55. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(81)90427-9. PMID 7014288. 
  12. ↑ Chalfie, M.; Horvitz, H. R.; Sulston, J. E. (1981-04-01). "Mutations that lead to reiterations in the cell lineages of C. elegans". Cell 24 (1): 59–69. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90501-8. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 7237544. 
  13. ↑ Ellis, Hilary M.; Horvitz, H. Robert (1986-03-28). "Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans". Cell 44 (6): 817–829. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90004-8. PMID 3955651. 
  14. ↑ Ellis, Ronald E.; Yuan, Junying; Horvitz, H. Robert (1991-01-01). "Mechanisms and Functions of Cell Death". Annual Review of Cell Biology 7 (1): 663–698. doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.003311. PMID 1809356. 
  15. ↑ "MIT's Horvitz shares Nobel Prize in physiology". https://news.mit.edu/2002/mits-horvitz-shares-nobel-prize-physiology. 
  16. ↑ Conradt, B.; Horvitz, H. R. (1998-05-15). "The C. elegans protein EGL-1 is required for programmed cell death and interacts with the Bcl-2-like protein CED-9". Cell 93 (4): 519–529. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81182-4. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9604928. 
  17. ↑ Metzstein, M. M.; Horvitz, H. R. (1999-09-01). "The C. elegans cell death specification gene ces-1 encodes a snail family zinc finger protein". Molecular Cell 4 (3): 309–319. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80333-0. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 10518212. 
  18. ↑ Metzstein, Mark M.; Hengartner, Michael O.; Tsung, Nancy; Ellis, Ronald E.; Horvitz, H. Robert (1996-08-08). "Transcriptional regulator of programmed cell death encoded by Caenorhabditis elegans gene ces-2" (in en). Nature 382 (6591): 545–547. doi:10.1038/382545a0. PMID 8700229. Bibcode: 1996Natur.382..545M. 
  19. ↑ Stanfield, G. M.; Horvitz, H. R. (2000-03-01). "The ced-8 gene controls the timing of programmed cell deaths in C. elegans". Molecular Cell 5 (3): 423–433. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80437-2. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 10882128. 
  20. ↑ "The Horvitz Laboratory". http://web.mit.edu/horvitz/www/research.html. 
  21. ↑ "Web of Science". Thomson Reuters. http://wokinfo.com/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "H. Robert Horvitz". http://gruber.yale.edu/genetics/h-robert-horvitz. 
  23. ↑ "NAS award in molecular biology". National Academy of Sciences. http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/molecular-biology.html. 
  24. ↑ "Horvitz receives Roche's Mattia Award". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. November 3, 1993. https://news.mit.edu/1993/horvitz-1103. 
  25. ↑ "Hans Sigrist Prize Winners". University of Bern. http://www.sigrist.unibe.ch/prize/hans_sigrist_prize_winners/index_eng.html. 
  26. ↑ "Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center - Past Winners". Brandeis University. https://www.brandeis.edu/rosenstiel/rosenstiel-award/past.html. 
  27. ↑ "recipients of the passano laureate and physician scientist awards". Passano Foundation. https://www.passanofoundation.org/services. 
  28. ↑ "In recognition of their pioneering contribution to our understanding of apoptosis.". the Canada Gairdner Foundation. https://gairdner.org/award_winners/h-robert-horvitz/. 
  29. ↑ "Prize Winners of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize". The Paul Ehrlich Foundation. https://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/96891276.pdf. 
  30. ↑ "MARCH OF DIMES PRIZE IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY RECIPIENT LIST". https://www.marchofdimes.org/materials/prize-in-developmental-biology-award-recipient-history2015.pdf. 
  31. ↑ "Horwitz Prize Goes To MIT's Horvitz, Harvard's Korsmeyer". Columbia University Record 26 (8). 30 October 2000. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol26/vol26_iss8/2608_Horvitz_Korsmeyer_Prize.html. Retrieved 19 September 2015. 
  32. ↑ "The Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience Research, 2001: H. Robert Horvitz, PhD". The Neuroscientist 7 (6): 551. December 2001. doi:10.1177/107385840100700611. PMID 11765132. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107385840100700611. Retrieved 17 October 2022. 
  33. ↑ "The 2001 Genetics Society of America Medal: H. Robert Horvitz". Genetics Society of America. https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/160/2/369/6049704. 
  34. ↑ "H. Robert Horvits". http://superstarsofscience.com/scientist/h-robert-horvitz. 
  35. ↑ "The Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences". John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/foundation/prize/biomedical#accordion-3ac7718796-item-c855bfbe0c. 
  36. ↑ "2002 Genetics Prize: H. Robert Horvitz". The Gruber Foundation. http://gruber.yale.edu/genetics/2002/h-robert-horvitz. 
  37. ↑ "American Philosophical Society Member History". https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Barry+R.+Bloom&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced. 
  38. ↑ "Mendel Medal". The Genetics Society. https://genetics.org.uk/medals-and-prizes/genetics-society-medals-and-lectures/mendel-medal/. 

Further reading

External links

  • Miss nobel-id as parameter



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