Biology:Icius nigricaudus
| Icius nigricaudus | |
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| A spider of the Icius genus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Icius |
| Species: | I. nigricaudus
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| Binomial name | |
| Icius nigricaudus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009
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Icius nigricaudus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Icius that lives in South Africa. It was first described in 2009 by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad. The spider is small, with a carapace measuring between 1.3 and 1.4 mm (0.051 and 0.055 in) long and an abdomen that is between 1.2 and 1.3 mm (0.047 and 0.051 in) in length. The carapace is brown with a white stripe down the middle. The male has a distinctive pedipalp with a tegulum with a low posterior node, a straight embolus, and hooked ibial apophysis, or appendage. The female has a simple epigyne with long and narrow seminal ducts.
Taxonomy
Icius nigricaudus is a jumping spider that was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad in 2009.[1] It was one of over 500 species identified by Wesołowska during her career.[2] It was allocated to the genus Icius, raised by Eugène Simon in 1876.[3] The genus name is based on two Greek words that can be translated distinct, or special, face.[4] The species name derives from two Latin words means black tail.[3] The genus is a member of the tribe Chrysillini, within the subclade Saltafresia in the clade Salticoida.[5] Chrysillines, which had previously been termed heliophanines, are monophyletic.[5] In 2016, Jerzy Prószyński split the genus from the Chrysillines into a group called Iciines, named after the genus. He stated the split was for practical reasons as Chrysillines had become unwieldy.[6]
Description
Icius nigricaudus is a small slender spider. The male has a carapace that is between 1.3 and 1.4 mm (0.051 and 0.055 in) long and 0.9 and 1.0 mm (0.035 and 0.039 in) wide. It is oval, low, brown with a black line running along its edges, and covered in delicate translucent hairs. The eye field is black. The chelicerae are brown and unidentate. The labium is fawn-brown. The abdomen is between 1.2 and 1.3 mm (0.047 and 0.051 in) long and between 0.6 and 0.8 mm (0.024 and 0.031 in) wide. It is an elongated oval, the frontal two-thirds olive-yellow and the rearmost third black, marked with five patches formed of white scales. The underside is similar in colour to the topside. The spinnerets are black. The front legs are larger than the others, and black rather than brown. All the legs have fine brown hairs. The pedipalps are dark with a scattering of white hairs. The tegulum has a low posterior node, the embolus is straight and the tibial apophysis, or appendage, is hooked.[3]
The female is similar in size and shape to the male.[7] The carapace is the same size and colour but lacks the spots of the male. The chelicerae are similar, but the labium is brown. The abdomen is the same size but the top is black with a white stripe down the middle and a narrow streak on the sides to the front. The underside is black with a yellow area visible and three small patches near the spinnerets. The legs and pedipalps are yellow.[3] The epigyne has a slight indentation towards the front but is otherwise very simple. The copulatory openings lead to simple seminal ducts, which lead directly to the receptors,[8]
The species can be differentiated from others in the genus by its copulatory organs. The male has a distinctive pedipalp and the female long and narrow seminal ducts. The female most closely resembles Icius dendryphantoides but can be identified by the elongated, rather than spherical, receptacles.[3] The spider somewhat resembles ants of the Crematogaster genus in colour and size.[9]
Distribution and habitat
Icius nigricaudus is endemic to South Africa.[1] The holotype was discovered in 2005 in the Ndumo Game Reserve.[3] The species is rare and lives on grasses found near to rivers and other wetlands and in the bark of Vachellia xanthophloea.[9]
References
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 World Spider Catalog (2017). "Icius nigricaudus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009". Natural History Museum. https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/30177.
- ↑ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Wesołowska & Haddad 2009, p. 51.
- ↑ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 127.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Maddison 2015, p. 278.
- ↑ Prószyński 2017, p. 25.
- ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2009, p. 94.
- ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2009, p. 52.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wesołowska & Haddad 2009, p. 53.
Bibliography
- Fernández-Rubio, Fidel (2013). "La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae)" (in ES). Revista ibérica de Aracnología (22): 125–130. ISSN 1576-9518.
- Haddad, Charles R.; Wesołowska, Wanda (2011). "New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa". African Invertebrates 52 (1): 51–134. doi:10.5733/afin.052.0105. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.5733/afin.052.0105.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Haddad, Charles R. (2009). "Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of the Ndumo Game Reserve, Maputaland, South Africa". African Invertebrates 50 (1): 13–103. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0102. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.050.0102.
- Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825.
Wikidata ☰ Q2476930 entry
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