Biology:Tagetes patula

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Short description: Species of flowering plant

French marigold
French marigold Tagetes patula.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tagetes
Species:
T. patula
Binomial name
Tagetes patula
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Tagetes corymbosa Sweet
  • Tagetes lunulata Ortega
  • Tagetes remotiflora Kunze
  • Tagetes signata Bartling
  • Tagetes tenuifolia Millsp.
Tagetes patula - MHNT

Tagetes patula, the French marigold,[3][4] is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Mexico and Guatemala[5] with several naturalised populations in many other countries. It is widely cultivated as an easily grown bedding plant, with thousands of different cultivars in brilliant shades of yellow and orange.

Some authorities regard Tagetes patula as a synonym of Tagetes erecta, the Mexican marigold.[6]

Name

The Latin specific epithet patula means “with a spreading habit”.[7]

Description

Tagetes patula is an annual, occasionally reaching 0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall by 0.3 m (1.0 ft) wide. In some climates it flowers from July to October. In its native habitat of the highlands of central Mexico, blooms are produced from September to killing frost. Achenes ripen and are shed within two weeks of the start of bloom. The heads contain mostly hermaphrodite (having both male and female organs) florets and are pollinated primarily by beetles in the wild, as well as by tachinid flies and other insects. The leaves of all species of marigold include oil glands. The oils are pungent.[8] It can grow in both sandy and clay soils provided they have good drainage. It requires full sun to partial shade.[9]

French marigold Tagetes patula, possibly a hybrid cultivar. Ukraine

Cultivation

This plant is valued for its velvet-textured, brightly coloured blooms in shades of yellow, orange and brown in summer. It is shorter, and has a more spreading habit, than its relative the Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta). It is therefore more suitable as an edging plant in the open border.[10]

Moreau et al 2006 attempted to protect Solanum tuberosum (potato) against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (potato beetle) by intercropping with T. patula but instead found it acting as an attractant, resulting in greater infestation and lower yields. (They also found the same for another purported repellent, Armoracia rusticana.)[11][12]

Tagetes patula is frost intolerant, given a Royal Horticultural Society hardiness rating of H2, capable of surviving temperatures of 1–5 °C (34–41 °F) but killed by freezing temperatures.[13] They are grown by gardeners in moderately fertile, but well-drained soil in full sun with evenly moist conditions.[14]

Cultivars

Hundreds of cultivars have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[15]

  • 'Bonanza Flame'[16]
  • Bonanza Series[17]
  • 'Dainty Marietta'[18]
  • 'Disco Orange'[19]
  • 'Disco Yellow'[20]
  • 'Fireball'[21]
  • 'Hero Orange'[22]
  • 'Honeycomb'[23]
  • 'Queen Sophia'[24]
  • 'Safari Mixture'[25]
  • 'Safari Scarlet'[26]
  • 'Safari Tangerine'[27]
  • 'Tiger Eyes'[28]
  • 'Yellow Jacket'[29]
  • 'Zenith Golden Yellow'[30]
  • 'Zenith Lemon Yellow'[31]
  • 'Zenith Yellow'[32]


Other uses

Medicinal

Medicinally, many cultures use infusions from dried leaves or florets.[8] Research also suggests that T. patula essential oil has the ability to be used as residual pesticide against bedbugs.[33]

The essential oil is being investigated for antifungal activity, including treatment of candidiasis[34] and treating fungal infections in plants.[35][36]

Culinary

The dried and ground flower petals constitute a popular spice in the Republic of Georgia in the Caucasus, where they are known as imeruli shaphrani (= 'Imeretian Saffron') from their pungency and golden colour and particular popularity in the Western province of Imereti. The spice imparts a unique, rather earthy flavour to Georgian cuisine, in which it is considered especially compatible with the flavours of cinnamon and cloves. It is also an essential ingredient in the spice mixture khmeli suneli, which is to Georgian cookery what garam masala is to the cookery of North India - with which Georgia shares elements of the Mughlai cuisine.[37]

Colouring

Tagetes patula florets are grown and harvested annually to add to poultry feed to help give the yolks a golden color. The florets can also be used to color human foods.[8] A golden yellow dye is used to color animal-based textiles (wool, silk) without a mordant, but a mordant is needed for cotton and synthetic textiles.[8]

Fragrance

The whole plant is harvested when in flower and distilled for its essential oil. The oil is used in perfumery. It is blended with sandalwood oil to produce 'attar genda' perfume. About 35 kg (77 lb) of oil can be extracted from 1 hectare (2.5 acres) of the plant yielding 2,500 kg (5,500 lb) of flowers and 25,000 kg (55,000 lb) of herbage.

Gallery

  • French Marigold—October Birthday Flower—Tagetes patula

  • Marigold flower

  • Moth on flower

  • Bunch of flowers

  • On a plant pot

  • Emerging flower

  • Sprouting germ

  • Sprouting shoots

  • Flowerbed

References

  1. ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Tagetes patula | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2007-09-04 }}
  2. ↑ USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. "PLANTS Database". http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TAPA. 
  3. ↑ "Tagetes patula". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TAPA. 
  4. ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17 
  5. ↑ Rydberg, Per Axel 1913. in Britton, Nathaniel Lord, North American Flora 34: 154-155
  6. ↑ "Tagetes patula". The Plant List. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-137312. 
  7. ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Soule, J. A. 1993. "The Biosystematics of Tagetes" Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas
  9. ↑ "Tagetes patula (French Marigold) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tagetes-patula/. 
  10. ↑ Brickell, Christopher, ed (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 1021. ISBN 9781405332965. 
  11. ↑ Parolin, Pia; Bresch, Cécile; Desneux, Nicolas; Brun, Richard; Bout, Alexandre; Boll, Roger; Poncet, Christine (2012). "Secondary plants used in biological control: A review". International Journal of Pest Management (Taylor & Francis) 58 (2): 91–100. doi:10.1080/09670874.2012.659229. ISSN 0967-0874. 
  12. ↑ Webster, Ben; Cardé, Ring T. (2016-05-04). "Use of habitat odour by host-seeking insects". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (Cambridge Philosophical Society (Wiley)) 92 (2): 1241–1249. doi:10.1111/brv.12281. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 27145528. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/103032/1/s1-ln23127365-1684727291-1939656818Hwf464361304IdV118034693623127365PDF_HI0001%20%281%29.pdf. 
  13. ↑ "Tagetes patula - French marigold" (in en-gb). Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/105531/tagetes-patula/details. 
  14. ↑ MBG. "Tagetes patula". St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a611. 
  15. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental". Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 100. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "Tagetes patula 'Bonanza Flame' (Bonanza Series)". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/279925/Tagetes-patula-Bonanza-Flame-(Bonanza-Series)/Details. 
  17. ↑ "Tagetes patula Bonanza Series". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/279926/Tagetes-patula-Bonanza-Series-(d)/Details. 
  18. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Dainty Marietta'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106250/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Dainty-Marietta/Details. 
  19. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Disco Orange'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106251/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Disco-Orange-(Disco-Series)/Details. 
  20. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Disco Yellow'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106252/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Disco-Yellow-(Disco-Series)/Details. 
  21. ↑ "Tagetes patula 'Fireball'". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/361918/Tagetes-patula-Fireball-(d)/Details. 
  22. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Hero Orange'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106256/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Hero-Orange-(Hero-Series)/Details. 
  23. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Honeycomb'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106257/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Honeycomb/Details. 
  24. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Queen Sophia'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106263/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Queen-Sophia/Details. 
  25. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Safari Mixture'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106264/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Safari-Mixture/Details. 
  26. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Safari Scarlet'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106265/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Safari-Scarlet-(Safari-Series)/Details. 
  27. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Safari Tangerine'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106266/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Safari-Tangerine-(Safari-Series)/Details. 
  28. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Tiger Eyes'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106269/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Tiger-Eyes-(King;-Marshall)/Details. 
  29. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Tagetes patula 'Yellow Jacket'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/279937/i-Tagetes-patula-i-Yellow-Jacket-(Jacket-Series)/Details. 
  30. ↑ "Tagetes 'Zenith Golden Yellow' (Zenith Series)". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/280038/Tagetes-Zenith-Golden-Yellow-(Zenith-Series)/Details. 
  31. ↑ "Tagetes 'Zenith Lemon Yellow' (Zenith Series)". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106270/Tagetes-Zenith-Lemon-Yellow-(Zenith-Series)/Details. 
  32. ↑ "Tagetes patula 'Zenith Yellow' (Zenith Series)". RHS. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/280037/Tagetes-Zenith-Yellow-(Zenith-Series)/Details. 
  33. ↑ Politi, Flávio Augusto Sanches; Nascimento, Juliana Damieli; Da Silva, Alexander Alves; Moro, Isabela Jacob; Garcia, Mariana Lopes; Guido, Rafael Victório Carvalho; Pietro, Rosemeire Cristina Linhari Rodrigue; Godinho, Antônio Francisco et al. (2016). "Insecticidal activity of an essential oil of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae) on common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. And molecular docking of major compounds at the catalytic site of ClAChE1". Parasitology Research 116 (1): 415–424. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5305-x. PMID 27838836. 
  34. ↑ B. K. Dutta; S. Karmakar; A. Naglot; J. C. Aich; M. Begam (March 2007). "Anticandidial activity of some essential oils of a mega biodiversity hotspot in India". Mycoses 50 (2): 121–124. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01332.x. PMID 17305775. 
  35. ↑ "Antifungal activity of Tagetes patula extracts on some phytopathogenic fungi: ultrastructural evidence on Pythium ultimum". Microbiol. Res. 159 (3): 295–304. 2004. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2004.06.001. PMID 15462529. 
  36. ↑ C. Romagnoli; R. Bruni; E. Andreotti; M. K. Rai; C. B. Vicentini; D. Mares (April 2005). "Chemical characterization and antifungal activity of essential oil of capitula from wild Indian Tagetes patula L". Protoplasma 225 (1–2): 57–65. doi:10.1007/s00709-005-0084-8. PMID 15868213. 
  37. ↑ Goldstein D. 1993 "The Georgian Feast" HarperCollins

Wikidata ☰ Q644934 entry



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