Biology:Vetulicolia
Vetulicolia | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Superphylum: | Deuterostomia |
Phylum: | †Vetulicolia Shu et al. 2001 |
Type species | |
†Vetulicola cuneata Hou, 1987
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Classes | |
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Vetulicolia[note 1] is a phylum of animals encompassing several extinct species belonging to the Cambrian Period.[1][2] The phylum was created by Degan Shu and his research team in 2001,[3] and named after Vetulicola cuneata, the first species of the phylum described in 1987.[4] The vetulicolian body comprises two parts: a voluminous anterior forebody, tipped with an anteriorly positioned mouth and lined with a row of five round to oval-shaped features on each lateral side, which have been interpreted as gills (or at least openings in the vicinity of the pharynx); and a posterior section that primitively comprises seven segments and functions as a tail. All vetulicolians lack preserved appendages of any kind, having no legs, feelers or even eyes.[5] The area where the anterior and posterior parts join is constricted.[6]
Their affinity has been uncertain; they have been considered to represent stem- and crown-group arthropods, stem-group vertebrates,[7] and early deuterostomes (a group which as a whole includes the vertebrates). The general scientific consensus before 2001 considered them early limbless arthropods but now considers them early deuterostomes.[8] Vetulicolian fossils examined in 2014 show the presence of notochord-like structures, and it was concluded that vetulicolians are crown-group chordates and probably related to modern tunicates.[9] Research from 2017 rather indicates vetulicolians are related to Saccorhytus, another basal deuterostome group,[10] although another study shows possibility that Saccorhytus is ecdysozoan instead of deuterostome.[11]
Taxonomy and evolution
Vetulicolia as a phylum was created by Chinese palaeontologist Degan Shu and his research team at the Northwest University in Xi'an, China, along with Simon Conway Morris at the University of Cambridge in 2001.[3] The name was derived from Vetulicola cuneata, the first species described by Hou Xian-guang in 1987 from the Lower Cambrian Chiungchussu Formation in Chengjiang, China.[2][4] The purpose was to include all related Cambrian animals known under the families Didazoonidae (Didazoon, Pomatrum, and Xidazoon) and Vetulicolidae (Vetulicola, and Banffia) as a separate group of animals.[1][3] Other animals which may be related include the yunnanozoans.[3]
The taxonomic placement of the vetulicolians remains controversial. The original researcher Shu is of the opinion that the vetulicolians probably represent an early type of deuterostomes, and that this implies that segmentation in cephalochordates and vertebrates may be derived from the common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes.[7] However, Derek Briggs of Yale University and his team who described Skeemella from the Middle Cambrian of Utah regard it as having affinity to protostomes with important arthropod features, thus confounding assignment of Vetulicolia to Deuterostomia.[12] Thurston C. Lacalli of the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, agreed that the group are deuterostomes, but suggested that the animals were more likely related to tunicates.[13]
Dominguez and Jefferies have argued, based on morphological analysis, that Vetulicola (and by implication, other vetulicolians) is a urochordate, and probably a stem-group larvacean. Some question the relation to tunicates and larvaceans, as there is no evidence of segmentation in tunicates, larval or adult, that is comparable to segmentation in vetulicolians, that the anus of urochordates is within the atrium, while that of vetulicolians is positioned at the terminal end of the tail, and, perhaps most importantly, there is no exhalant siphon, or analogous structure, seen in vetulicolians.[14] However, a discovery of a new vetulicolian, Nesonektris aldridgei, from Australia in 2014 supported a position close to urochordates for vetulicolians.[9]
The monophyly of Deuterostomia is not strongly evidenced.[15][16] If deuterostomes are paraphyletic, pharyngeal slits were probably present in the common ancestor of Bilateria and vetulicolians may be stem-group protostomes that retained the ancestral pharyngeal slits.[16] If this is the case, banffids, which appear to lack pharyngeal slits, may be more closely related to crown-group protostomes than other vetulicolians.[16]
Ecology and lifestyle
From their superficially tadpole-like forms, leaf or paddle-shaped tails, and various degrees of streamlining, it is assumed that all vetulicolians discovered to date were swimming animals that spent much, if not all, of their time living in water.[14] Some groups, like the genus Vetulicola, were more streamlined (complete with ventral keels) than other groups, such as the tadpole-like Didazoonidae.[14]
Because all vetulicolians had mouths which had no features for chewing or grasping, it is assumed that they were not predators.[14] Since vetulicolians possessed gill slits, many researchers regard these organisms as planktivores. The sediment infills in the guts of their fossils have caused some to suggest that they were deposit feeders. This idea has been contested, as deposit feeders tend to have straight guts, whereas the hindguts of vetulicolians were spiral-shaped. Some researchers propose that the vetulicolians were "selective deposit-feeders" which actively swam from one region of the seafloor to another, while supplementing their nutrition with filter-feeding.[14]
Classification
- Superphylum Deuterostomia
- Phylum Vetulicolia
- Class Vetulicolida
- Genus Nesonektris[9]
- N. aldridgei
- Genus Shenzianyuloma[6]
- Genus Nesonektris[9]
- Family Vetulicolidae
- Genus Vetulicola
- V. rectangulata
- V. cuneata
- V. gangtoucunensis
- V. monile
- V. longbaoshanensis
- Genus Ooedigera[17]
- O. peeli
- Genus Yuyuanozoon[14][18]
- Genus Vetulicola
- Family Beidazooidae
- Genus Beidazoon
- B. venustum (synonym = Bullivetula variola)
- Genus Beidazoon
- Family Didazoonidae
- Genus Didazoon
- Genus Pomatrum (=Xidazoon)
- P. ventralis (Xidazoon stephanus)
- Yunnanozoon lividum
- ?Class Banffozoa
- Class Heteromorphida
- Family Heteromorphidae
- Genus Heteromorphus
- H. longicaudatus (synonym=Banffia confusa)
- "Form A" (unnamed species)
- Genus Heteromorphus
- Family Heteromorphidae
- Class Vetulicolida
- Phylum Vetulicolia
Notes
- ↑ The taxon name, Vetulocolia, is derived from the type genus, Vetulicola, which is a compound Latin word composed of vetuli "old" and cola "inhabitant".
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shu, Degan (2005). "On the Phylum Vetulicolia" (in en). Chinese Science Bulletin 50 (20): 2342–2354. doi:10.1007/BF03183746. ISSN 1001-6538. Bibcode: 2005ChSBu..50.2342S. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03183746.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2019). "Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians" (in en). Geosciences 9 (8): 354. doi:10.3390/geosciences9080354. ISSN 2076-3263. Bibcode: 2019Geosc...9..354M.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Shu, D. G.; Morris, S. C.; Han, J.; Chen, L.; Zhang, X. L.; Zhang, Z. F.; Liu, H. Q.; Li, Y. et al. (2001-11-22). "Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China)". Nature 414 (6862): 419–424. doi:10.1038/35106514. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11719797. Bibcode: 2001Natur.414..419S.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Briggs, Derek E. G.; Fortey, Richard A. (2005). "Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation" (in en). Paleobiology 31 (2_Suppl): 94–112. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0094:WSSSGA2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0094-8373. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0094837300025331/type/journal_article.
- ↑ Ailin, C.; Hongzhen, F.; Maoyan, Z.H.U.; Dongsheng, M.A.; Ming, L.I. (2003), "A New Vetulicolian from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna in Yunnan of China", Acta Geologica Sinica 77 (3): 281–287, doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00742.x, http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.articles/dzxb-e/dzxb2003/0303/030301.htm[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 McMenamin, Mark A. S. (11 August 2019). "Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians". Geosciences 9 (8): 354. doi:10.3390/geosciences9080354. Bibcode: 2019Geosc...9..354M.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Shu, Degan (2003). "A paleontological perspective of vertebrate origin". Chinese Science Bulletin 48 (8): 725–735. doi:10.1007/BF03187041. Bibcode: 2003ChSBu..48..725S.
- ↑ Dominguez, Patricio and Jeffries, Richard. (2003). Fossil evidence on the origin of appendicularians. Paper read at International Urochordate Meeting 2003. Abstract at [2] – URL retrieved June 22, 2006.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 García-Bellido, Diego C; Paterson, John R (2014). "A new vetulicolian from Australia and its bearing on the chordate affinities of an enigmatic Cambrian group". BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 214. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0214-z. PMID 25273382.
- ↑ Han, Jian; Morris, Simon Conway; Ou, Qiang; Shu, Degan; Huang, Hai (2017). "Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China)". Nature 542 (7640): 228–231. doi:10.1038/nature21072. PMID 28135722. Bibcode: 2017Natur.542..228H.
- ↑ Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; Duan, Baichuan; Marone, Federica et al. (2022-08-17). "Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome" (in en). Nature 609 (7927): 541–546. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35978194. Bibcode: 2022Natur.609..541L. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05107-z.
- ↑ Briggs (2005). "A new metazoan from the Middle Cambrian of Utah and the nature of the Vetulicolia". Palaeontology 48 (4): 681–686. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00489.x.
- ↑ Lacalli, Thurston C. (2002). "Vetulicolians—are they deuterostomes? chordates?". BioEssays 24 (3): 208–211. doi:10.1002/bies.10064. PMID 11891757. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11891757.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Aldridge, Richard J.; Hou, Xian-guang; Siveter, David J.; Siveter, Derek J.; Sarah E., Gabbott (2007). "The systematics and phylogenetic relationships of vetulicolians". Palaeontology 50: 131–168. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00606.x.
- ↑ Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; Müller, Steven et al. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2020-07-02). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.07.01.182915.
- ↑ Vinther, J.; Smith, M. P.; Harper, D. A. T. (2011). "Vetulicolians from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland, and the polarity of morphological characters in basal deuterostomes". Palaeontology 54 (3): 711–719. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01034.x.
- ↑ Chen, Feng, Ma, Li (2003). "A New Vetulicolian from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna in Yunnan of China". Acta Geologica Sinica 77 (3): 281–287. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00742.x.
- ↑ Caron, Jean-Bernard (June 2005). "Banffia constricta , a putative vetulicolid from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale" (in en). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 96 (2): 95–111. doi:10.1017/S0263593300001255. ISSN 0263-5933. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300001255/type/journal_article.
External links
- New phylum on the block – Accessed January 3, 2008
- Photos and drawings of fossils of various Vetulicolians – Accessed January 3, 2008
Wikidata ☰ Q1261437 entry
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetulicolia.
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