Biology:Buddleja davidii

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Short description: Species of plant

Buddleja davidii
BuddlejaDavidiiStrauch.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Genus: Buddleja
Species:
B. davidii
Binomial name
Buddleja davidii
Franch.
Synonyms
  • Buddleja davidii var. alba Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Buddleja davidii var. magnifica Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Buddleja davidii var. nanhoensis Rehder
  • Buddleja davidii var. superba (de Corte) Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Buddleja davidii var. veitchiana Rehder
  • Buddleja davidii var. wilsonii Rehder
  • Buddleja shimidzuana Nakai Syn. nov.

Buddleja davidii (spelling variant Buddleia davidii), also called summer lilac, butterfly-bush, or orange eye, is a species of flowering plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to Sichuan and Hubei provinces in central China, and also Japan.[1] It is widely used as an ornamental plant, and many named varieties are in cultivation. The genus was named Buddleja after Reverend Adam Buddle, an English botanist. The species name davidii honors the French missionary and explorer in China, Father Armand David, who was the first European to report the shrub.[2] It was found near Yichang by Dr Augustine Henry about 1887 and sent to St Petersburg. Another botanist-missionary in China, Jean-André Soulié, sent seed to the French nursery Vilmorin, and B. davidii entered commerce in the 1890s.[3]

B. davidii was accorded the RHS Award of Merit (AM) in 1898, and the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) in 1941.[4]

Description

Buddleja davidii is a vigorous shrub with an arching habit, growing to 5 m (16 ft) in height. The pale brown bark becomes deeply fissured with age. The branches are quadrangular in section, the younger shoots covered in a dense indumentum. The opposite lanceolate leaves are 7–13 cm (3–5 inches) long, tomentose beneath when young. The honey-scented lilac to purple inflorescences are terminal panicles, < 20 cm (8 inches) long.[5] Flowers are perfect (having both male and female parts), hence are hermaphrodite rather than monoecious (separate male and female flowers on the same plant) as is often incorrectly stated. Ploidy 2n = 76 (tetraploid).[6]

Buddleja davidii, after Leeuwenberg

In his 1979 revision of the taxonomy of the African and Asiatic species of Buddleja, the Dutch botanist Anthonius Leeuwenberg sank the six varieties of the species as synonyms of the type, considering them to be within the natural variation of a species, and unworthy of varietal recognition.[7] It was Leeuwenberg's taxonomy which was adopted in the Flora of China[8] published in 1996. However, as the distinctions of the former varieties are still widely recognized in horticulture, they are treated separately here:

Cultivation

Buddleja davidii cultivars are much appreciated worldwide as ornamentals and for the value of their flowers as a nectar source for many species of butterfly. However, the plant does not provide food for butterfly larvae, and buddlejas might out-compete the host plants that caterpillars require.[9][10]

The species and its cultivars are not able to survive the harsh winters of northern or montane climates, being killed by temperatures below about −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F).

Younger wood is more floriferous, so even if frosts do not kill the previous year's growth, the shrub is usually hard-pruned in spring once frosts have finished, to encourage new growth. The removal of spent flower panicles may be undertaken to reduce the nuisance of self-seeding and encourage further flower production; this extends the flowering season which is otherwise limited to about six weeks, although the flowers of the second and third flushes are invariably smaller.

Hardiness: USDA zones 5–9.[11]

There are approximately 180 davidii cultivars, as well as numerous hybrids with B. globosa and B. fallowiana grown in gardens. Many cultivars are of a dwarf habit, growing to no more than 1.5 m (5 feet).

A plant-evaluation manager at the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, Illinois (USDA Hardiness zone 5b) rated nearly 50 Buddlejia varieties and cultivars during a six-year trial period, summarizing in 2015 the characteristics of each and the study's findings.[12] University studies have suggested that nectaring butterflies have greater preferences for some Buddleja cultivators than for others, with Lo & Behold 'Blue Chip' and 'Pink Delight' heading a list of eleven.[13]

Other notable cultivars and hybrids include 'Golden Glow' and 'Silver Frost'.[14][15]

Invasive species

Budsleja davidii self-sown along a railroad right-of-way at Düsseldorf, Germany (2016)

Buddleja davidii has been designated as an invasive species or a "noxious weed" in a number of countries in temperate regions, including the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and New Zealand.[16] It is naturalized in Australia[17] and in many cities of central and southern Europe, where it can spread on open lands and in gardens.

B. davidii was first documented as an invasive species in the United Kingdom during 1922. It is now often seen there along railway lines and on the sites of derelict factories and other buildings.[18] The plant frequently grew on urban bomb sites during the aftermath of World War II, earning it the nickname of "the bomb site plant".[19]

B. davidii is widely marketed throughout the United States, where it has reportedly become invasive in some, but not all, areas within which it has been planted.[20][21][22] Although its flowers feed many native butterflies and other pollinators, plantings of the species are now controversial.[21][23][24] To prevent seeding and to promote further flowering, its blossoms need to be removed ("deadheaded") as soon as they are spent.[20]

A number of Buddleja cultivars have become available that have a variety of sizes and blossom colors and that are either sterile or produce less than 2% viable seed.[20][23][25][26] The northwestern U.S. state of Oregon, which designated B. davidii as a "noxious weed" and initially prohibited entry, transport, purchase, sale or propagation of all of its varieties, amended its quarantine in 2009 to permit those cultivars when approved or when proven to be interspecific hybrids.[20][23][25][27] The adjacent state of Washington has taken actions that are similar to those of Oregon to bring parity to nursery sales between the two states.[28] Monarch Watch recommends planting only male-sterile "Flutterby" cultivars.[29]

Non-invasive Buddleja cultivars

Vendors have marketed the following "non-invasive" Buddleja cultivars:

  • Monarch butterfly feeding on a Buddleja flower, Connecticut, United States

  • Buddleja davidii flowers with painted lady, peacock and (underneath) small tortoiseshell butterflies

  • A snowberry clearwing moth carrying pollen on its proboscis while hovering at a Buddleja blossom

  • Close-up of purple Buddleja davidii cultivar flowers

  • Close-up of purple Buddleja davidii flowers photographed in visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light

  • Buddleja davidii 'White Profusion' cultivar flowers

  • Seed capsules

  • Seeds

  • Leaves

See also

References

  1. ↑ Phillips, R. and Martin Rix, Shrubs, Macmillan, 1994, p210
  2. ↑ "Buddleja davidii - Plant Finder". https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=271488&isprofile=1&basic=buddleja%20davidii. 
  3. ↑ Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Buddleia"
  4. ↑ Hillier & Sons. (1990). Hillier's Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 5th ed.. p. 47. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN:0-7153-67447
  5. ↑ Stuart, D. (2006). Buddlejas. pp 30–34. RHS Plant Collector Series, Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN:978-0-88192-688-0
  6. ↑ Chen, G; Sun, W-B; Sun, H (2007). "Ploidy variation in Buddleja L. (Buddlejaceae) in the Sino - Himalayan region and its biogeographical implications". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (3): 305–312. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00650.x. 
  7. ↑ Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. H. Veenman & Zonen B. V., Wageningen, Nederland.
  8. ↑ Li, P-T. & Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1996). Loganiaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. ISBN:978-0915279371 online at www.efloras.org
  9. ↑ Zerbe, Leah (2018-06-18). "Why You Should Never Plant a Butterfly Bush Again". Hearst Media. https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/gardening/a20706544/never-plant-butterfly-bush/. 
  10. ↑ Gupta, Tanya (2014-07-15). "Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain's railways". British Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28196221. 
  11. ↑ Stuart, D. D. (2006). Buddlejas. pp. 119 – 120. RHS Plant Guide. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN:978-0-88192-688-0
  12. ↑ Hawke, Richard (August 2015). "Beyond the basic Butterfly Bush: Plant Trial Results". Fine Gardening (Newtown, Connecticut: Taunton Press): 31–36. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/sites/default/files/pdf/plantinfo/buddleja2015.pdf. Retrieved August 13, 2021. 
  13. ↑ "Buddleia". New Brunswick, New Jersey: New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station: Rutgers Office of Continuing Education. https://www.cpe.rutgers.edu/hgs/docs/2018/Workshop-33-Buddleia.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Moore, Raymond J. (June 1960). "Cyto-Taxonomic Notes on Buddleia". American Journal of Botany 47 (6): 511–517. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1960.tb10621.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1960.tb10621.x. 
  15. ↑ "Buddleja 'Silver Frost' - Trees and Shrubs Online". https://treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/buddleja/buddleja-silver-frost/. 
  16. ↑ (1) "Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush)". Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 2021. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/10314. 
    (2) Dhuill, E.N.; Smyth, N. (2021). "Invasive non-native and alien garden escape plant species on the southern cliffs of Howth, Co. Dublin (H21)". Irish Naturalists 37 (2): 102–108. 
    (3) Tallent-Halsell, Nita G.; Watt, Michael S. (September 2009). "The Invasive Buddleja davidii (Butterfly Bush)". Botanical Review (New York: Springer) 75 (3): 292–325. doi:10.1007/s12229-009-9033-0. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226823556. Retrieved August 13, 2021. 
  17. ↑ "Buddleja davidii". Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/116843. 
  18. ↑ Gupta, Tanya (July 15, 2014). "Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain's railways" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28196221. 
  19. ↑ Moynihan, Jonathan. "Flower of the Week: Butterfly Bush". Patch (Edgewater-Davisonville, Maryland). https://patch.com/maryland/edgewater/flower-of-the-week-butterfly-bush-buddleia-davidii. "These popular garden flowers can even survive in post-war circumstances, earning the name, "the bomb site plant"." 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Young-Mathews, Ann (2011). "Plant fact sheet for orange eye butterflybush (Buddleja davidii)". Corvallis, Oregon: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: Corvallis Plant Materials Center. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_buda2.pdf. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Hurwitz, Jane, ed (Summer 2012). "The Great Butterfly Bush Debate". Butterfly Gardener (North American Butterfly Association) 7 (2). https://www.naba.org/pubs/bg172/bg172_Butterflybush_Issue.pdf. Retrieved August 4, 2021. 
  22. ↑ (1) "butterflybush: Buddleja davidii Franch.". Invasive Plant Atlas Of The United States. October 2018. https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=11608#maps. 
    (2) Brusati, Elizabeth D. (June 21, 2016). "Buddleja davidii Risk Assessment". Berkeley, California: California Invasive Plant Council. https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/risk/buddleja-davidii-risk/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Hadley, Debbie (August 26, 2020). "Pros and Cons of Planting Butterfly Bush". ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/why-you-shouldnt-plant-butterfly-bush-1968210. 
  24. ↑ Marazzi, Brigitte; De Micheli, Andrea (2019). "Are sterile Buddleja cultivars really sterile and "environmentally safe"?". Bollettino della Società ticinese di scienze naturali 107: 55–60. ISSN 0379-1254. OCLC 611282784. https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Av9GRKURCTKgJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.kvu.ch%2Fgetdownloadfile.cfm%3Ffilename%3D200907162038_2019_Marazzi_DeMicheli_ISSN_03791254.pdf. Retrieved August 13, 2021. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 "Butterfly Bush Approved Cultivars". Oregon Department of Agriculture. https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/nurserychristmastree/pages/butterflybush.aspx. 
  26. ↑ Bender, Steve (July 26, 2015). "Not Your Mama's Butterfly Bush". Southern Living (Birmingham, Alabama: Southern Progress Corporation). ISSN 0038-4305. OCLC 2457928. https://www.southernliving.com/garden/grumpy-gardener/not-your-mamas-butterfly-bush. Retrieved August 6, 2021. 
  27. ↑ (1) "Noxious Weed Pest Risk Assessment for Butterfly Bush: Buddleja davidii: Buddlejaceae". Plant Pest Risk Assessment. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Department of Agriculture: Noxious Weed Control Program. March 2016. https://www.oregon.gov/ODA/shared/Documents/Publications/Weeds/ButterflybushPlantPestRiskAssessment.pdf. 
    (2) Altland, James (January 2005). "How to keep butterfly bush from spreading noxiously". Oregon State University Extension Service. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/news/how-keep-butterfly-bush-spreading-noxiously. 
  28. ↑ (1) "Butterfly Bush: Buddleja davidii". Olympia, Washington: Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/butterfly-bush. 
    (2) "Washington Administrative Code: Title 16: Section 16-752-610 (WAC 16-752-610). Regulated Articles". Olympia, Washington: Washington State Legislature. https://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=16-752-610. "Buddleia davidii: butterfly bush (except accepted sterile cultivars)" 
  29. ↑ "Plants For Butterfly And Pollinator Gardens: Native and Non-native Plants Suitable for Gardens in the Northeastern United States". Monarch Watch. https://www.monarchwatch.org/garden/plant-list-monarchwatch.pdf. 
  30. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #8'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP22069P2. 
    (2) "Flutterby Petite® Blue Heaven Butterfly Bush". Azusa, California: Monrovia Nursery Company. 2021. https://www.monrovia.com/flutterby-petite-174-blue-heaven-nectar-bush.html. 
    (3) "Free Petite® Blue Heaven". Hardy Hybrids. Longstock, Hampshire, England: Longstock Park Nursery: National Plant Collection: The Buddleia National Collection. https://www.buddlejacollection.com/plants/free-petite-blue-heaven/. 
  31. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Blue Chip'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP19991. 
    (2) "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Blue Chip'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/buddleja-lo-behold-blue-chip/. 
    (3) "Lo & Behold® 'Blue Chip' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/buddleia/lo-behold-blue-chip-butterfly-bush-buddleia-x. 
  32. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Blue Chip Jr'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP26581P3. 
    (2) "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Blue Chip Jr.'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/buddleja-lo-behold-blue-chip-jr-pp-19991/. 
    (3) "Lo & Behold® 'Blue Chip Jr.' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/buddleia/lo-behold-blue-chip-jr-butterfly-bush-buddleia-x. 
  33. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Ice Chip'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP24015P3. 
    (2) "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Ice Chip'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/buddleja-lo-behold-ice-chip/. 
    (3) Werner, Dennis J.; Snelling, Layne K. (2011). "'Purple Haze', 'Miss Molly', and 'Ice Chip' Buddleja". HortScience (Alexandria, Virginia: American Society for Horticultural Science) 46 (9): 1330–1332. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.46.9.1330. ISSN 2327-9834. OCLC 768085913. https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/46/9/article-p1330.xml?body=pdf-1830. Retrieved August 10, 2021. 
    (4) "Lo & Behold® 'Ice Chip' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/buddleia/lo-behold-ice-chip-butterfly-bush-buddleia-x. 
  34. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Lilac Chip'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP24016P3. 
    (2) "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Lilac Chip'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/buddleja-lo-behold-lilac-chip/. 
    (3) "Lo & Behold® 'Lilac Chip' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/buddleia/lo-behold-lilac-chip-butterfly-bush-buddleia-x. 
  35. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Pink Micro Chip'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP26547P3. 
    (2) "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Pink Micro Chip'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/buddleja-lo-behold-pink-micro-chip/. 
    (3) "Lo & Behold® 'Pink Micro Chip' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/buddleia/lo-behold-pink-micro-chip-butterfly-bush-buddleia-x. 
  36. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Purple Haze'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP24514P2. 
    (2) "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Purple Haze'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/buddleja-lo-behold-purple-haze/. 
    (3) Werner, Dennis J.; Snelling, Layne K. (2011). "'Purple Haze', 'Miss Molly', and 'Ice Chip' Buddleja". HortScience (Alexandria, Virginia: American Society for Horticultural Science) 46 (9): 1330–1332. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.46.9.1330. ISSN 2327-9834. OCLC 768085913. https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/46/9/article-p1330.xml?body=pdf-1830. Retrieved August 10, 2021. 
    (4) "Lo & Behold® 'Purple Haze' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/buddleia/lo-behold-purple-haze-butterfly-bush-buddleia-x. 
  37. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Miss Molly'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP23425P2. 
    (2) "Buddleja 'Miss Molly'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/buddleja-miss-molly/. 
    (3) Werner, Dennis J.; Snelling, Layne K. (2011). "'Purple Haze', 'Miss Molly', and 'Ice Chip' Buddleja". HortScience (Alexandria, Virginia: American Society for Horticultural Science) 46 (9): 1330–1332. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.46.9.1330. ISSN 2327-9834. OCLC 768085913. https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/46/9/article-p1330.xml?body=pdf-1830. Retrieved August 10, 2021. 
    (4) "'Miss Molly' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/buddleia/miss-molly-butterfly-bush-buddleia-x. 
  38. ↑ (1) "Buddleja plant named 'Miss Ruby'". Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP19950P3. 
    (2) "Buddleja 'Miss Ruby'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/buddleja-miss-ruby/. 
    (3) Werner, Dennis J.; Snelling, Layne K. (2009). "'Blue Chip' and 'Miss Ruby'". HortScience (Alexandria, Virginia: American Society for Horticultural Science) 44 (3): 841–842. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.841. ISSN 2327-9834. OCLC 768085913. https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/44/3/article-p841.xml?body=pdf-1830. Retrieved August 10, 2021. 
    (4) "'Miss Ruby' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/buddleia/miss-ruby-butterfly-bush-buddleia-x. 
  • Van Laere K (2008) Interspecific hybridisation in woody ornamentals. PhD. Thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University
  • Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2009). "Typification of ornamental plants: Buddleja davidii (Scrophulariaceae)". Phytotaxa 2: 55. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.2.1.11. 
  • Franchet, M.A. (1887). Plantae Davidianae ex sinarum imperio, part 2 "Plantes du Thibet Oriental (Province de Moupine)". (Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris), ser. 2, 10: 33-198.
  • Li, P. T. & Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1996). Loganiaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. ISBN:978-0915279371 online at www.efloras.org

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q161538 entry



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