Biology:List of companion plants

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Main page: Biology:Companion planting
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This is a list of companion plants, traditionally planted together. Many more are in the list of beneficial weeds. Companion planting is thought by its practitioners to assist in the growth of one or both plants involved in the association. Possible mechanisms[1] include attracting beneficial insects,[2] repelling pests,[3] or providing nutrients such as by fixing nitrogen,[4] shade, or support. Companion plantings can be part of a biological pest control program.[5] A large number of companion plant associations have been proposed; only a few of these have been subjected to scientific testing. Thus where a table column for example states "Helps" or "Helped by", this is to be read as meaning that traditional companion planting involves putting the named plants in that column into an association with the plant named at the left of the row, with the intention of causing the one plant to help or be helped by the other. Mechanisms that have been scientifically verified include using strongly aromatic plants to deter pests; using companions to hide crops from pests; providing plants as nurseries for beneficial insects including predators and parasitoids; trap cropping;[6] and allelopathy, where a plant inhibits the growth of other species.[7]

Vegetables

Companion plantings traditionally used for vegetables
Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments
Asparagus Asparagus officinalis Tomatoes, parsley[8] Aster family flowers, dill, coriander, tomatoes,[8] parsley,[8] basil,[8] comfrey, marigolds, nasturtiums[9] Onion, garlic, potatoes
Beans, bush Phaseolus vulgaris Cucumber,[8] strawberries[10] Celery,[8] strawberries,[8] grains[11] soybeans,[11] dry beans,[11] alfalfa[11] "Lettuce, potato, tomato, other legumes, crucifers, or cucurbits increase sclerotinia" in the soil and should be avoided before and after snap beans.[11] See the entry for "Legumes" for more info
Beans, pole Phaseolus vulgaris Radishes, Corn brassicas, kohlrabi[12] the stalk of the corn provides a pole for the beans to grow on, which then gives nitrogen to the soil of the corn. Beans and corn are (with squash) traditional "Three Sisters" plants. As for Radishes, see the entry for "Legumes".
Beans, fava Vicia faba Strawberries, Celery[13] See the entry for "Legumes" for more info
Beets Beta vulgaris bush beans,[6] cabbage,[6] lettuce,[6] kohlrabi, onions, brassicas,[6][12] passion fruit[14] Bush beans,[6] onions, kohlrabi, catnip,[15] garlic, mint Runner or pole beans Good for adding minerals to the soil through composting leaves which have up to 25% magnesium. Runner or pole beans and beets stunt each other's growth.
Broccoli Brassica oleracea Lettuce Beets, dill, onions,[6] tomato,[16] turnip,[17] clover[16] Broccoli as a main crop intercropped with lettuce was shown to be more profitable than either crop alone. Turnip acts as a trap crop.[17] See brassicas entry for more info
Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea Sage,[18] thyme,[18] clover,[18]
Cabbage Brassica oleracea / Brassica chinensis Beans, celery Beans,[8] clover,[19][20] calendula/pot marigold,[21] chamomile,[6] larkspur, nasturtiums,[6] dill,[6][22] coriander,[23] hyssop, onions,[6] beets,[6] mint,[6] rosemary,[6] sage,[6] thyme,[6] Snails and slugs[24] Grapes[25] See brassicas entry for more info. If using clover as an intercrop it should be sown after cabbage transplant so as not to affect crop yield. Nasturtiums repel cabbage moths[6]
Carrots Daucus carota Tomatoes,[26] alliums,[27] beans, leeks, lettuce,[28] onions,[27] passion fruit[14] Lettuce,[28] alliums (chives, leeks, onions,[27] shallots, etc.), rosemary, wormwood, sage, beans, flax Assassin bug, lacewing, parasitic wasp, yellow jacket and other predatory wasps Leek moth, onion fly[27] Dill, parsnip, radish Tomatoes grow better with carrots, but may stunt the carrots' growth. Beans provide the nitrogen carrots need more than some other vegetables. Aromatic companion plants repel carrot fly. Alliums inter-planted with carrots confuse onion and carrot flies. For the beneficial insect-attracting properties of carrots to work, they need to be allowed to flower; Otherwise, use wild carrot, Queen Anne's Lace, for the same effect.
Cauliflower Brassica oleracea Beans, celery, spinach,[29] peas[30] Mixture of Chinese cabbage, marigolds, rape, and sunflower.[31] Spinach,[32] peas[30] See brassicas for more info. See peas regarding their mutualism with cauliflower.
Celery Apium graveolens Bush beans,[8] brassicas,[12] cucumber[33] Cosmos, daisies, snapdragons, leeks, tomatoes, cauliflower, cabbage, bush beans Whiteflies[33] Corn, aster flowers Aster flowers, can transmit the aster yellows disease
Chard Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla Brassicas,[12] passion fruit[14]
Corn / Maize Zea mays Beans,[8][6] cucurbits, soybeans,[34] tomatoes[35] Sunflowers, dill,[6] legumes (beans,[8][6] peas, soybeans etc.), peanuts, cucurbits, clover,[36] amaranth,[37] white geranium, pigweed, lamb's quarters, morning glory, parsley, and potato, field mustard,[38] Tomato, celery Provides beans with a trellis, is protected from predators and dryness by cucurbits, in the three sisters technique
Cucumber Cucumis sativus Beans,[6] kohlrabi, lettuce Kohlrabi, nasturtiums, radishes, marigolds, sunflowers, peas, beans,[8][6] chamomile, beets, carrots, dill,[6] onions,[39] garlic,[39][40] amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus),[41] celery,[33] Malabar spinach[33] Beneficial for ground beetles Raccoons, ants Potato, aromatic herbs Sow 2 or 3 radish seeds in with cucumbers to repel cucumber beetles. One study showed a 75% reduction in cucumber beetles with the concurrent seeding of amaranth.[41] Various sprays from lettuce, asparagus, Malabar spinach, and celery were found to reduce whiteflies.[33] See cucurbits entry for more info
Cucurbits Cucurbitaceae Corn Corn, grain sorghum[42] Cucurbits are a family of plants that includes melons, cucumbers, gourds, pumpkins, and squash
Eggplant or Aubergine Solanum melongena Beans, peppers, tomatoes,[43] passion fruit[14] Marigolds, catnip,[6] redroot pigweed, green beans, tarragon, mints, thyme Marigolds will deter nematodes.
Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea v. gongylodes Onion, beets, aromatic plants, cucumbers Beets, cucumbers See Brassicas entry for more info
Leek Allium ampeloprasum v. porrum Carrots, celery, onions, tomato,[44] passion fruit[14] Carrots, clover,[45] Swiss chard See Alliums entry for more info
Legumes Phaseolus and Vicia Beets,[6] lettuce,[46] okra,[46] potato,[8][47][48][49] cabbage,[8] carrots, chards, eggplant, peas, tomatoes,[8] brassicas,[11] corn,[8][6] cucumbers,[6] grapes Summer savory,[8] beets,[6] cucumbers,[6] borage, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, corn,[8][6] larkspur, lovage, marigolds,[6] mustards, radish,[6] potato,[47][48][49] peppermint,[11] rosemary,[6][11] lettuce,[46] squash,[46] lacy phacelia[50] Snails and slugs[24] Colorado potato beetle[48] Alliums,[6] gladiolas[12] Hosts nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a good fertiliser for some plants, too much for others. Rosemary and peppermint extracts are used in organic sprays for beans.[11] Summer savory[6] and potatoes[48] repel bean beetles.
Lettuce Lactuca sativa Beets, beans,[46] okra,[46] onions, radish, broccoli, Carrots,[28] passion fruit[14] Radish, beets,[6] dill,[6] kohlrabi, onions,[51] beans,[46] carrots,[28] cucumbers, strawberries, broccoli, thyme,[51] nasturtiums,[51] alyssum,[52] cilantro[52] Slugs and snails.[24] Celery, cabbage, cress, parsley Broccoli when intercropped with lettuce was shown to be more profitable than either crop alone.
Mustard Sinapis alba Beans, cabbage, cauliflower, fruit trees, grapes, radish, brussels sprouts, turnips Various pests See Brassicas entry.
Nightshades Solanaceae Carrots, alliums, mints (basil, oregano, etc.) Beans, black walnuts, corn, fennel, dill, brassicas Nightshades are a family of plants which include tomatoes, tobacco, chili peppers (including bell peppers), potatoes, eggplant, and others
Okra Abelmoschus esculentus Sweet potato, tomatoes,[43] peppers[53] Beans,[46] lettuce,[46] squash,[46] sweet potato, peppers[53] Okra and sweet potato are mutually beneficial when planted simultaneously.
Onion Allium cepa Beets, brassicas,[12][51] cabbage,[6] broccoli,[6] carrots,[27] lettuce, cucumbers,[39] peppers,[54] passion fruit,[14] strawberries. Carrots,[27] beets, brassicas, dill, lettuce, strawberries, summer savory, chamomile,[6] pansy Lentils, peas, beans[55] See Alliums entry for more info
Parsnip Pastinaca sativa Fruit trees A variety of predatory insects The flowers of the parsnip plant left to seed will attract a variety of predatory insects to the garden, they are particularly helpful when left under fruit trees, the predators attacking codling moth and light brown apple moth.
Peas Pisum sativum Turnip,[30] cauliflower,[30] garlic,[30] Turnip,[30] cauliflower,[30] garlic,[30] mints Colorado potato beetle[27] Peas when intercropped with turnips, cauliflower, or garlic showed mutual suppression of growth however their profit per land area used was increased.[30]
Peppers Solanaceae, Capsicum Okra[53] Beans,[56] tomatoes, okra,[53] geraniums, petunias, sunflowers,[57][58] onions[54] crimson clover,[59] basil, field mustard[38] Beans, kale (cabbage, Brussels sprouts, etc.) Pepper plants like high humidity, which can be helped along by planting with some kind of dense-leaf or ground-cover companion, like marjoram and basil; pepper plants grown together, or with tomatoes, can shelter the fruit from excess sunlight, and raise the humidity level. Sunflowers, when in bloom at the right time, shelter beneficial insects, lowering thrips populations.[57]
Potato Solanum tuberosum Brassicas, beans,[47][48][49] corn, peas,[60] passion fruit[14] Horseradish,[6] beans,[8][47][48][49] dead nettle, marigolds, peas,[27][60] onion,[61] garlic,[61][62] thyme, clover[63] Mexican bean beetle[48] Atriplex, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, raspberries, squash, sunflower, tomato Horseradish increases the disease resistance of potatoes. It repels the potato bug.[6] Garlic is more effective than fungicides on late potato blight.[62] Peas were shown to reduce the density of Colorado potato beetles.[27]
Pumpkin Cucurbita pepo Corn, (in trad. Three Sisters partnership) beans Buckwheat, Jimson weed, catnip, oregano, tansy, radishes, nasturtiums spiders, ground beetles Potatoes Radishes can be used as a trap crop against flea beetles, cucurbita can be used in the Three Sisters technique. Nasturtiums repel squash bugs.
Radish Raphanus sativus Squash eggplant, cucumber, lettuce,[6] peas,[6] beans,[6] pole beans, Chervil,[6] lettuce, nasturtiums[6] flea beetles, cucumber beetles[6] Grapes Radishes can be used as a trap crop against flea beetles. Radishes grown with lettuce taste better.
Soybean Glycine max Corn,[34] sunflower[34] A mixture of corn, mungbean, and sunflower was found to rid soybeans of aphids.[34]
Spinach Spinacia oleracea Brassicas,[12] passion fruit[14] Strawberries, peas, beans The peas and beans provide natural shade for the spinach. See cauliflower notes regarding mutualism with spinach.
Squash Cucurbita spp. corn, beans,[46] okra,[46] Beans,[46] buckwheat, borage,[6] catnip, tansy, radishes, marigolds,[51] nasturtiums[48] Spiders, ground beetles Radishes can be used as a trap crop against flea beetles, cucurbita can be used in the three sisters technique. Marigolds[51] and nasturtiums repel squash bugs.[48] Marigolds repel cucumber beetles.[51]
Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas Okra Okra Okra and sweet potato are mutually beneficial when planted simultaneously.
Tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum Celery, roses, peppers, asparagus Asparagus, basil,[6][51][44][64] beans,[8] bee balm (Monarda), oregano, parsley, marigold, alliums, garlic,[65] leeks,[44] celery, geraniums, petunias, nasturtium, borage,[6] coriander,[26][66] chives, corn,[35] dill,[26] mustard,[26] fenugreek,[26] barley,[26] carrots,[26] eggplant,[43] marigold,[67] mints, okra,[43] sage, thyme,[51] "flower strips",[68] cucumbers, squash[69] Asparagus beetle Black walnut, alfalfa,[70] corn, fennel, chili peppers,[43] peas,[35] dill, potatoes, beetroot, brassicas, rosemary Black walnuts inhibit tomato growth, in fact they are negative allelopathic to all other nightshade plants (chili pepper, potato, tobacco, petunia) as well, because it produces a chemical called juglone. Dill attracts tomato hornworm.

Growing tomatoes with Basil does not appear to enhance tomato flavour but studies have shown that growing them around 10 inches apart can increase the yield of tomatoes by about 20%.[64] One study shows that growing chili peppers near tomatoes in greenhouses increases tomato whitefly on the tomatoes.[43]

Cucumbers and squash can be used as living mulch, or green mulch, around tomato plants. The large leaves of these vining plants can help with soil moisture retention.[69]

Turnips and rutabagas Brassica rapa and Brassica napobrassica Peas,[30] broccoli[17] Hairy vetch, peas[30] hedge mustard, knotweed Turnips act as a trap crop for broccoli.[17] See peas regarding their mutualism with turnips.

Fruit

Companion plantings traditionally used for fruits
Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments
Apple Malus domestica Clover, chives, garlic, leeks, nasturtium, southernwood, daffodils, comfrey Cedar because of apple-cedar rust. Walnut because its roots produce growth inhibitors that apple trees are sensitive to[71] French marigold inhibits codling moth but also its insect enemies, and fails to reduce damage to apples.[72]
Apricot Prunus armeniaca Peppers A fungus that peppers are prone to can infect apricot trees causing a lot of harm.
Blueberries Vaccinium spp. Oak trees,[73] pine trees,[73] strawberries, clover, bay laurel, dewberries, yarrow tomatoes

Pine and oak trees create the acidic soil blueberries need. Strawberries and dewberries create healthy ground cover, clover fixes nitrogen for the blueberries' high needs, yarrow and bay laurel repel unhealthy insects. Each of the herbal companions listed also like the acidic soil the blueberry plant needs.

Fruit trees Various Alliums,[74] tansy,[74] nasturtiums,[74] marigolds,[74] marjoram,[74] lemon balm,[74] mustards, dandelions, borage[74]
Grapes Vitis spp. Hyssop,[6] basil, beans, chives, geraniums, mustards, oregano, clover, peas, blackberries Cabbage,[25] garlic,[25] radishes
Melon Cucumis melo Chamomile, pigweed, summer savoury, sow thistle
Passion fruit Passiflora edulis Potatoes,[14] beets,[14] Swiss chard,[14] carrots,[14] spinach,[14] strawberries,[14] eggplants,[14] onions,[14] leeks,[14] lettuce[14] Cucurbits,[14] maize,[14] cowpea,[14] sorghum,[14] okra,[14] sweet potatoes[14]
Pears Pyrus spp. "Aromatic plants"[75]
Strawberries Fragaria × ananassa Bush beans, lettuce, onions, spinach, passion fruit[14] Caraway,[10] bush beans,[10] lupin,[10] onions, sage, thyme, borage[6][10] Slugs and snails.[24] Brassicas,[10] Verticillium-susceptible species (tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, peppers, melons, okra, mint, bush or bramble fruits, stone fruits, chrysanthemums, roses)[10] Thyme planted and/or placed next to each other help grow more strawberries quickly.

Herbs

Companion plantings traditionally used for herbs
Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments
Anise Pimpinella anisum Coriander Bees, butterflies and hummingbirds[76] Not to be confused with star anise which is an entirely different species.
Basil Ocimum basilicum Tomato,[6][51][44][64] peppers, oregano, asparagus, petunias, grapes Chamomile, anise Slugs and snails.[24] butterflies asparagus beetle, hornworms,[6] mosquitoes,[6] thrips and flies[6] Common rue, thyme Is said to make tomatoes taste better, chamomile and anise are supposed to increase the essential oils in many herbs like basil
Borage Borago officinalis Almost everything, especially beans, strawberry,[6][10] cucurbits (cucumber, squash[6]), fruit trees,[74] tomatoes[6] and cabbage Predatory insects, honeybees Many pests, tomato worm[6] Predict a square metre for its adult size. Borage is a good companion for a wide variety of plants.[10]
Caraway Carum carvi Strawberries[10] Parasitic wasps, parasitic flies Dill[6]
Catnip Nepeta cataria Eggplant[6] Flea beetles,[6] ants,[6] aphids
Chamomile Matricaria recutita Most herbs, brassicas,[12] cucumber, wheat, onion,[6] cabbage[6] Hoverflies, wasps Growing near herbs will increase their oil production.
Chervil Anthriscus cerefolium Radish,[6] lettuce, broccoli Aphids Radish Loves shade, fortunately it grows well with shade-tolerant food plants; will make radishes grown near it taste spicier
Chives Allium schoenoprasum Apples, carrots,[6] grapes, roses,[6] tomatoes, brassica (broccoli, cabbage, mustard, etc.), many others Carrots Cabbage worms, carrot fly, aphids,[6] mites,[6] nematodes[6] Beans, peas Same companion traits as all alliums (onions, garlic, shallots, leeks, etc.)said to prevent apple scab after 3 years planting at base of apple trees
Cilantro / Coriander Coriandrum sativum Anise cabbage,[23] spinach, lettuce,[52] tomato[26][66] Beans, peas Tachinid fly, hoverflies[23][52] Aphids,[6] spider mites, white flies and potato beetle Attracts hoverflies which may in turn reduce pest populations in cabbages.[23]
Dill Anethum graveolens Brassicas, cabbage,[6][22] corn,[6] fennel,[77] lettuce,[6] onions, cucumbers[6] Fennel[77] Tiger swallowtail butterflies/caterpillars, hoverflies, wasps, ladybugs, tomato hornworm, honeybees, ichneumonid wasps Aphids,[6] spider mites,[6] squash bugs, cabbage looper Carrots One of the few plants said to grow with fennel: See fennel for info about intercropping.
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Dill[77] Dill[77] Ladybugs, syrphid fly,[52] tachinid fly Aphids[52] Fennel is allelopathic to most garden plants, inhibiting growth, causing to bolt, or actually killing many plants.[78] When growing together a higher ratio of fennel to dill provides the highest profit. Dill has a stabilizing effect on the fennel seed.[77] Because it attracts syrphidae it reduces aphids through predation.[52]
Flax Linum usitatissimum Carrots and potatoes Colorado potato beetle Flax contains tannin and linseed oils which may offend the Colorado potato bug[79]
Garlic Allium sativum Vetch, brassicas, beets, roses, tomatoes,[65] cucumbers,[39][40] lettuce, celery, peas,[30] potatoes[61][62] Tarragon, peas[30] Aphids,[6] Japanese beetles,[6] mites,[6] cabbage looper, ants, cabbage maggot, fruit borers, red spider mites, slugs[80] Grapes[25] See Alliums entry for more info. Peas and garlic when planted closely together suppress each other's growth; however the profit over land area used is higher.[30] Tarragon makes garlic grow rapidly.
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis Brassicas, cabbage, grapes[6] Honeybees, butterflies, bees Cabbage moth larvae, cabbage butterflies Radishes[6] Stimulates growth of grapes.
Lavender Lavandula angustifolia, L. dentata, L. stoechas Chamomile, lettuce, brassicas, onions, tomatoes, oregano, thyme, marjoram, sage, rosemary, basil, lemon balm, squash butterflies, hummingbirds, bees
Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus Eggplant[81] Cutworms Reduces cutworms in eggplant in laboratory trials
Lovage Levisticum officinale Beans Ichneumonid wasps, ground beetles (good) Rhubarb Is thought to improve the health of almost all plants, like borage and geraniums, is considered a "magic bullet" of companion planting
Oregano Origanum vulgare Grapes, tomatoes, peppers, pumpkin, many other plants Basil Hoverflies/Syrphidae[52] Aphids[52] Provides ground cover and much-needed humidity for pepper plants if allowed to spread among them. Because it attracts syrphidae, it reduces aphids through predation.[52]
Parsley Petroselinum crispum Asparagus,[8] corn/maize, tomatoes Apple, asparagus,[8] rose Swallowtail butterflies, wasps, flies Alliums, lettuce Sacrificially attracts insects that feed on tomatoes
Peppermint Mentha piperita Alliums,[82] brassicas,[82] cabbage,[6] peas, tomatoes Cabbage root fly,[82] ants, cabbage looper, aphids, onion fly[82] Repels cabbage flies, has same general companion properties as other mints
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Cabbage,[6] beans,[6][11] brassicas, carrots, thyme Bean beetle Deters cabbage flies, repels many bean parasites
Sage Salvia officinalis Brassicas, rosemary, cabbage,[6] beans, Brussels sprouts,[18] carrots, strawberry, tomato, marjoram Honeybees, cabbage butterfly Cabbage flies, carrot fly, black flea beetle, cabbage looper, cabbage maggot, repels many bean parasites Avoid any member of the allium family and common rue
Southernwood Artemisia abrotanum Brassicas, fruit trees Controls cabbage moths and malaria mosquitoes.
Spearmint Mentha spicata Alliums,[82] brassicas,[82] cabbage,[6] peas, tomatoes Ants, aphids, onion fly,[82] cabbage root fly[82] Controls ants and aphids.
Stinging nettle Urtica dioica Chamomille, mint, broccoli, tomatoes, valerian, angelica archangelica, marjoram, sage & peppermint Aphids
Summer savoury Satureja hortensis Beans, melon, onions Also delays germination of certain foul herbs
Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus Most vegetables, but especially eggplant Its scent is disliked by most pests, and this plant is also thought to have Nurse Plant properties, enhancing the growth and flavor of crops grown with it.
Thyme Thymus vulgaris Brassicas,[51] cabbage,[6] eggplant/aubergine, potato, strawberry, tomato,[51] Brussels sprouts[18] Hoverflies/Syrphidae[52] Cabbage worm,[6][51] cabbage weevil,[51] cabbage looper,[51] aphids,[52] Because it attracts Syrphidae, it reduces aphids through predation.[52]
Wormwood Artemisia absinthium Brassicas, carrots Ants Wormwood should be used with caution around most vegetables since it contains toxins.
Yarrow Achillea millefolium Many plants, "Most aromatic plants." Predatory wasps, ladybugs, hoverflies,[52] damselbugs Aphids[52] May increase the essential oil production of some herbs. Also improves soil quality, use the leaves to enrich compost, or as mulch. Because it attracts syrphidae it reduces aphids through predation.[52]

Flowers

Companion plantings traditionally used for flowers
Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments
Alyssum Lobularia maritima Lettuce[52] Syrphidae[52] and most beneficial insects Aphids[52] Because they attract syrphidae they help reduce aphids through predation.[52]
Baby's breath Gypsophila paniculata Syrphidae[52] Aphids[52] Because they attract Syrphidae, they help reduce aphids through predation.[52]
Bee balm Monarda spp. Tomato Bees
Californian poppy Eschscholzia californica Syrphidae[52] Aphids[52] Because they attract Syrphidae, they help reduce aphids through predation.[52]
Dianthus Dianthus caryophyllus Roses, lavender, echinacea, aster, foxglove Slugs
Geraniums Pelargonium spp. Roses, corn, peppers, grapes Leafhoppers, Japanese beetles Tomatoes, tobacco, eggplants and other nightshades A trap crop, attracting pests away from roses and grape vines, distracts beet leafhoppers, carrier of the curly top virus, keep away from solanaceous plants like eggplant, and tobacco
Larkspur Delphinium spp. Beans, cabbage
Lupin Lupinus Cucurbits, brassica, lettuce, rosemary, dill, strawberry,[10] rose Summer savory, rose Honeybees Tomatoes and other solanaceae This wildflower is a legume, hosting bacteria that fixes nitrogen in the soil, fertilizing it for neighboring plants. Same with marigold, planting nearby roses causes them to grow vigorously.
Marigold Tagetes patula, T. erecta, T. minuta Most plants, especially tomatoes and peppers, cucurbits (cucumbers, gourds, squash, potatoes, roses, alliums,[82] brassicas,[82][83] zucchini[51] Rose Snails and slugs.[24] Root-knot nematodes,[84][85] beet leaf hoppers, cucumber beetle,[51] squash bug,[51] onion fly,[82] cabbage root fly[82] Marigolds are a wonder-drug of the companion plant world, invoking the saying "plant them everywhere in your garden". French marigolds (T. patula) produce a pesticidal chemical from their roots, so strong it lasts years after they are gone. Mexican marigolds (T. erecta) do the same, but are so strong they will inhibit the growth of some more tender herbs. Stinking Roger (T. minuta) has also been found effective against certain perennial weeds.[86] Same with lupin, planting nearby roses causes them to grow vigorously.
Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus Beans, squash,[48] tomatoes, fruit trees, brassicas,[51] radish[6] cucumbers Predatory insects Aphids, asparagus beetle, cabbage looper,[51] cabbage worm,[51] carrot fly, cabbage weevil,[51] Colorado potato beetle squash bug,[51] Japanese beetle, Mexican bean beetle, striped pumpkin beetles, whitefly, cucumber beetles flea beetle Cauliflower Trap crops for aphids, is among the best at attracting predatory insects, deters many pests of cucurbits
Pansy Viola x wittrockiana Alliums, onions, roses Roses Bees, butterflies, ants Ants (with aphids), snails, slugs, white butterfly A good and nice-smelling flower that really attracts ants. It is like the viola plant, but has two or three colors in flowers. Helps alliums and onions, which repels the white butterfly.
Petunia Petunia x hybrida Cucurbits (squash, pumpkins, cucumbers), asparagus Leafhoppers, Japanese beetles, aphids, asparagus beetle Is a trap crop almost identical to geraniums in function
Phacelia Phacelia tanacetifolia Plants which are prone to aphids, especially lettuce, tomato, rose hoverfly This plant attracts hoverflies and is good around plants which are prone to aphids.[87]
Rose Rosa spp. Chives,[6] garlic, marigolds
Sunflower Helianthus annuus Peppers,[57][58] corn, cucumber, soybeans,[34] tomatoes, swan plant Swan plant Aphids Pole beans Was grown as a companion for corn (maize) before modern Europeans arrived in the Americas, supposedly increases their production, ants herd aphids onto sunflowers, keeping them off neighboring plants. Works as a trap plant for thrips keeping them off of bell peppers.[58] Planting near swan plants help sunflowers grow rapidly.
Swan plant Gomphocarpus physocarpus, Asclepias physocarpa, milkweed Sunflower Sunflower, basil Monarch butterfly Aphids Plants that attracts aphids and spider mites Attracts the monarch butterfly during spring and summer. Basil repels pests that attracts by the swan plant like aphids.
Sweet pea Lathyrus odoratus Sweet alyssum, lobelia, roses, lavender, catmint[88] Brassica, spinach, silverbeet and salads Bees, butterflies Aphids An annual climbing plant, which is like the edible pea. Makes a good decoration in your garden or fence.
Tansy Tanacetum vulgare Beans, cucurbits (cucumbers, squash, etc.), raspberries and relatives, roses, corn, fruit trees[74] Ladybugs, honeybees flying insects (Ichneumonid wasps), ants, Japanese beetles, cabbage butterfly, cabbage maggot, asparagus beetle, carrot fly, striped cucumber beetles, Colorado potato beetle, cutworm, flea beetle, flies, imported cabbageworm, squash bugs Toxic to people and many animals; do not plant it where livestock browse. Is reputed to repel herbivorous insects.
Zinnia Zinnia Beans, tomatoes, peppers Whiteflies Attracts hummingbirds that eat whiteflies, attracts pollinators

Other

Other traditional companion plantings
Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments
Alfalfa Medicago sativa Cotton Assassin bug, big-eyed bug, ladybug, parasitic wasps Lygus bugs Tomatoes,[70] fava beans Used by farmers to reduce cotton pests, a good crop to improve soil; fixes nitrogen. Alfalfa has some allelopathic effects to tomato seedlings.[70]
Peanut Arachis hypogaea Beans, corn, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, marigold, melon and sunflower Peanuts encourage growth of corn and squash[79]
Walnut tree Juglans spp. Many types of grass including Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). European alder (sacrifice plant), hairy vetch,[89] crownvetch,[89] sericea lespedeza[89] Apple trees,[71] grasses[89] Black walnut is harmful to the growth of all nightshade plants, including Datura or Jimson weed, eggplant, mandrake, deadly nightshade or belladonna, capsicum (paprika, chile pepper), potato, tomato, and petunia.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Reddy, P. Parvatha (2017). "Companion Planting". Agro-ecological Approaches to Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer. pp. 149–164. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4325-3_10. ISBN 978-981-10-4324-6. 
  2. ↑ McClure, Susan (1995). "Companion Planting Made Easy". pp. 4–6. https://www.hpfb.org/uploads/companionplanting.pdf.  excerpted from McClure, Susan (1994). Companion Planting. Rodale Press. ISBN 978-0-87596-616-8. https://archive.org/details/companionplantin0000mccl. 
  3. ↑ Parker, Joyce E.; Snyder, William E.; Hamilton, George C.; Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar (2013). "Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control". Weed and Pest Control - Conventional and New Challenges. InTech. pp. 1–26. doi:10.5772/55044. 
  4. ↑ Wagner, S. C. (2011). "Biological Nitrogen Fixation". Nature Education Knowledge 3 (10): 15. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419. Retrieved 2019-05-01. 
  5. ↑ Balmer, Oliver; Pfiffner, Lukas; Schied, Johannes; Willareth, Martin; Leimgruber, Andrea; Luka, Henryk; Traugott, Michael (2 July 2013). "Noncrop flowering plants restore top‐down herbivore control in agricultural fields". Ecology and Evolution (Wiley) 3 (8): 2634–2646. doi:10.1002/ece3.658. ISSN 2045-7758. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57 6.58 6.59 6.60 6.61 6.62 6.63 6.64 6.65 6.66 6.67 6.68 6.69 6.70 6.71 6.72 6.73 6.74 6.75 6.76 6.77 6.78 6.79 6.80 6.81 6.82 6.83 6.84 6.85 6.86 6.87 6.88 6.89 6.90 6.91 6.92 6.93 "Companion Plants". Alabama Cooperative Extension System. http://www.aces.edu/counties/Limestone/MastGard/companions.htm. 
  7. ↑ Batish, Daizy R.; Singh, H. P.; Kaur, Shalinder (2001). "Crop Allelopathy and Its Role in Ecological Agriculture". Journal of Crop Production 4 (2): 121–161. doi:10.1300/j144v04n02_03. ISSN 1092-678X. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 "Companion planting: Myth or reality?". Utah Pests News. Spring 2010. http://utahpests.usu.edu/htm/utah-pests-news/spring2010/companion-planting. Retrieved 2014-03-20. 
  9. ↑ Jones, Steve (2019-04-09). "Nasturtium Companion Plants". https://growing-guides.co.uk/nasturtium-companion-plants/. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 "Companion Planting Strawberries". 19 April 2018. http://strawberryplants.org/2011/03/companion-planting-strawberries/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 Cornell University Cooperative Extension (2013). "Production guide for organic snap beans for processing". NYS IPM Publication 132. http://nysipm.cornell.edu/organic_guide/bean.pdf. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 "Companion planting chart for home & market gardening". UCCE Master Gardeners Fresno County. February 23, 2013. http://ucanr.edu/sites/mgfresno/files/162573.pdf. 
  13. ↑ Maier, Casandra. "The Best Time to Plant Fava Beans". http://homeguides.sfgate.com/time-plant-fava-beans-56345.html. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 "Passion fruit". https://infonet-biovision.org/crops-fruits-vegetables/passion-fruit. 
  15. ↑ Grant, Bonnie L. (14 September 2021). "Companions For Catnip: Learn About Plants To Grow With Catnip". https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/catnip/plants-to-grow-with-catnip.htm. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Hooks, Cerruti R.R.; Johnson, Marshall W. (2002). "Lepidopteran pest populations and crop yields in row intercropped broccoli". Agricultural and Forest Entomology 4 (2): 117–125. doi:10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00129.x. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Rousse, P.; Fournet, S.; Porteneuve, C.; Brunel, E. (2003). "Trap cropping to control Delia radicum populations in cruciferous crops: first results and future applications". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 109 (2): 133–138. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00098.x. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Dover, John W. (1986). "The effect of labiate herbs and white clover on Plutella xylostella oviposition". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 42 (3): 243–247. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1986.tb01029.x. 
  19. ↑ Undersowing cruciferous vegetables with clover: the effect of sowing time on flea beetles and diamondback moth
  20. ↑ Björkman, Maria; Hambäck, Peter A.; Hopkins, Richard J.; Rämert, Birgitta (2010). "Evaluating the enemies hypothesis in a clover-cabbage intercrop: effects of generalist and specialist natural enemies on the turnip root fly (Delia floralis)". Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12 (2): 123–132. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2009.00452.x. 
  21. ↑ Effect of intercropping white cabbage with French Marigold (Tagetes patula nana L.) and Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) on the colonization of plants by pest insects
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Kenny, G.J.; Chapman, R.B. (1988). "Effects of an intercrop on the insect pests, yield, and quality of cabbage". New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 16: 67–72. doi:10.1080/03015521.1988.10425616. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Morris, Michael C.; Li, Frank Y. (2000). "Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) "companion plants" can attract hoverflies, and may reduce pest infestation in cabbages". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 28 (3): 213–217. doi:10.1080/01140671.2000.9514141. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 Template:Cite tech report
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  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 Ram, Suresh; Singh, Sunder (2010). "Effect of intercropping of spices, cereal and root crops on the incidence of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) in tomato". Vegetable Science 37 (2): 164–166. http://vegsci.isvs.org.in/index.php/vegsci/article/download/797/pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2014. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.8 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named carrots-onions
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  29. ↑ Webber, Forrest (2021-02-27). "Spinach Companion Planting: 10 Plants to Grow with Spinach". https://yardsurfer.com/spinach-companion-plants/. 
  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 Qasim, Syed Ali; Anjum, Muhammad Akbar; Hussain, Sajjad; Ahmad, Shakeel (2013). "Effect of pea intercropping on biological efficiencies and economics of some non-legume winter vegetables". Pakistani Journal of Agricultural Science 50 (3): 399–406. http://pakjas.com.pk/papers%5C2170.pdf. 
  31. ↑ Webber, Forrest (15 February 2021). "Sunflower Companion Planting: 11 Plants to Grow with Sunflower". https://yardsurfer.com/sunflower-companion-plants/. 
  32. ↑ Webber, Forrest (2021-02-27). "Spinach Companion Planting: 10 Plants to Grow with Spinach". https://yardsurfer.com/spinach-companion-plants/. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Zhao, Qing; Zhu, Junwei J.; Qin, Yuchuan; Pan, Pengliang; Tu, Hongtao; Du, Wenxiao; Zhou, Wangfang; Baxendale, Frederick P. (2014). "Reducing whiteflies on cucumber using intercropping with less preferred vegetables". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 150: 19–27. doi:10.1111/eea.12135. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Abdallah, Youssef E. Y. (2012). "Effect of plant traps and sowing dates on population density of major soybean pests". The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology 65: 37–46. doi:10.1016/j.jobaz.2012.06.001. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Template:Cite tech report
  36. ↑ Yeganehpoor, F.; Salmasi, S. Z.; Abedi, G.; Samadiyan, F.; Beyginiya, V. (2014). "The effect of cover crops on weeds biomass and corn yield". Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 14 (2): 178. doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2014.02.001. 
  37. ↑ Awe, G.O.; Abegunrin, T.P. (July 2009). "Effects of low input tillage and amaranth intercropping system on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays)". African Journal of Agricultural Research 4 (7): 578–583. https://www.academia.edu/5004682. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Young-Matthews, A. (June 2012). "Plant guide for field mustard (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa". USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvalis, Oregon. http://www.plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_brrar.pdf. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Morsy, S. M.; Drgham, Elham A.; Mohamed, Gehad M. (2009). "Effect of garlic and onion extracts or their intercropping on suppressing damping-off and powdery mildew diseases and growth characteristics of cucumber". Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 37 (1): 35–46. http://www.ejp.eg.net/vol37.no1/4.pdf. Retrieved 18 March 2014. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Xiao, Xuemei; Cheng, Zhihui; Meng, Huanwen; Liu, Lihong; Li, Hezi; Dong, Yinxin (2013). "Intercropping of green garlic (Allium sativum L.) induces nutrient concentration changes in the soil and plants in continuously cropped cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in a plastic tunnel". PLOS ONE 8 (4): 1–7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062173. PMID 23637994. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...862173X. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Pitan, O. O.; Esan, E. O. (2013). "Intercropping cucumber with amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) to suppress populations of major insect pests of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)". Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 47 (9): 1112–1119. doi:10.1080/03235408.2013.830809. 
  42. ↑ Damicone, J. P.; Edelson, J. V. (May 2007). "Effects of border crops and intercrops on control of cucurbit virus diseases". Plant Disease 91 (5): 509–516. doi:10.1094/pdis-91-5-0509. PMID 30780694. http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/19120/PDF. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 Mansour, S. A. A.; Roff, Mohammed M. N.; Saad, Khalid A.; Abuzid, Ismail; Idris, A. B. (2012). "Responses of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Population on Tomato Lycopersicon esculentnm Mixed with Other Crops under Glasshouse Conditions". APCBEE Procedia 4: 48–52. doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.11.009. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Hage-Ahmed, Karin; Krammer, Johannes; Steinkellner, Siegrid (2013). "The intercropping partner affects arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici interactions in tomato". Mycorrhiza 23 (7): 543–550. doi:10.1007/s00572-013-0495-x. PMID 23549903. 
  45. ↑ Theunissen, J.; Schelling, G. (1997). Damage threshold for Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in monocropped and intercropped leek. http://www.eje.cz/pdfs/eje/1997/02/12.pdf. 
  46. ↑ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 Hadidi, Nazar; Sharaiha, Ramzi; Al-Debei, Hmoud (2011). "Effect of intercropping on the performance of some summer vegetable crops grown under different row arrangements". Lucrări ştiinţifice 54 (2): 11–17. http://www.revagrois.ro/PDF/2011-2/paper/pagini_11-17_Hadidi.pdf. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Raey, Yaegoob; Ghassemi-Golezani, Kazem (2009). "Yield-density relationship for potato (Solarium tuberosum) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in intercropping". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 37 (2): 141–147. doi:10.1080/01140670909510259. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 48.8 48.9 Zehnder, G.W.; Ray, Charles (1997). "Garden bugs: Insect pest management in the home vegetable garden (ANR-1045)". Alabama Cooperative Extension System. https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ANR-1045_GardenBugs_071023L-G.pdf. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Sharaiha, R.K.; Hadidi, N.A.. "Microenvironmental effects on potato and bean yields grown under intercropping system". Lucrări ştiinţifice 51: 209–219. http://www.revagrois.ro/PDF/2008_1_209.pdf. 
  50. ↑ Wnuk, Andrzej; Wojciechowicz-Żytko, Elżbieta. "Effect of intercropping of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) with tansy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) on the occurrence of Aphis fabae Scop. and predatory Syrphidae". Aphids and Other Hemipterous Insects 13: 211–217. http://kul.eu/files/323/24wnukwojciechowicz.pdf. 
  51. ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 51.10 51.11 51.12 51.13 51.14 51.15 51.16 51.17 51.18 51.19 51.20 51.21 51.22 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iastate
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  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Lawal, A. B.; Rahman, S. A. (2007). "Effect of irrigation, fertiliser and manure on yield and economic return of okra/pepper intercrops". Tropical Science 47 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1002/ts.194. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named field production of peppers
  55. ↑ "The Best Onion Companion Plants". 2022-02-01. https://growfully.com/onion-companion-plants/. 
  56. ↑ De Costa, W. A. J. M.; Perera, M. K. K. W. (1998). "Effects of Bean Population and Row Arrangement on the Productivity of Chilli/Dwarf Bean (Capsicum annuum/Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Intercropping in Sri Lanka". Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 180 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.1998.tb00369.x. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Bottenberg, Harry; Frantz, Galen; Mellinger, H. Charles (1999). "Refuge and cover crop plantings for beneficial insect habitats". Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 112: 339–341. http://fshs8813.wpengine.com/proceedings-o/1999-vol-112/339-341%20%28BOTTENBERG%29.pdf. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Legaspi, Jesusa Chrisostomo; Baer, Ignacio (2008). "Intercropping sunflower varieties with bell pepper: Effect on populations of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and thrips". Subtropical Plant Science 60: 13–20. http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/person/26446/2008_intercrop_sunflower_jcl.pdf. 
  59. ↑ Frantz, G.; Mellinger, H. C. (1997). "Aspects of biologically based pest management in commercial pepper production". Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 110: 295–297. http://fshs.org/proceedings-o/1997-vol-110/295-297%20%28FRANTZ%29.pdf. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Singh, S. P.; Kushwah, V. S. (2012). "Effect of planting method on production potential of potato + pea intercropping system". Potato Journal 39 (1): 95–97. http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/PotatoJ/article/view/32282/14433. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Allium-potato
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Kassa, Bekele; Sommartya, Tharmmasak (2006). "Effect of Intercropping on Potato Late Blight, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary Development and Potato Tuber Yield in Ethiopia". Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science 40: 914–924. http://kasetsartjournal.ku.ac.th/kuj_files/2008/A080402155038.pdf. 
  63. ↑ Bouws, H.; Finckh, M. R. (2008). "Effects of strip intercropping of potatoes with non-hosts on late blight severity and tuber yield in organic production". Plant Pathology 57 (5): 916–927. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01860.x. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Bomford, Michael (May 2004). Yield, pest density, and tomato flavour effects of companion planting in garden-scale studies incorporating tomato, basil, and Brussels sprout (Thesis). Organic eprints. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
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  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Togni, Pedro H. B.; Laumann, Raúl A.; Medeiros, Maria A.; Sujii, Edison R. (2010). "Odour masking of tomato volatiles by coriander volatiles in host plant selection of Bemisia tabaci biotype B". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 136 (2): 164–173. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.01010.x. http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/871013. 
  67. ↑ Conboy, Niall J. A.; McDaniel, Thomas; Ormerod, Adam; George, David; Gatehouse, Angharad M. R.; Wharton, Ellie; Donohoe, Paul; Curtis, Rhiannon et al. (1 March 2019). "Companion planting with French marigolds protects tomato plants from glasshouse whiteflies through the emission of airborne limonene". PLOS ONE 14 (3): e0213071. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213071. ISSN 1932-6203. 
  68. ↑ Balzan, Mario V.; Moonen, Anna-Camilla (2014). "Field margin vegetation enhances biological control and crop damage suppression from multiple pests in organic tomato fields". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 150: 45–65. doi:10.1111/eea.12142. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "12 Evidence-Based Companion Plants for Tomatoes". 2021-12-17. https://growfully.com/companion-plants-for-tomatoes/. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 El-Darier, Salama M.; Zein El-Dien, Marwa H. (2011). "Biological activity of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) residues on germination efficiency, growth and nutrient uptake of Lycopersicon esculentum L. (tomato) seedlings". Journal of Taibah University for Science 5 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60033-8. Bibcode: 2011JTUS....5....7E. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Fruit Tree Companion Planting". http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/fruit_tree_companion_planting.html. 
  72. ↑ Laffon, Ludivine; Bischoff, Armin; Gautier, Hélène; Gilles, Florent; Gomez, Laurent; Lescourret, Françoise; Franck, Pierre (6 October 2022). "Conservation Biological Control of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella): Effects of Two Aromatic Plants, Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and French Marigolds (Tagetes patula)". Insects (MDPI AG) 13 (10): 908. doi:10.3390/insects13100908. ISSN 2075-4450. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Plant Companions: Friend or Foe?". http://www.almanac.com/content/plant-companions-friend-or-foe. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 74.6 74.7 74.8 Ellis, Karen (21 September 2017). "What to Plant Around Fruit Trees". http://www.gardenguides.com/83423-plant-around-fruit-trees.html. 
  75. ↑ Beizhou, Song; Jie, Zhang; Jinghui, Hu; Hongying, Wu; Yun, Kong; Yuncong, Yao (2011). "Temporal dynamics of the arthropod community in pear orchards intercropped with aromatic plants". Pest Management Science 67 (9): 1107–1114. doi:10.1002/ps.2156. PMID 21480464. 
  76. ↑ "How to grow, care and harvest Anise hyssop" (in en-US). 2021-01-12. https://shinyplant.com/anise-hyssop/. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 Carrubba, Alessandra; Torre, Raffaele la; Saiano, Filippo; Aiello, Pietro (2008). "Sustainable production of fennel and dill by intercropping". Agronomy for Sustainable Development 28 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1051/agro:2007040. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/88/63/95/PDF/hal-00886395.pdf. 
  78. ↑ "Our Herb Garden Fennel Companions". March 2013. http://www.ourherbgarden.com/fennel-companions.html. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 "Companion Planting". http://www.ghorganics.com/page2.html. 
  80. ↑ Krug, Kristine (2003-09-12). "Slugs take fright at garlic". BBC News (Salford). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3104302.stm. 
  81. ↑ Calumpang, Susan May F. (2013). "Behavioral response of Spodoptera litura (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to selected herbs and eggplant". Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences 19 (2): 95–103. http://www.issaas.org/journal/v19/02/journal-issaas-v19n2-10-calumpang.pdf. 
  82. ↑ 82.00 82.01 82.02 82.03 82.04 82.05 82.06 82.07 82.08 82.09 82.10 82.11 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named finch-field-crops
  83. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named flea beetle
  84. ↑ Template:Cite tech report
  85. ↑ "Root-knot Nematodes: Biocontrol with Marigolds". http://www.ncagr.gov/agronomi/pdffiles/nnote1.pdf. 
  86. ↑ "Tagetes minuta Muster-John-Henry PFAF Plant Database". http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+minuta. 
  87. ↑ "Lovely Companion Plant for Your Vegetable Garden: Phacelia". 2011-11-04. http://www.thelovelyplants.com/lovely-companion-plant-for-your-vegetable-garden-phacelia/. 
  88. ↑ "How to grow sweet pea flowers [Easily"]. 2 January 2021. https://shinyplant.com/sweet-peas/. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 "Site-improving intercrops for Black Walnut". Walnut Council Bulletin. http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/1988/nc_1988_vansambeek_001.pdf?. Retrieved 13 April 2014. 

Further reading

  • Cunningham, Sally Jean. Great Garden Companions: A companion planting system for a beautiful, chemical-free vegetable garden. 1998. ISBN:0-87596-847-3
  • Hylton, W. The Rodale Herb Book, Eighth Printing. Rodale Press. 1974. ISBN:0-87857-076-4

External links



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