Biology:Lactate racemase
| Lactate racemase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC number | 5.1.2.1 | ||||||||
| CAS number | 2602118 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
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The lactate racemase enzyme (Lar) (EC 5.1.2.1) interconverts the D- and L-enantiomers of lactic acid. It is classified under the isomerase, racemase, epimerase, and enzyme acting on hydroxyl acids and derivatives classes of enzymes.[1] It is found in certain halophilic archaea, such as Haloarcula marismortui, and in a few species of bacteria, such as several Lactobacillus species (which produce D- and L-lactate) including Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus curvatus, and Lactobacillus plantarum, as well as in non-lactic acid bacteria such as Clostridium beijerinckii. [2] The gene encoding lactate racemase in L. plantarum was identified as larA and shown to be associated with a widespread maturation system involving larB, larC1, larC2, and larE.[3] The optimal pH for its activity is 5.8-6.2 in L. sakei.[4]
Structure and properties
The molecular weight of lactate racemase differs in the various organisms in which it has been found, ranging from 25,000 to 82,400 g/mol.[5] The structure of the enzyme from L. plantarum was solved by Jian Hu and Robert P. Hausinger of Michigan State University and co-workers there and elsewhere.[6] The protein contains a previously unknown covalently-linked nickel-pincer nucleotide (NPN) cofactor (pyridinium 3-thioamide-5-thiocarboxylic acid mononucleotide), where the nickel atom is bound to C4 of the pyridinium ring and two sulfur atoms. This cofactor participates in a proton-coupled hydride-transfer mechanism.[7]
There have been a number of recent studies on NPN cofactor synthesis by the LarB, LarE, and LarC proteins. LarB is a carboxylase/hydrolase of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), providing pyridinium-3,5-dicarboxylic acid mononucleotide and adenosine monophosphate (AMP).[8] LarE is an ATP-dependent sulfur transferase that converts the two substrate carboxyl groups into thioacids by sacrificing the sulfur atoms of a cysteine residue in the protein.[9] Finally, LarC inserts nickel into the organic ligand by a CTP-dependent process to complete synthesis of the NPN cofactor.[10]
Enzyme activity
In many of the species containing lactate racemase, the physiological role of the enzyme is to convert substrate D-lactate into L-lactate. In other species, such as L. plantarum, the cellular role is to transform L-lactate into D-lactate for incorporation into the cell wall.[2]
The in vitro reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reaches equilibrium at the point where approximately equimolar concentrations of the D- and L-isomers exist.[4]
L. plantarum initially produces L-lactate, which induces the activity of lactate racemase. By contrast, D-lactate represses lactate racemase activity in this species. Therefore, Lar activity appears to be regulated by the ratio of L-lactate/D-lactate. L. plantarum LarA represents a new type of nickel-dependent enzyme, due to its novel nickel-pincer ligand ligand cofactor.[6]
Importance
Two pathways appear to exist in L. plantarum for transforming pyruvate into D-lactate. One of them involves the NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase that directly produces D-lactate (LdhD), and the other is through the sequential activities of an L-specific lactate dehydrogenase followed by lactate racemase. If the LdhD enzyme is inactivated or inhibited, lactate racemase provides the bacterium with a rescue pathway for the production of D-lactate.[2] This pathway is significant because the production of D-lactate in L. plantarum is linked to the biosynthesis of the cell wall. Mutants lacking LdhD activity that also had the lar operon deleted only produced L-lactate, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis was not able to occur.
References
- ↑ "DBGET Result: ENZYME 5.1.2.1". http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?ec:5.1.2.1. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Goffin P; Deghorain M; Mainardi J-L et al. (2005). "Lactate racemization as a rescue pathway for supplying D-lactate to the cell wall biosynthesis machinery in Lactobacillus plantarum". J. Bacteriol. 187 (19): 6750–61. doi:10.1128/JB.187.19.6750-6761.2005. PMID 16166538.
- ↑ "Lactate racemase is a nickel-dependent enzyme activated by a widespread maturation system". Nat. Commun. 5: 3615. 2014. doi:10.1038/ncomms4615. PMID 24710389.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Purification and Properties of Lactate Racemase from Lactobacillus sake". J. Biochem. 64 (1): 99–107. 1968. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128870. PMID 5707819.
- ↑ "BRENDA: Entry of Lactate racemase(EC-Number 5.1.2.1 )". http://www.brenda.uni-koeln.de/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=5.1.2.1. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "A tethered niacin-derived pincer complex with a nickel-carbon bond in lactate racemase". Science 349 (6243): 66–69. 2015. doi:10.1126/science.aab2272. PMID 26138974.
- ↑ "Lactate Racemase Nickel-Pincer Cofactor Operates by a Proton-Coupled Hydride Transfer Mechanism". Biochemistry 57 (23): 3244–3251. 2018. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00100. PMID 29489337.
- ↑ "Nickel-pincer cofactor biosynthesis involves LarB-catalyzed pyridinium carboxylation and LarE-dependent sacrificial sulfur insertion". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 (20): 5598–5603. 2016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1600486113. PMID 27114550.
- ↑ "Analysis of the Active Site Cysteine Residue of the Sacrificial Sulfur Insertase LarE from Lactobacillus plantarum". Biochemistry 57 (38): 5513–5523. 2018. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00601. PMID 30157639.
- ↑ "Biosynthesis of the nickel-pincer nucleotide cofactor of lactate racemase requires a CTP-dependent cyclometallase". J. Biol. Chem. 293 (32): 12303–12317. 2018. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA118.003741. PMID 29887527.
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