History:Odia calendar
The Odia calendar (Odia: ପାଞ୍ଜି Pāñji) is a solar calendar used by the Odia people from the Odisha region of the Indian subcontinent. The calendar follows the sidereal solar cycle while using the lunar Purnimanta phase for the religious dates.[1] The New Year in the Odia calendar is known as Maha Bishuba Sankranti or Pana Sankranti. It occurs on the first day of the traditional solar month of Meṣa (Georgian: Aries), hence equivalent lunar month Baisakha (odia: ବୈଶାଖ). The Odia calendar follows the Utkaliya era, which began on Bhādra śukla dvādaśī from 592 CE.[2]
New Year and Era
As per the sidereal solar cycle followed by the Odia Panjika, the first day of the year or New Year falls on Mesa Sankranti (Sun-crossing into Sidereal Aries) in Mid-April. The Odia New Year festival is known as Pana Sankranti (Odia: ପଣା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି) or Maha Bishuba Sankranti (Odia: ମହା ବିଷୁବ ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି).[3]
The Utkaliya era (Odia: ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ Utkaḷiya) for the Odia calendar began on 592 CE on Bhādra sukḷa dvādasi (the 12th day of the full moon fortnight of the Bhādra month). Bhādra sukla dvādasi is considered to be the birthday of the legendary king Indradyumna who set up the up the icon of Lord Jagannath (Neela Madhava) at Puri.[4][5] The epoch seems to correspond to the reign of the legendary early Somavamshis (Kesaris) as per the chronicle Madala Panji, thus implying the era was instituted by King Yayati I of the Somavamshi dynasty.[6]
Thus the Era calendar new year falls on the 12th day of the full moon fortnight or the waxing moon lunar phase of the Bhādra month in September. This day is termed as the Odia financial New Year and is known as the festival of Sunia (Odia: ସୁନିଆଁ suniā̃) which denotes the start of the beginning of the new financial calendar year for the collection of revenue, publishing of almanacs and the palm-leaf horoscopes carrying the reigning year of the Gajapati King. Post-1947, it has been reduced as a ceremonial day and is mostly used in the Panji calendars to denote the change of Odia calendar year for records and horoscopes.[7][8][9]
| New Year | Odia month | Gregorian | Cycle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odia New Year (Pana Sankranti/Maha Bishuba Sankranti) |
୧ ବୈଶାଖ (ମେଷ) 1 Baiśākha (Meṣa) |
14 April 13 April (Gregorian leap year) |
Solar |
| Odia financial New Year (Sunia) |
ଭାଦ୍ର ଶୁକ୍ଳ ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ Bhādra Śukḷa Dwādaśī 12th day of Waxing Moon (Full moon) phase |
varies, September | Lunar |
| Odia year | Shaka year | Vikrami year | Gregorian year |
|---|---|---|---|
| ୧୪୩୦ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ/ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ ସନ 1430 Utkaḷābda/Utkaḷiya San |
1944 Śakābda | 2079 Vikram Samvat | 2022 CE |
Anka year
The Anka year (Odia: ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the Eastern Ganga kings for dating their reigns. It had a number of features that mark the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia panjis to mark the titular regnal year of the King of Puri, Gajapati Maharaja Dibyasingha Deb of the Puri Estate, whose title carries the legacy of historical ruling monarchs of Odisha.[10][11]
Features:
- The Anka system always starts on the Odia financial new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August–September) known as Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.
- Coins were minted on the date of the new year, and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.
- All years ending in 6 were skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.
- All years ending in 0 were also skipped, except for the Anka year 10.
Hence no Anka years exist for 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56, and so on.
| Regnal year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anka year | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 37 |
| Gregorian year | Regnal year | Odia year | Anka year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 CE | 52 | ୧୪୩୦ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ 1430 Utkaḷābda |
୬୫ ଅଙ୍କ 65 Aṅka |
Panji
Madala Panji (Odia: ମାଦଳ ପାଞ୍ଜି) is a chronicle of the Jagannath Temple, Puri in Odisha. It describes the historical events of Odisha related to Jagannath and the Jagannath Temple. The Madala Panji dates from the 12th century and was traditionally written on a year-to-year basis on Vijayadashami Day by the Karanas community. The tradition of keeping this chronicle began with Eastern Ganga king Anantavarman Chodaganga (1077–1150).
The modern Odia calendar begins with the scientific reforms initiated by the astronomer Pathani Samanta. His findings which included astronomical observations with the help of traditional instruments were recorded in his treatise Siddhanta Darpana written on palm-leaf manuscript in 1869 and eventually published in 1899. These observations were instrumental in the preparation of almanacs in Odisha especially by the astrologers of the Jagannath temple at Puri.[12] The prominent Panjis of this tradition include:
- Khadiratna Panjika
- Samanta Panjika
- Biraja Panjika
Other notable Odia Panji calendars include Kohinoor Panji, Biraja Panji(Nanda), Radharaman Panji(based on Puri tradition Panjis), Bhagyadeepa Panji, Bhagyajyoti Panji, Bhagyachakra Panji.[13]
Months
| Odia (Lunar) ମାସ māsa |
Days | Odia (Solar) ରାଶି rāsi |
Zodiac | Sign | Gregorian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ବୈଶାଖ Baiśākha |
31 | ମେଷ Mesa |
Aries |  |
April–May |
| ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ Jyeṣṭha |
31 | ବୃଷ Brusa |
Taurus |  |
May–June |
| ଆଷାଢ଼ Āṣāḍha |
32 | ମିଥୁନ Mithuna |
Gemini |  |
June–July |
| ଶ୍ରାବଣ Śrābaṇa |
31 | କର୍କଟ Karkaṭa |
Cancer |  |
July–August |
| ଭାଦ୍ରବ/ଭାଦ୍ର Bhādraba/Bhādra |
31 | ସିଂହ Singha |
Leo |  |
August–September |
| ଆଶ୍ୱିନ Āświna |
31 | କନ୍ୟା Kanyā |
Virgo |  |
September–October |
| କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ Kārttika |
30 | ତୁଳା Tuḷā |
Libra |  |
October–November |
| ମାର୍ଗଶିର Mārgaśira |
29 | ବିଛା Bichā |
Scorpio |  |
November–December |
| ପୌଷ Pauṣa |
29 | ଧନୁ Dhanu |
Sagittarius |  |
December–January |
| ମାଘ Māgha |
30 | ମକର Makara |
Capricorn |  |
January–February |
| ଫାଲ୍ଗୁନ/ଫଗୁଣ Phālguna/Phaguṇa |
30 | କୁମ୍ଭ Kumbha |
Aquarius |  |
February–March |
| ଚୈତ୍ର Caitra |
30 | ମୀନ Mina |
Pisces |  |
March–April |
Days
The Odia calendar incorporates the seven-day week.
| Day (Odia) | Celestial object | Equivalent | Day (Gregorian) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ରବିବାର Rabibāra |
Surya | Sun | Sunday |
| ସୋମବାର Somabāra |
Chandra | Moon | Monday |
| ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Maṅgaḷbāra |
Mangala | Mars | Tuesday |
| ବୁଧବାର Budhabāra |
Budha | Mercury | Wednesday |
| ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubāra |
Brihaspati | Jupiter | Thursday |
| ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Śukrabāra |
Shukra | Venus | Friday |
| ଶନିବାର Śanibāra |
Shani | Saturn | Saturday |
Seasons
| Odia Rutu ଋତୁ |
Season | Odia months | Months (Gregorian) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ Grīṣma |
Summer | Baiśākha–Jyeṣṭha | April–June |
| ବର୍ଷା Barṣā |
Monsoon | Āṣāṛha–Śrābaṇa | June–August |
| ଶରତ Śarata |
Autumn | Bhādraba–Āświna | August–October |
| ହେମନ୍ତ Hemanta |
Pre-Winter | Kārttika–Mārgaśira | October–December |
| ଶୀତ Śīta |
Winter | Pauṣa–Māgha | December–February |
| ବସନ୍ତ Basanta |
Spring | Phālguna–Chaitra | February–April |
Time
| Time | Gregorian | Units | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଦିନ dina |
Day | ୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା 12 ghaṇṭā |
12 hours |
| ରାତି rāti |
Night | ୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା 12 ghaṇṭā |
12 hours |
| ଦିବସ dibasa |
Solar day | ୨୪ ଘଣ୍ଟା 24 ghaṇṭā |
24 hours |
| ୧ ସପ୍ତାହ 1 saptaha |
1 week | ୭ ଦିନ 7 dina |
7 days |
| ୧ ପକ୍ଷ 1 pakṣa |
1 fortnight | ୧୫ ଦିନ 15 dina |
15 days |
| ୧ ବର୍ଷ 1 barṣa |
1 year | ୩୬୫ ଦିନ 365 dina |
365 days |
| ୧ ବର୍ଷ 1 barṣa |
1 year | ୧୨ ମାସ 12 māsa |
12 months |
| Paksha ପକ୍ଷ (pakhya) | Period | Lunar phase | Days |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ śukḷapakṣa |
From ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) to ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) New moon to Full moon |
Waxing moon | 15 days |
| କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ krushṇapakṣa |
From ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) to ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) Full moon to New moon |
Waning moon | 15 days |
| Lunar Day ତିଥି (tithi) |
Bright fortnight ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ (śukḷapakṣa) |
Lunar phase | Dark fortnight କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ (krushṇapakṣa) |
Lunar phase |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ପ୍ରତିପଦ pratipada |
Waxing Crescent | ପ୍ରତିପଦ pratipada |
Waning Gibbous |
| 2 | ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା dwitīyā |
ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା dwitīyā | ||
| 3 | ତୃତୀୟା trutīyā |
ତୃତୀୟା trutīyā | ||
| 4 | ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ caturthī |
ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ caturthī | ||
| 5 | ପଞ୍ଚମୀ pañcamī |
ପଞ୍ଚମୀ pañcamī | ||
| 6 | ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ṣaṣṭhī |
ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ṣaṣṭhī | ||
| 7 | ସପ୍ତମୀ saptamī |
First Quarter | ସପ୍ତମୀ saptamī |
Last Quarter |
| 8 | ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ aṣṭamī |
ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ aṣṭamī | ||
| 9 | ନବମୀ nabamī |
Waning Crescent | ନବମୀ nabamī |
Waxing Gibbous |
| 10 | ଦଶମୀ daśamī |
ଦଶମୀ daśamī | ||
| 11 | ଏକାଦଶୀ ekādaśī |
ଏକାଦଶୀ ekādaśī | ||
| 12 | ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ dwādaśī |
ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ dwādaśī | ||
| 13 | ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ trayodaśī |
ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ trayodaśī | ||
| 14 | ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ caturddaśī |
ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ caturddaśī | ||
| 15 | ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା pūrṇṇima |
Full Moon | ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା amābāsyā |
New Moon |
Festivals
Odia and other Indian festivals observed as per Odia calendar:
| Months | Festivals |
|---|---|
| Baisākha | Pana Sankranti (Maha Bishuba Sankranti) |
| Jyesṭha | Buddha Purnima, Akshaya Tritiya, Sabitri Brata, Sitalsasthi |
| Āsāḍha | Raja Parba, Ratha Jatra |
| Srābaṇa | Gamha Purnima (Raksha Bandhan) |
| Bhādraba | Krishna Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Nuakhai, Sunia |
| Āswina | Vishwakarma Puja, Mahalaya, Durga Puja, Dusehra, Kumara Purnima |
| Kārttika | Kali Puja, Dipabali, Jagaddhatri Puja, Boita Bandana, Bali Jatra |
| Mārgasira | Prathamastami, Manabasa Gurubara |
| Pausa | Dhanu jatra, Samba Dashami, Pousha Purnima |
| Māgha | Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami |
| Phālguna | Maha Shivaratri |
| Chaitra | Holi (Dol Purnima), Odisha Day (Utkala Dibasa) |
References
- ↑ S. Balachandra Rao (2000), Indian Astronomy: An Introduction, Universities Press, p. 44, ISBN 9788173712050, https://books.google.com/books?id=PGXgssv08PgC&q=punjabi+lunisolar+calendar&pg=PA44
- ↑ VK Mishra (2010), The Calendars of India, pp. 55, 81
- ↑ Crump, William D. (2014), Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, MacFarland, page 114
- ↑ Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1896). Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra Part 2. India Meteorological Department. https://archive.org/details/bharatiya-jyotish-sastra-2-sankar-balakrishna-dikshit/page/n1/mode/2up. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ↑ Girish Chandra Tarkalankar (1894). Chronological tables from 1764 to 1900. Sreenath Banerjee, Bhowanipore. https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7604/mode/2up. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ↑ Kailash Chandra Dash 2010, p. 165.
- ↑ "Sunia". puriwaves. 9 September 2011. https://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/photo_news/sunia-52-anka-1419-declared-by-gajapati-maharaja-dibyasing-dev.
- ↑ Subhash Sahu (2009), Sunia (The Odia Calendar), https://odia.org/articles/sunia_odi.pdf, retrieved 5 December 2020
- ↑ Roland Hardenberg (July 2000), The Anka Ceremony of the King of Puri (India), Journal of Social Sciences, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321220231, retrieved 5 December 2020
- ↑ Pankaj Tandon (2012), Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas, BU, https://www.academia.edu/2771794, retrieved 25 January 2021
- ↑ Pankaj Tandon (2018), Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga, BU, https://www.academia.edu/32275350, retrieved 25 January 2021
- ↑ Naik, P. C.; Satpathy, L. (1998). "Samanta Chandra Sekhar : The great naked eye astronomer". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India 26: 33–49. Bibcode: 1998BASI...26...33N. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1998BASI...26...33N.
- ↑ "Odia calendar". https://www.odiacalendar.com/odia-calendar-2020/.
Bibliography
- Kailash Chandra Dash (2010). "A traditional account on Yayati Keshari: Its formation and historical authenticity". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 71 (2010–2011): 165–178.
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