Biology:Leucaena leucocephala

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Short description: Species of legume

Leucaena leucocephala
Leucaena leucocephala.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Leucaena
Species:
L. leucocephala
Binomial name
Leucaena leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit[1]
Synonyms
  • Acacia frondosa Willd.
  • Acacia glauca (L.) Willd.
  • Acacia leucocephala (Lam.) Link
  • Acacia leucophala Link
  • Leucaena glabra Benth.
  • Leucaena glauca Benth.
  • Mimosa glauca sensu L.1763 Misapplied
  • Mimosa glauca Koenig ex Roxb.
  • Mimosa leucocephala Lam.
  • Mimosa leucophala Lam. [2]
Pods of Leucaena leucocephala in the month of May.
Leucaena leucocephala - MHNT

Leucaena leucocephala is a small fast-growing mimosoid tree native to southern Mexico and northern Central America (Belize and Guatemala)[1][3] and is now naturalized throughout the tropics including parts of Asia.

Common names include jumbay, pearl wattle[citation needed] (called so because of its yellowish white hue), white leadtree,[4] river tamarind,[5] ipil-ipil,[6] tan-tan,[7] and white popinac.[8]

Leucaena leucocephala is used for a variety of purposes, such as fencing, soil fertility, firewood, fiber, and livestock fodder.

Chemical Constituents

Chemical constituents include alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols, sugars, anthraquinones, and proteins.[9][10]

Use by humans

During the 1970s and 1980s, it was promoted as a "miracle tree" for its multiple uses.[11] It has also been described as a "conflict tree" because it is used for forage production but spreads like a weed in some places.[12]

The legume is promoted in several countries of Southeast Asia (at least Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,[13] and Thailand), most importantly as a source of quality animal feed, but also for residual use for firewood or charcoal production.

Forage and fodder

The legume provides an excellent source of high-protein cattle fodder.[14] However, the fodder contains mimosine, a toxic amino acid. Horses and donkeys which are fed it lose their hair.

In many cases this acid is metabolized by ruminants to goitrogenic DHP [3-hydroxy-4(1H) pyridone] in the rumen,[15][16] but in some geographical areas, ruminants lack the organisms (such as Synergistes jonesii) that can degrade DHP.

In such cases, toxicity problems from ingestion of Leucaena have sometimes been overcome by infusing susceptible animals with rumen fluid from ruminants that possess such organisms,[17] and more recently by inoculating cattle rumina with such organisms cultured in vitro.[18][19]

Such measures have facilitated Leucaena use for fodder in Australia and elsewhere.[19]

Green manure and biomass production

Leucaena leucocephala has been considered for biomass production because its reported yield of foliage corresponds to a dried mass of 2,000–20,000 kg/ha/year, and that of wood 30–40 m³/ha/year, with up to twice those amounts in favorable climates. In India it is being promoted for both fodder and energy.[20]

It is also efficient in nitrogen fixation, at more than 500 kg/ha/year.

It has a very fast growth rate: young trees reach a height of more than 20 ft in two to three years.

Food for humans

The young pods are edible and occasionally eaten in Javanese vegetable salad with spicy peanut sauce, and spicy fish wrapped in papaya or taro leaves in Indonesia, and in papaya salad in Laos[13] and Thailand, where they are known as phak krathin (Thai: ผักกระถิน).[21] In Mexico it is eaten in soups and also inside tacos, it is known as guaje. Additionally, the state of Oaxaca in Mexico derives its name from the Nahuatl word huaxyacac, the name for Leucaena leucocephala trees that are found around Oaxaca City.[22]

Pulpwood for paper industry

Recently, the wood part of the Subabul tree is used for making pulp in the pulp and paper industry. In the southern and central states of India, Subabul is the most important pulpwood species for making pulp. It has huge positive socio-economic impact on the livelihood of the small farmers where Subabul is grown as an industrial crop. This provides an alternate crop choice to the farmers of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states of India where they are also growing cotton and chillies.

Invasive properties

Leucaena leucocephala is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species by the Invasive Species Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.[12]

It is a highly invasive species in the arid parts of Taiwan, The Bahamas, the Hawaiian Islands, Fiji, Puerto Rico, Hong Kong, South Africa ,[23] and northern Australia ,[24] as well as in South America and Southern Europe.[25]

The plant is also found in parts of the U.S., including California , Arizona, Texas , and Florida.[26]

Leucaena leucocephala's wood and bark

It grows quickly and forms dense thickets that crowd out all native vegetation.[27]

In urban areas, it is an especially unwanted species, growing along arid roadsides, in carparks, and on abandoned land. [28] [29]

Other limitations

This species is susceptible to insect infestations. In the 1980s, a widespread loss in Southeast Asia was due to pest attack by psyllids.[30]

In India, this tree was initially promoted for afforestation due to its fast-growing nature. However, it is now considered unsuitable for urban planting because of its tendency to get uprooted in rain and wind. Eight of every ten trees uprooted by wind in Pune are L. leucocephala.[31]

The seeds contain mimosine, an amino acid known to be toxic to nonruminant vertebrates.[11]

Potential as bioherbicidal agent

Leucaena leucocephala is an allelopathic tree. Phytotoxic allelochemicals, such as mimosine and certain phenolic compounds, including p-hydroxycinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, and gallic acid, have been identified in the leaves of the species.[32] Bioherbicidal activity of L. leucocephala on terrestrial plants[33][34] and aquatic weed water hyacinth[35] were reported.

Gallery

  • Leaves
  • Flowers and immature fruit
  • Pollen

  • Sapling of Leucaena leucocephala. The cotyledons are visible.

  • Pod and seeds
  • Subabul growing wild on the outskirts of Mumbai

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Leucaena leucocephala | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2010-01-18 }}
  2. ↑ "Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit — the Plant List". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-105. 
  3. ↑ Hughes, Colin E. (1998). Monograph of Leucaena (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic botany monographs v. 55. ISBN 978-0-912861-55-5. 
  4. ↑ "PLANTS Profile for Leucaena leucocephala (white leadtree)". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LELE10. 
  5. ↑ Shelton, H.M.; Brewbaker, J.L.. "2.1 Leucaena leucocephala - the Most Widely Used Forage Tree Legume". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/publicat/gutt-shel/x5556e06.htm. 
  6. ↑ Matthews, Donald Maxwell (1914). Ipil-ipil: A firewood and reforestation crop (Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth). Forestry Bureau Bulletin. 13. Manila: Bureau of Printing, Philippine Islands, Bureau of Forestry. 
  7. ↑ "Plants – Buck Island Reef". National Park Service (US). https://www.nps.gov/buis/learn/nature/plants.htm. 
  8. ↑ Ipil-ipil, Leucaena glauca, BPI.da.gov.ph
  9. ↑ Baig, Imadulla; T, Veerashekar; T, Shekshavali; H.r, Nagaraja; V, Ruchitha (2020-01-07). "A Review on Pharmacological Activities of Leucaena leucocephala" (in en). Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology 9 (3): 6–9. ISSN 2230-9861. https://pharmajournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/RRJoP/article/view/660. 
  10. ↑ Baig, Imadulla; T, Veerashekar; T, Shekshavali; Anjum, Eman; H.r, Nagaraja; V, Ruchitha (2020-05-12). "Antidiarrheal Activity of Leucaena Leucocephala in Castor Oil Induced Diarrhea in Albino Rats" (in en). Research & Reviews: A Journal of Drug Design & Discovery 7 (1): 8–12. ISSN 2349-9036. https://pharmajournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/RRJoDDD/article/view/716. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "2.1 Leucaena leucocephala - the Most Widely Used Forage Tree Legume". http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e06.htm. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Leucaena leucocephala (tree)". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=23&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Farmers to grow leucaena for animal feed". Vientiane Times. 2011-06-15. 
  14. ↑ "Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) deWit.". hort.purdue.edu. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/leucaena_leucocephala.html. 
  15. ↑ Hammond, A. C. 1995. Leucaena toxicosis and its control in ruminants. J. Animal Sci. 73: 1487-1492.
  16. ↑ Allison, M. J., A. C. Hammond, and R. J. Jones. 1990. Detection of ruminal bacteria that degrade toxic dihydroxypyridine compounds produced from mimosine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 590-594.
  17. ↑ Allison, M. J., W. R. Mayberry, C. S. Mcsweeney, and D. A. Stahl. 1992. Synergistes jonesii, gen. nov., sp. nov.: a rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridinediols. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 15: 522-529.
  18. ↑ Graham, S. R., S. A. Dalzell, Nguyen Trong Ngu, C. K. Davis, D. Greenway, C. S. McSweeney, and H. M. Shelton. 2013. Efficacy, persistence and presence of Synergistes jonesii in cattle grazing leucaena in Queensland: on-farm observations pre-and post-inoculation. Animal Prod. Sci. 53: 1065-1074.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Leucaena inoculum for cattle". 2020-08-26. http://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/livestock/cattle/leucaena-inoculum-cattle. 
  20. ↑ Subabul Reloaded: How One Tree Could Be the Answer to India’s Fodder, Fuel Needs; Published in The Better India, 11 February 2019
  21. ↑ ASEAN Biodiversity
  22. ↑ Consular, Gaceta (October 1996). "Oaxaca". MexConnect. http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2815-oaxaca. 
  23. ↑ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Leucaena | Leucaena leucocephala". http://www.invasives.org.za/legislation/item/270-leucaena-leucaena-leucocephala. 
  24. ↑ "Leucaena Leucaena leucocephala". Weed Identification & Information. Australian Weeds Strategy. http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=T20. 
  25. ↑ Fonseca, N.G. & Jacobi, C.M. 2011. Desempenho germinativo da invasora Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. e comparação com Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. e Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (Fabaceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica 25(1): 191-197. Link: http://acta.botanica.org.br/index.php/acta/article/viewFile/1265/427
  26. ↑ "Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit white leadtree". United States Department of Agriculture. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LELE10. 
  27. ↑ Kuo, Yau-Lun. "Ecological Characteristics of Three Invasive Plants (Leucaena Leucocephala, Mikania Micrantha, and Stachytarpheta Urticaefolia) in Southern Taiwan." 12 1 2003.http://www.agnet.org/library/eb/541/ (accessed 3 24 2008).
  28. ↑ Tree Preservation
  29. ↑ "Leucaena leucocephala - Hong Kong Flora and Vegetation". http://www.hkflora.com/qef/site_peak/plant/show_plant.php?plantnum=11751. 
  30. ↑ ODI - Alley Farming
  31. ↑ Das, Dipannita (8 May 2011). "Activists want Pune Municipal Corporation to allow cutting of subabul trees in city". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-08/pune/29522530_1_native-trees-invasive-tree-subabhul. 
  32. ↑ Chou, Chang -Hung; Kuo, Yaw -Lun (1986). "Allelopathic research of subtropical vegetation in Taiwan". Journal of Chemical Ecology 12 (6): 1431–1448. doi:10.1007/BF01012362. PMID 24307122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012362. 
  33. ↑ Hong NH, Xuan TD, Eiji T, Hiroyuki T, Mitsuhiro M, Khanh TD (2003) Screening for allelopathic potential of higher plants from Southeast Asia. Crop Protection 22:829-836
  34. ↑ John J, Narwal SS (2003) Allelopathic plants. 9. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Allelopath J 12:13-36 OpenURL
  35. ↑ Chai TT, Ooh KF, Ooi PW, Chue PS, Wong FC (2013) Leucaena leucocephala leachate compromised membrane integrity, respiration and antioxidative defence of water hyacinth leaf tissues. Botanical Studies 54: 8.

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q35905 entry



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