Medicine:Gram-negative bacterial infection
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| Gram-negative cell wall |
A gram-negative bacterial infection is a disease caused by gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli.[1]
This class is defined morphologically (by the presence of a bacterial outer membrane), and not histologically (by a pink appearance when stained), though the two usually coincide.
One reason for this division is that the outer membrane is of major clinical significance: it can play a role in the reduced effectiveness of certain antibiotics,[2] and it is the source of endotoxin.[3]
The gram status of some organisms is complex or disputed:
- Mycoplasma are sometimes considered gram-negative,[4][5] but because of its lack of a cell wall and unusual membrane composition, it is sometimes considered separately from other gram-negative bacteria.[6]
- Gardnerella is often considered gram-negative,[7] but it is classified in MeSH as both gram-positive and gram-negative.[8] It has some traits of gram-positive bacteria,[9] but has a gram-negative appearance.[10] It has been described as a "gram-variable rod".[11][12]
References
- ↑ "Risk factors for Gram-negative bacterial infections in febrile neutropenia". Haematologica 90 (8): 1102–9. August 2005. PMID 16079110. http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16079110.
- ↑ "Inhibitors of efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria". Trends Mol Med 11 (8): 382–9. August 2005. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.06.006. PMID 15996519.
- ↑ "Introduction: Bacterial Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition". http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch190/ch190a.html.
- ↑ Mycoplasma at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ↑ "mycoplasma" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ↑ Sasaki T (April 1991). "Evidence that mycoplasmas, gram-negative bacteria, and certain gram-positive bacteria share a similar protein antigen". J. Bacteriol. 173 (7): 2398–400. doi:10.1128/jb.173.7.2398-2400.1991. PMID 2007558.
- ↑ "Gardnerella" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ↑ Gardnerella at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ↑ "Gardnerella vaginalis has a gram-positive cell-wall ultrastructure and lacks classical cell-wall lipopolysaccharide". J. Med. Microbiol. 29 (3): 229–35. July 1989. doi:10.1099/00222615-29-3-229. PMID 2787405.
- ↑ "Clue cells in bacterial vaginosis: immunofluorescent identification of the adherent gram-negative bacteria as Gardnerella vaginalis". J. Infect. Dis. 160 (3): 490–6. September 1989. doi:10.1093/infdis/160.3.490. PMID 2668431.
- ↑ "eMedicine - Gardnerella : Article by Diana Curran". http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic841.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ↑ "eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!". http://www.emedicine.com/asp/dictionary.asp?keyword=Gardnerella.[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
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