Software:Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients

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The landscape for instant messaging involves cross-platform instant messaging clients that can handle one or multiple protocols.[1] Clients that use the same protocol can typically federate and talk to one another. The following table compares general and technical information for cross-platform instant messaging clients in active development, each of which have their own article that provide further information.

General

Client Developer Initial release Platform Latest release License (client) License (server) Monthly active users
Version Date
Briar May 9, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-05-09)[2] Android GPL-3.0-or-later Not applicable
(peer-to-peer over Bluetooth, WiFi, or Tor network)
Discord Discord Inc. March 6, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-03-06)[3] Android Proprietary freeware Proprietary 150 million (2021)[4]
iOS
Linux
macOS
Windows
Element New Vector Limited July 2016; 7 years ago (2016-07) Android Apache-2.0 Matrix protocol 43 million (2021)[5]
iOS
Linux
macOS
Windows
Web
Fractal March 16, 2018; 6 years ago (2018-03-16) Linux desktops and mobile OSs GPLv3 Matrix protocol
Gadu-Gadu Łukasz Foltyn, GG Network S.A. August 15, 2000; 23 years ago (2000-08-15) Proprietary freeware Proprietary
Gajim Yann Le Boulanger May 21, 2004; 19 years ago (2004-05-21) BSD GPL-3.0-only XMPP protocol
Linux
macOS
Windows
Google Chat (formerly Google Hangouts) Google May 15, 2013; 10 years ago (2013-05-15) (as Google Hangouts)

March 9, 2017; 7 years ago (2017-03-09) (as Google Chat)

 Android Proprietary freeware Proprietary 1 billion (2021) 500 million active (2020)
iOS
Web
Google Messages (RCS) 2018 Android 10.9.36 2022-02-24 Proprietary freeware Proprietary 1 billion (2021) 500 million active (2020)
Web
Wear OS
ICQ Mail.Ru November 1996; 27 years ago (1996-11) Proprietary adware freemium Proprietary 11 million (2018)[6]
Jami Savoir-faire Linux Android GPL-3.0-or-later Not applicable
(peer-to-peer)
iOS
Linux
macOS
Windows
Jitsi Emil Ivov 2003; 21 years ago (2003) Desktop Apache-2.0 Apache-2.0 20 million (2020)[7]
KakaoTalk Kakao Corp. March 18, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-03-18) Proprietary freeware Proprietary 47 million (2021)[8]
Kik Messenger Medialab October 2010; 13 years ago (2010-10) Android Proprietary adware freemium Proprietary 15 million (2017)[9]
iOS
Line LINE Corporation March 2012; 12 years ago (2012-03) Android Proprietary freemium Proprietary 169 million (2020)[10]
iOS
Chrome
macOS
Windows
Linphone Belledonne Communications Android GPL-3.0-or-later or proprietary
iOS
Linux
macOS
Windows
Mattermost Mattermost Inc 2015; 9 years ago (2015) Android Apache-2.0 MIT license binary, AGPLv3 for source code, Apache-2.0 for admin tools and config files
iOS
Linux
macOS
Windows
Messenger Meta Platforms August 9, 2011; 12 years ago (2011-08-09) Android Proprietary freeware Proprietary 988 million (2022)[11]
iOS
macOS
Windows
Movim Timothée Jaussoin March 3, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-03-03) Any, Progressive web application AGPL-3.0-or-later XMPP protocol
Mumble[12] September 22, 2005; 18 years ago (2005-09-22) Linux, Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, iOS 1.4.287 2022-09-14 3-clause BSD Open source
Palringo Palringo Ltd 2006; 18 years ago (2006) Android Proprietary freemium Proprietary
iOS
Paltalk AVM Software, Inc June 1998; 25 years ago (1998-06) Proprietary freeware Proprietary 5.5 million (2013)[13]
Pidgin Mark Spencer November 1998; 25 years ago (1998-11) BSD GPL-2.0-or-later Umpteen, both open protocols and interfaces with proprietary messengers
Linux
macOS
Windows
Psi Psi and Psi+ developers 2001; 23 years ago (2001) Linux GPL-2.0-or-later XMPP protocol
macOS
Windows
QQ Tencent Holdings February 10, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-02-10) Android Proprietary adware Proprietary 597 million (2023)[14]
iOS, iPadOS, watchOS
Windows
macOS
Linux
RetroShare Cyril Soler, Gioacchino Mazzurco 2006; 18 years ago (2006) GPL Not applicable
(peer-to-peer)
Ricochet Invisible.im June 2014; 9 years ago (2014-06) FreeBSD (fork took over development, now at 3.0.15) BSD-3-Clause Not applicable
(peer-to-peer over the Tor network)
Linux
macOS
Windows
Signal Signal Foundation July 2014; 9 years ago (2014-07) Android GPL-3.0-only AGPL-3.0-only 40 million (2021)[15]
iOS GPL-3.0-only
Desktop AGPL-3.0-only
Skype Skype Technologies, a subsidiary of Microsoft Corporation 2003; 21 years ago (2003) Proprietary adware freemium Proprietary 200 million (2020)[16]
Slack Slack Technologies August 2013; 10 years ago (2013-08) Proprietary freemium Proprietary 12 million (2019)[17]
Snapchat Snap Inc. November 2011; 12 years ago (2011-11) Android Proprietary freeware Proprietary 557 million (2022)[11]
iOS
Surespot Surespot LLC 2013; 11 years ago (2013) Android GPL-3.0-or-later + freemium Defunct
iOS
TeamNote TeamNote Limited 2012; 12 years ago (2012) Subscription Proprietary
Telegram Telegram Messenger LLP 2013; 11 years ago (2013) Android GPL-2.0-or-later Proprietary 700 million (2022)[18]
iOS, iPadOS GPL-2.0-or-later
Desktop GPL-3.0-or-later
macOS GPL-2.0-or-later
Threema Threema GmbH December 2012; 11 years ago (2012-12) Android AGPL-3.0-only Proprietary 10 million (2021)[19]
iOS
Web AGPL-3.0-or-later
Trillian Cerulean Studios July 1, 2000; 23 years ago (2000-07-01) Android Proprietary adware freemium Proprietary
iOS
Linux
macOS
Windows
Web
Viber Rakuten Viber December 2, 2010; 13 years ago (2010-12-02) Android Proprietary freemium Proprietary 260 million (2019)[20]
iOS
Linux
macOS
Windows
WeChat Tencent Holdings Limited January 21, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-01-21) Proprietary freeware Proprietary 1.263 billion (2022)[11]
WhatsApp Meta Platforms January 2009; 15 years ago (2009-01) Android Proprietary freeware Proprietary 2 billion (2020)[21]
iOS
macOS
Windows
Wire Wire Swiss GmbH December 3, 2014; 9 years ago (2014-12-03) Android GPL-3.0-or-later AGPL-3.0-or-later
iOS
Linux
macOS
Windows
Web
Client Developer Initial release Platform Latest release License (client) License (server) Monthly active users
Version Date

Operating system support

Operating system support for messaging clients
Client Windows macOS Linux Web Android iOS
Briar No No Yes No Yes No
Discord Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Element Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fractal No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Gadu-Gadu Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gajim Yes No Yes No No No
Google Chat No No No Yes Yes Yes
Google Messages (RCS) No[lower-alpha 1] No[lower-alpha 1] Needs third-party client[lower-alpha 1][22] Yes Included No
ICQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jami Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jitsi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
KakaoTalk Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
Kik Messenger No No No No Yes Yes
Line Yes Yes As browser extension[23] No Yes Yes
Linphone Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Mattermost Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Messages (Apple) No Included No No No Included
Messenger Yes Yes Needs third-party client[lower-alpha 1][24] Yes Yes Yes
Mumble Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Movim Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Palringo No No No No Yes Yes
Paltalk Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
Pidgin Yes Yes Yes No No No
Psi Yes Yes Yes No No No
RetroShare Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
Ricochet Yes Yes Yes No No No
Session Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Signal Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Skype Included Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slack Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Snapchat No No No No Yes Yes
Surespot No No No No Yes Yes
TeamNote No[lower-alpha 1] No[lower-alpha 1] No[lower-alpha 1] Yes Yes Yes
Telegram Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tencent QQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Threema Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Trillian Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Viber Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
WeChat Yes Yes Needs third-party client[lower-alpha 1][25] Yes Yes Yes
WhatsApp Yes Yes Needs third-party client[lower-alpha 1][27][28][29] Yes Yes iPhone devices only. App cannot be installed on iPad, iPod Touch.
Wire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Client Windows macOS Linux Web Android iOS

Connectivity

Client Registration requirement Independent of mobile phone End-to-end encryption Peer-to-peer text chat Open source servers Federated servers
Briar No Yes Yes N/A(P2P) N/A(P2P)
Discord Email Yes No No No No
Element No Yes Yes[30] No Yes Yes
Fractal No No Yes Yes
Gadu-Gadu Email and Phone number No No
Gajim Email Yes No Yes
Google Chat Email; Google account Yes
Google Messages (RCS) Phone number Similar to SMS requirements, RCS messaging requires a valid SIM card to be inserted in the device.
RCS chat features may continue to work for up to 14 days, when a SIM card is removed from the device.[31] 		Yes
ICQ Phone number Phone required for initial registration.
Desktop client can function independently afterwards.[32] 		No
Jami No No Yes Yes N/A(P2P) N/A(P2P)
Jitsi No Yes No Yes Yes
KakaoTalk No No No No
Kik Messenger Email No No No No
Line Phone number No No No No
Linphone No Yes No No Yes Yes
Mattermost No Yes No
Messages (Apple) Email; Apple ID account Yes No
Messenger Email or Phone number; Facebook account Yes No No No
Movim No No Yes Yes
Mumble no Yes Yes Yes
Palringo No No No
Paltalk Email No No
Pidgin No Yes with extension only Yes Yes Yes
Psi No
RetroShare Yes N/A(P2P) N/A(P2P)
Ricochet Yes N/A(P2P) N/A(P2P)
Session No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Signal Phone number; iOS or Android device[33][34] No Yes No Yes[35] No
Skype Email; Microsoft account Yes No No No
Slack Email Yes No No No
Snapchat Email or Phone number No No No No
Surespot No No No
TeamNote
Telegram Phone number; iOS or Android device[36] Phone required for initial registration & login.
Desktop client can function independently afterwards.[37] 		For some features: secret chats,[38] voice and video calls,[39] and voice chats in groups[39] No No No
Tencent QQ No[40][41] No No No No
Threema No A valid phone number or email address is not required for registration & login.
However, the mobile app serves as the primary device, due to the end-to-end encryption architecture.[42] 		Yes No No No
Trillian No Yes No No Yes
Viber Phone number No No No No
WeChat Phone number or QQ number No No No No No
WhatsApp Phone number No Yes No No No
Wire Email or Phone number Yes Yes[43] No Yes[44] Yes
Client Registration requirement Independent of mobile phone End-to-end encryption Peer-to-peer text chat Open source servers Federated servers

Privacy

Some messaging services that are not designed for privacy require a unique phone number for sign-up, as a form of identity verification and to prevent users from creating multiple accounts.

Some messaging services that do not solely focus on a mobile-first experience, or enforce SMS authentication, may allow email addresses to be used for sign-up instead.

Some messaging services offer greater flexibility and privacy, by allowing users to create more than one account to compartmentalize personal & work purposes, or not requiring personally identifiable information for sign-up.

To find out if the software has end-to-end encryption, see "media" table below.

Client Hide number in chats Account expiration Reset password Password lockout Search for contacts Lock screen timeout Lock screen when closed Lock screen button Screenshot detection Screenshot/recording disabled (Android only)[45] Voice changer Plugins
Briar by public key or in-person pairing Yes Yes
Discord •Username & Discord Tag
•Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled 		No No
Element •Username
•Matrix ID 		No Yes
Fractal •Username
•Matrix ID
Gadu-Gadu No
Gajim Yes
Google Chat •Email address
Google Messages (RCS) •Phone number
ICQ Yes
Jami No (not stored on servers) No (not stored on servers) No (not stored on servers) No (not stored on servers)[46] by random identifier or email-like address No No Yes[47] No Yes
Jitsi by shared 4-random-words URL No Yes
KakaoTalk
Kik Messenger •Username
•Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled
Line •Username
•Phone number
•Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled (sending friend requests are required) 		Yes Yes
Linphone
Mattermost No Yes
Messages (Apple) •Email address
•Phone number 		No No
Messenger •Facebook profile
•Username URL
•Phone number
•Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled 		No Yes
Movim ? No
Mumble •username
Palringo No
Paltalk No
Pidgin Yes
Psi Yes
RetroShare
Ricochet
Signal No No[48] 30 seconds after 5 fails •Phone number
(Contact list syncs automatically with phonebook contacts) 		Yes No Yes Yes[49] No
Skype •Username
•Email address
•Phone number 		Yes
Slack •Name (requires joining a Slack workspace)
•Email address invitation (requires Slack Connect) 		Yes
Snapchat •Username
•Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled 		Yes Yes
Surespot No No
TeamNote
Telegram Yes 6 months 5 seconds after 3 fails •Username
•Phone number
(Contact list syncs automatically with phonebook contacts) 		Yes No Yes (on Secret Chats)[50] Yes (on Secret Chats)[51] No
Tencent QQ No
Threema Yes No
Trillian Yes
Viber •Phone number
(Contact list syncs automatically with phonebook contacts) 		Yes Yes
WeChat •Username
•Phone number
•Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled
(sending friend requests are required)
WhatsApp No •Phone number
(Contact list syncs automatically with phonebook contacts) 		Fingerprint sensor No
Wire No No
Client Hide number in chats Account expiration Reset password Password lockout Search for contacts Lock screen timeout Lock screen when closed Lock screen button Screenshot detection Screenshot/recording disabled (Android only)[45] Voice changer Plugins
  • 1: Apple iOS doesn't allow screenshot protection.

Message handling

Client Threads Sent messages Read messages Self-destructing messages
Threads Collapse[52] Ignore Editing Deleting Delete for contacts Delete notification Receipts Hide receipts Exists Deletion trigger
Briar Yes[53] No No Yes No
Discord Yes Yes[54] Yes[55] Yes Yes No No
Element Yes[56] Yes No Partial Yes Yes No
Fractal
Gadu-Gadu
Gajim Yes Yes No
Google Chat Yes[57] Yes Yes Originally for Google Workspace accounts only; rolled out to consumer accounts in July 2023[58] Originally for Google Workspace accounts only; rolled out to consumer accounts in July 2023 Yes No
Google Messages (RCS) No No No No Yes Yes No
ICQ No No No Yes
Jami No No No No Desktop only No Not applicable Yes[59] Android only[59] Yes
Jitsi No No No No
KakaoTalk No No No
Kik Messenger No No No
Line No No No No Partial Yes No
Linphone No No No
Mattermost Yes Optional 7+[60] No Yes Yes No No
Messages (Apple) No No No No
Messenger Yes[61] No No No Yes Yes Yes
Movim Yes[62] No No Yes Yes No
Mumble No No No
Palringo No No No
Paltalk No No No
Pidgin No No No Yes
Psi No No No Yes
RetroShare Yes Yes[63] No No No Yes No
Ricochet No No No
Signal No No No No Yes Within 3 hours[64] Yes Yes Yes Yes Read[65]
Skype No No No
Slack Yes Yes[66] Yes[67] Yes Yes Yes
Snapchat No No No No Yes Yes Yes
Surespot No No No No
TeamNote No No No Yes Yes No
Telegram No[68] No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Read
Tencent QQ No No No
Threema No[69] No No No Yes Yes No
Trillian No No No Yes
Viber No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
WeChat No No No
WhatsApp No No No No Partial Yes Yes No
Wire No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes[70]
Client Threads Sent messages Read messages Self-destructing messages
Threads Collapse Ignore Editing Deleting Delete for contacts Delete notification Receipts Hide receipts Exists Deletion trigger

Media

Client File transfer Voice messages Voice chat Video chat E2EE Encrypted local storage
Individual Groups
Briar Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Discord Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Element
Fractal
Gadu-Gadu Yes Yes Yes No No
Gajim Yes No No No[71] Yes Plug-in
Google Chat Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Google Messages (RCS) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
ICQ Yes No Yes Yes No No
Jami Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jitsi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
KakaoTalk Yes Yes Yes
Kik Messenger Yes No No
Line Yes Yes Yes Yes Partial Yes[72]
Linphone
Mattermost Yes Plug-in Plug-in Plug-in No No
Messages (Apple) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Messenger Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Movim Yes No Yes Yes Yes For private group
Mumble Yes Yes No No No
Palringo No No Yes No No No
Paltalk Yes Yes Yes No No
Pidgin No No Partial Yes Yes
Psi Yes Yes Partial Partial Yes Yes
RetroShare Yes Yes Yes
Ricochet Yes
Signal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Partial[73]
Skype Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Slack Yes No No
Snapchat No Yes Yes Yes No No
Surespot Yes Yes Yes No Yes No groupchat
TeamNote Yes No
Telegram Yes Yes Yes Yes Secret Chats No No[74]
Tencent QQ Yes No Yes Yes No No
Threema Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Trillian Yes Partial Yes Yes No No
Viber Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
WeChat Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
WhatsApp Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Wire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Client File transfer Voice messages Voice chat Video chat E2EE Encrypted local storage
Individual Groups

Miscellaneous

Messaging services can operate around different models, based on security and accessibility considerations.[75]

A mobile-focused, phone number-based model operates on the concept of primary and secondary devices. Examples of such messaging services include: WhatsApp, Viber, Line, WeChat, Signal, etc. The primary device is a mobile phone and is required to login and send/receive messages. Only one mobile phone is allowed to be the primary device, as attempting to login to the messaging app on another mobile phone would trigger the previous phone to be logged out. The secondary device is a computer running a desktop operating system, which serves as a companion for the primary device. Desktop messaging clients on secondary devices do not function independently, as they are reliant on the mobile phone maintaining an active network connection for login authentication and syncing messages.

A multi-device, device-agnostic model is designed for accessibility on multiple devices, regardless of desktop or mobile. Examples of such messaging services include: Skype, Facebook Messenger, Google Hangouts (subsequently Google Chat), Telegram, ICQ, Element, Slack, Discord, etc. Users have more options as usernames or email addresses can be used as user identifiers, besides phone numbers. Unlike the phone-based model, user accounts on a multi-device model are not tied to a single device, and logins are allowed on multiple devices. Messaging services with a multi-device model are able to eliminate feature disparity and provide identical functionality on both mobile and desktop clients. Desktop clients can function independently, without relying on the mobile phone to login and sync messages.

Client Typing notifications Multi-device support Emoji reactions Stickers GIF search Custom emoji Themes / skins
Briar No Yes No
Discord Yes[76][77] Yes Paid Yes Yes No
Element Yes[78][77] Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Fractal
Gadu-Gadu No
Gajim Yes Yes
Google Chat Yes (an optional setting allows messages to be accessible on Gmail as well)[79][80] Yes Yes No
Google Messages (RCS) On secondary web browsers only (phone required to sync messages)[81] Only a limited set of reactions available Yes Yes Partial
ICQ Yes[82] Yes Yes Yes
Jami Yes[59] Yes Partial[83] No
Jitsi Yes
KakaoTalk On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[84][85] No
Kik Messenger No[86] Yes Yes
Line On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[87] Yes Yes No Yes
Linphone
Mattermost No Yes Yes
Messages (Apple) Yes (Apple devices)[88] No No
Messenger Yes (messages are also accessible on the main Facebook website)[89] Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Movim Yes No No
Mumble
Palringo No Yes
Paltalk No Yes
Pidgin No No Yes Yes
Psi Yes Yes
RetroShare Yes No
Ricochet No
Signal Yes On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages; 5 linked devices)[90] Yes Yes Only on Android and iOS No Yes
Skype Yes[91][77] Yes Yes No No
Slack Yes[75][77] Yes Yes
Snapchat No[92] Yes Yes No No
Surespot No Yes
TeamNote No
Telegram Yes Yes[93][77][94] Full set of reactions only available on Telegram Premium Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tencent QQ On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[95] No Yes
Threema On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages).
Phone must maintain an active network connection at all times to use the desktop client.[96] 		Yes No Yes
Trillian Yes Yes
Viber On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[97] Only a limited set of reactions available Yes Yes No Yes
WeChat On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[98] No
WhatsApp On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages; 4 linked devices)
Phone must not be offline for ≥ 14 days; message history limited to 3 months.
Unsupported on iPad, iPod Touch.

[99] 		Yes Yes Yes No No
Wire Yes[100] No No No
Client Typing notifications Multi-device support Emoji reactions Stickers GIF search Custom emoji Themes / skins

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 In addition to other official and third-party solutions, a native desktop application can be generated for the instant messaging app website using Nativefier.[26]

References

  1. ↑ "History of Instant Messaging". The top 6 best Instant Message client apps on any platform. 30 August 2011. https://thenextweb.com/apps/2011/08/30/the-top-6-best-instant-message-client-apps-on-any-platform/. 
  2. ↑ "Secure P2P Messenger Releases First Version, Receives New Funding". Briar. 9 May 2018. https://briarproject.org/news/2018-1.0-released-new-funding.html. 
  3. ↑ Marks, Tom (May 14, 2016). "One year after its launch, Discord is the best VoIP service available". Future plc. http://www.pcgamer.com/one-year-after-its-launch-discord-is-the-best-voip-service-available/. 
  4. ↑ "Number of monthly active users (MAU) of Discord worldwide as of September 2021". https://www.statista.com/statistics/1286750/discord-mau-global/. 
  5. ↑ "2021: It's been a busy year for Element!" (Press release). Element Blog. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  6. ↑ ICQ 11 million users in the world per month, 28 November 2018, https://corp.mail.ru/en/company/messengers/#icq 
  7. ↑ "'It was quite a ride' – Jitsi's Emil Ivov on scaling up the video conferencing platform during a pandemic". 4 September 2020. https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/it-was-quite-a-ride-jitsis-emil-ivov-on-scaling-up-the-video-conferencing-platform-during-a-pandemic. 
  8. ↑ "Number of monthly active users of KakaoTalk in South Korea from 2nd quarter of 2015 to 4th quarter of 2021". https://www.statista.com/statistics/746249/south-korea-kakaotalk-monthly-active-users/. 
  9. ↑ Ponciano, Jonathan. "Billion-Dollar Kik Taps $125 Million Token Offering To Energize User Base". https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2017/08/29/billion-dollar-kik-taps-125-million-token-offering-to-energize-user-base/. 
  10. ↑ "Line Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)". 19 January 2022. https://www.businessofapps.com/data/line-statistics/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Most popular global mobile messenger apps as of January 2022, based on number of monthly active users". https://www.statista.com/statistics/258749/most-popular-global-mobile-messenger-apps/. 
  12. ↑ "Screenshots.debian.net". https://screenshots.debian.net/package/mumble. 
  13. ↑ "PalTalk: It Was "Flattering" To Be Included In The PRISM Slidedeck". TechCrunch. 17 June 2013. https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/17/prism-paltalk/. 
  14. ↑ "腾讯公布二零二三年第一季业绩" (in Chinese). Tencent. 17 May 2023. https://static.www.tencent.com/uploads/2023/05/17/2a29b622f5f47130fd062e2299b4635b.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "Signal Revenue & Usage Statistics (2021)" (in en-US). 2021-01-20. https://www.businessofapps.com/data/signal-statistics/. 
  16. ↑ "Microsoft's Skype struggles have created a Zoom moment". The Verge. 31 March 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/31/21200844/microsoft-skype-zoom-houseparty-coronavirus-pandemic-usage-growth-competition. 
  17. ↑ "Slack Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)". 11 January 2022. https://www.businessofapps.com/data/slack-statistics/. 
  18. ↑ "700 Million Users and Telegram Premium". Telegram. 19 June 2022. https://telegram.org/blog/700-million-and-premium. 
  19. ↑ "Threema's Success Story: From the Company's Founding to Today". Threema. January 2021. https://threema.ch/press-files/1_press_info/press_threema_story_en.pdf. 
  20. ↑ "More than a chatting platform: What makes Viber a powerful business messaging tool?". 26 January 2021. https://pushwize.com/2021/01/26/more-than-a-chatting-platform-what-makes-viber-a-powerful-business-messaging-tool/. 
  21. ↑ "WhatsApp". https://blog.whatsapp.com/two-billion-users-connecting-the-world-privately. 
  22. ↑ "How to Use Google Messages on Linux". 20 February 2022. https://www.makeuseof.com/how-to-use-google-messages-on-linux/. 
  23. ↑ "LINE". https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/line/ophjlpahpchlmihnnnihgmmeilfjmjjc. 
  24. ↑ "How to Install Facebook Messenger 'Caprine' in Ubuntu 18.04". 7 March 2019. https://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2019/03/install-facebook-messenger-caprine-ubuntu-18-04/. 
  25. ↑ "How to Install WeChat Desktop Client in Ubuntu Linux". 22 June 2020. https://itsfoss.com/install-wechat-desktop-client-in-ubuntu/. 
  26. ↑ "Nativefier". https://github.com/nativefier/nativefier. 
  27. ↑ "How to Install and Use WhatsApp Desktop Client in Linux". 15 June 2020. https://itsfoss.com/whatsapp-linux-desktop/. 
  28. ↑ "WhatSie - WhatsApp for Linux". https://snapcraft.io/whatsie. 
  29. ↑ "WhatsApp". https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/WhatsApp. 
  30. ↑ https://element.io/features/end-to-end-encryption
  31. ↑ "Turn on chat features in Messages - Messages Help". https://support.google.com/messages/answer/7189714?hl=en. 
  32. ↑ "ICQ Is Back, and There Are 11 Things You Should Know About It by Dimitry O. Photo". 22 August 2017. https://medium.com/@Dimitryophoto/icq-is-back-and-there-are-11-things-you-should-know-about-it-b993dddfc234. 
  33. ↑ Ciobica, Vladimir (26 May 2021). "Signal Desktop". https://www.softpedia.com/get/Internet/Chat/Instant-Messaging/Signal-Desktop.shtml. 
  34. ↑ Youngren, Jan (19 January 2021). "Signal messaging app review 2021". https://vpnpro.com/messaging-apps/signal-review/. 
  35. ↑ "Signal · GitHub". 26 February 2020. https://github.com/signalapp. 
  36. ↑ Witman, Emma (22 January 2021). "How to make a Telegram account and start using the popular group chatting app". https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-make-a-telegram-account. 
  37. ↑ "Login and SMS - Telegram FAQ". https://www.telegram.org/faq?setln=en#login-and-sms. 
  38. ↑ "Q: How are secret chats different? - Telegram FAQ". https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-are-secret-chats-different. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Q: What is Telegram? What do I do here? - Telegram FAQ". https://telegram.org/faq#q-what-is-telegram-what-do-i-do-here. 
  40. ↑ "How to sign up for a QQ account in 2021? (For PUBG, Game for Peace or Honor of Kings)". 29 February 2020. https://chinahow.guide/qq-registration-sign-up/. 
  41. ↑ "Latest Guide: How to Register a QQ International Account For PUBG, Avena of Valors and Quick Login to other Chinese Apps". 28 April 2019. https://www.chinaclife.com/how-to-register-qq-international-account-2019-for-pubg-and-quick-login/. 
  42. ↑ "Comparison of Popular Messenger Services – Threema". https://threema.ch/en/messenger-comparison. 
  43. ↑ "Wire Product Features". https://wire.com/en/product/features/. 
  44. ↑ "Wire server code now 100% open source – the journey continues". Wire Swiss GmbH. 19 September 2017. https://medium.com/@wireapp/wire-server-code-now-100-open-source-the-journey-continues-88e24164309c. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Why don't you disable screen capture? – Wickr Inc.". https://support.wickr.com/hc/en-us/articles/115007884288-Why-don-t-you-disable-screen-capture-. 
  46. ↑ "Jami" (in en). 9 August 2019. https://jami.net/the-jami-quirks/. 
  47. ↑ "7bb77aa65771c36f709e14d593dc8e0d88e16ddd - jami-client-android - Gitiles". https://review.jami.net/plugins/gitiles/jami-client-android/+/7bb77aa65771c36f709e14d593dc8e0d88e16ddd. 
  48. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360007059792-Signal-PIN. 
  49. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360043469312-Screen-Security. 
  50. ↑ "Telegram FAQ". https://telegram.org/faq?setln=be#q-can-i-be-certain-that-my-conversation-partner-doesn-39t-take-a. 
  51. ↑ Says, جلوگیری از اسکرین شات در تلگرام چگونه است؟-تکست روزانه (24 February 2022). "How To Prevent People From Screenshotting Your Telegram Chat". https://gadgets-africa.com/2022/02/24/how-to-prevent-screenshotting-on-telegram/. 
  52. ↑ The Importance of Message Threads in Team Messaging Apps
  53. ↑ Briar User Manual
  54. ↑ Discord Threads FAQ
  55. ↑ Discord I Want To Leave A Thread
  56. ↑ Introducing Threads in Beta!
  57. ↑ Learn how to manage a space with in-line threading
  58. ↑ "New Google Chat features: smart compose, message editing and more". 30 June 2023. https://blog.google/products/workspace/google-chat-features-update-june-2023/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 "FAQ — Jami documentation". https://docs.jami.net/user/faq.html#does-jami-support-read-receipts-can-i-turn-them-on-or-off. 
  60. ↑ Organize conversations using Collapsed Reply Threads
  61. ↑ Facebook Messenger gets threaded replies
  62. ↑ Movim: a decentralized open-source XMPP-based messaging and social platform
  63. ↑ Retroshare » Docs » User Guide » Interface
  64. ↑ "Delete messages, alerts, or chats – Signal Support". https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360007320491-Delete-messages-alerts-or-chats. 
  65. ↑ "Set and manage disappearing messages – Signal Support". https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360007320771-Set-and-manage-disappearing-messages. 
  66. ↑ Use threads to organize discussions
  67. ↑ How to Unfollow Thread in Slack?
  68. ↑ Bugs and Suggestions » Threads
  69. ↑ Comparison of Communication Tools for Companies
  70. ↑ "Safe and tidy with Timed Messages". Wire Swiss. 25 October 2016. https://medium.com/wire-news/safe-and-tidy-with-timed-messages%EF%B8%8F-4f26ff17b11b. 
  71. ↑ "Gajimfaq · Wiki · gajim / Gajim". 16 April 2023. https://dev.gajim.org/gajim/gajim/-/wikis/help/gajimfaq. 
  72. ↑ "The next step for even safer messaging: Letter Sealing". Line Corporation. 12 August 2016. https://engineering.linecorp.com/en/blog/the-next-step-for-even-safer-messaging-letter-sealing/. 
  73. ↑ "Signal and Encryption at rest". SignalCommunity. 12 February 2018. https://community.signalusers.org/t/signal-and-encryption-at-rest/1953. 
  74. ↑ "Telegram App Store Secret-Chat Messages in Plain-Text Database". 23 February 2015. https://blog.zimperium.com/telegram-hack/. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Product design decisions for secure messengers - by Wire - Medium". 31 May 2017. https://wireapp.medium.com/product-design-decisions-for-secure-messengers-e8a5e7d1a373. 
  76. ↑ "Discord on Twitter: "Yup, you can be logged into as many devices at the same time..." / Twitter". https://twitter.com/discord/status/1079674168935878657?lang=en. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 "Top 5 Messenger Apps Supporting Multi-Device Support Feature - Mirror Review". 10 August 2020. https://www.mirrorreview.com/top-5-messenger-apps-support-feature/. 
  78. ↑ "The Element messenger (and the Matrix standard) - Linux Kamarada". 20 May 2021. https://linuxkamarada.com/en/2021/05/20/the-element-messenger-and-the-matrix-standard/. 
  79. ↑ "Use classic Hangouts on all your devices - Google Workspace Admin Help". https://support.google.com/a/answer/6187630?hl=en. 
  80. ↑ "Use Google Chat in Gmail - Computer - Google Chat Help". https://support.google.com/chat/answer/9341104?hl=en. 
  81. ↑ "Check your messages on your computer or Android tablet - Messages Help". https://support.google.com/messages/answer/7611075?hl=en. 
  82. ↑ "» A whole new ICQ awaits you on iOS". 13 January 2021. https://bestygame.com/en/a-whole-new-icq-awaits-you-on-ios/. 
  83. ↑ "Features of Jami Clients". 11 January 2024. https://docs.jami.net/en_US/user/all-features-by-client.html. 
  84. ↑ "Help - Kaokao". http://www.kakao.com/talk/en/faq. 
  85. ↑ "General - Kaokao". https://cs.kakao.com/helps?articleId=1073183153&service=8&category=5&device=2&locale=en. 
  86. ↑ "Kik FAQs – Kik". https://kikhelpcenter.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/4402351602971-Kik-FAQs. 
  87. ↑ "Help center - LINE". https://help.line.me/line/android/pc?lang=en&contentId=20000132. 
  88. ↑ "Access your messages on all your Apple devices - Apple Support". https://support.apple.com/guide/messages/access-messages-apple-devices-icht5b5d1e63/mac. 
  89. ↑ "A Guide on How to Use Facebook Secret Conversations". 24 October 2019. https://mashtips.com/facebook-secret-conversations/. 
  90. ↑ "Troubleshooting multiple devices – Signal Support". https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360007320451. 
  91. ↑ "Can I sync my Skype instant messages across devices? - Skype Support". https://support.skype.com/en/faq/FA12368/can-i-sync-my-skype-instant-messages-across-devices. 
  92. ↑ "Snapchat Support on Twitter: "The Snapchat app does not currently allow multiple users to log into one shared account. Similarly, the Snapchat app cannot run on multiple devices at once, so each time you log in to a device, it will log you out of the other device." / Twitter". https://twitter.com/snapchatsupport/status/971212591312834560?lang=en. 
  93. ↑ "Telegram — Feature rich messaging - by Sumit Grover - Medium". 29 May 2016. https://medium.com/@sumgr0/telegram-feature-rich-messaging-f3fd9a7611b0. 
  94. ↑ "Q: Which devices can I use? - Telegram FAQ". https://www.telegram.org/faq?setln=en#q-which-devices-can-i-use. 
  95. ↑ "Opening QQ login protection is still stolen -- a comprehensive analysis of QQ security mechanism". https://chowdera.com/2021/12/20211204063740605I.html. 
  96. ↑ "Support – Threema - Desktop/Web". https://threema.ch/en/support. 
  97. ↑ "Set Up Viber on Your Tablet or iPad - Viber Support Knowledge Base". https://help.viber.com/en/article/set-up-viber-on-your-tablet-or-ipad. 
  98. ↑ "I'm prompted of already logging in to another device. - WeChat Help Centre". https://help.wechat.com/cgi-bin/micromsg-bin/oshelpcenter?opcode=2&lang=en&plat=android&pid=1003374&id=120813euejvf1505046zj6jz&Channel=helpcenter. 
  99. ↑ "About linked devices - WhatsApp Help Center". https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/download-and-installation/about-linked-devices/?lang=en. 
  100. ↑ "Can I use Wire on multiple devices, for example on the phone and laptop? – Wire – Support". https://support.wire.com/hc/en-us/articles/115003858445-Can-I-use-Wire-on-multiple-devices-for-example-on-the-phone-and-laptop-. 



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