Emoticon

From HandWiki
Short description: Pictorial representation of a facial expression using punctuation marks, numbers and letters
A smiley-face emoticon
Examples of kaomoji smileys

An emoticon (/əˈmoʊtəkɒn/, ə-MOH-tə-kon, rarely /ɪˈmɒtɪkɒn/, ih-MOTT-ih-kon),[1][2][3][4] short for emotion icon,[5] is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using characters—usually punctuation marks, numbers, and letters—to express a person's feelings, mood, or reaction, without needing to describe it in detail.

The first ASCII emoticons are generally credited to computer scientist Scott Fahlman, who proposed what came to be known as "smileys" – :-) and :-( – in a message on the bulletin board system (BBS) of Carnegie Mellon University in 1982. In Western countries, emoticons are usually written at a right angle to the direction of the text. Users from Japan popularized a kind of emoticon called kaomoji, utilizing the larger character sets required for Japanese, that can be understood without tilting one's head to the left. This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986.[6][7]

As SMS mobile text messaging and the Internet became widespread in the late 1990s, emoticons became increasingly popular and were commonly used in texting, Internet forums, and e-mails. Emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology, and some devices and applications have provided stylized pictures that do not use text punctuation. They offer another range of "tone" and feeling through texting that portrays specific emotions through facial gestures while in the midst of text-based cyber communication.[8] Emoticons were the precursors to modern emojis, which have been in a state of continuous development for a variety of digital platforms. Today, over 90% of the world's online population uses emojis or emoticons.

History

Different uses of text characters (pre-1981)

Cover of the French magazine Le Charivari, text of a legal ruling against it in the shape of a pear, 1834

Modern emoticons were not the first instances of :) or :-) being used in text. In 1648, poet Robert Herrick wrote, "Tumble me down, and I will sit Upon my ruins, (smiling yet:)." Herrick's work predated any other recorded use of brackets as a smiling face by around 200 years. However, experts have since weighed whether the inclusion of the colon in the poem was deliberate and if it was meant to represent a smiling face. English professor Alan Jacobs argued that "punctuation, in general, was unsettled in the seventeenth century ... Herrick was unlikely to have consistent punctuational practices himself, and even if he did he couldn't expect either his printers or his readers to share them."[9]

Precursors to modern emoticons have existed since the 19th century.[10][11][12] The National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in Morse code to express "love and kisses"[13] (later reduced to the more formal "best regards"). Dodge's Manual in 1908 documented the reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88. New Zealand academics Joan Gajadhar and John Green comment that both Morse code abbreviations are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as LOL.[14]

The transcript of one of Abraham Lincoln's speeches in 1862 recorded the audience's reaction as: "(applause and laughter ;)".[10][15] There has been some debate whether the glyph in Lincoln's speech was a typo, a legitimate punctuation construct, or the first emoticon.[16] Linguist Philip Seargeant argues that it was a simple typesetting error.[17]

Before March 1881 the examples of "typographical art" appeared in at least three newspaper articles, including Kurjer warszawski (published in Warsaw) from March 5, 1881, using punctuation to represent the emotions of joy, melancholy, indifference, and astonishment.[18]

Transcript of a speech by Abraham Lincoln in 1862

In a 1912 essay titled "For Brevity and Clarity", American author Ambrose Bierce suggested facetiously[10][15] that a bracket could be used to represent a smiling face, proposing "an improvement in punctuation" with which writers could convey cachinnation, loud or immoderate laughter: "it is written thus ‿ and presents a smiling mouth. It is to be appended, with the full stop, to every jocular or ironical sentence".[10][19] In a 1936 Harvard Lampoon article, writer Alan Gregg proposed combining brackets with various other punctuation marks to represent various moods. Brackets were used for the sides of the mouth or cheeks, with other punctuation used between the brackets to display various emotions: (-) for a smile, (--) (showing more "teeth") for laughter, (#) for a frown and (*) for a wink.[10][20]

The September 1962 issue of MAD magazine included an article titled "Typewri-toons". The piece, featuring typewriter-generated artwork credited to "Royal Portable", was entirely made up of repurposed typography, including a capital letter P having a bigger bust than a capital I, a lowercase b and d discussing their pregnancies, an asterisk on top of a letter to indicate the letter had just come inside from snowfall, and a classroom of lowercase n's interrupted by a lowercase h "raising its hand".[21]

"Typographical art" published in the March 5, 1881 issue of Kurjer Warszawski

A further example attributed to a Baltimore Sunday Sun columnist appeared in a 1967 article in Reader's Digest, using a dash and right bracket to represent a tongue in one's cheek: —).[10][15][22] Prefiguring the modern "smiley" emoticon,[10][17] writer Vladimir Nabokov told an interviewer from The New York Times in 1969, "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile – some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question."[23]

In the 1970s, the PLATO IV computer system was launched. It was one of the first computers used throughout educational and professional institutions, but rarely used in a residential setting.[24] On the computer system, a student at the University of Illinois developed pictograms that resembled different smiling faces. Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope stated this likely took place in 1972, and they claimed these to be the first emoticons.[25][26] The student's creations likely cover multiple timelines, the creation of computer icons, digital pictograms and emoticons. Since the pictograms were not focused on offering a means to communicate, they are not generally considered important in the history of the emoticon.

ASCII emoticons use in digital communication (1982–mid-1990s)

Carnegie Mellon computer scientist Scott Fahlman is generally credited with the invention of the digital text-based emoticon in 1982.[17][27][11] Carnegie Mellon's bulletin board system (BBS) was a forum used by students and teachers for discussing a variety of topics, where jokes often created misunderstandings.[28] As a response to the difficulty of conveying humor or sarcasm in plain text,[11] Fahlman proposed colon–hyphen–right bracket :-) as a label for "attempted humor".[29] The use of ASCII symbols, a standard set of codes representing typographical marks, was essential to allow the symbols to be displayed on any computer.[28] Fahlman sent the following message[lower-alpha 1] after an incident where a humorous warning about a mercury spill in an elevator was misunderstood as serious:[15][17][31] 

19-Sep-82 11:44    Scott E  Fahlman             :-)
From: Scott E  Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c>
 
I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers:
        
:-)
        
Read it sideways.  Actually, it is probably more economical to mark
things that are NOT jokes, given current trends.  For this, use
        
:-(

Other suggestions on the forum included an asterisk * and an ampersand &, the former meant to represent a person doubled over in laughter,[32][31] as well as a percent sign % and a pound sign #.[33] Within a few months, the smiley had spread to the ARPANET[34][non-primary source needed] and Usenet.[35][non-primary source needed]

Many of those that pre-dated Fahlman either drew faces using alphabetic symbols or created digital pictograms. Scott Fahlman took it a step further, by suggesting that not only could his emoticon communication emotion, but also replace language.[29] Using the emoticons as a form of communication is why Fahlman is seen as the creator of emoticons vs. other earlier claims.

Since the 1990s, emoticons (colon, hyphen and bracket) have become integral to digital communications,[12] and have inspired a variety of other emoticons,[11][36] including the "winking" face using a semicolon ;-),[37] the "surprised" face with a letter o in place of a bracket :-o, and XD, a visual representation of the Face with Tears of Joy emoji or the acronym LOL.[38]

In 1996, The Smiley Company was established by Nicolas Loufrani and his father Franklin as a way of commercializing the smiley trademark. As part of this, The Smiley Dictionary website focused on ASCII emoticons, where a catalogue was made of them. Hundreds of these basic designs had not been documented in one place, such as :-). Many other people did similar to Loufrani from 1995 onwards, including David Sanderson creating the book Smileys in 1997. James Marshall also hosted an online collection of ASCII emoticons which he completed in 2008.[38] Loufrani's catalogue sorted the ASCII emoticons into 11 different categories, with designs that were more widespread than just representing human emotion.

A researcher at Stanford University surveyed the emoticons used in four million Twitter messages and found that the smiling emoticon without a hyphen "nose" :) was much more common than the original version with the hyphen :-). Linguist Vyvyan Evans argues that this represents a shift in usage by younger users as a form of covert prestige: rejecting a standard usage in order to demonstrate in-group membership.[39]

Graphical emoticons & other developments (1990s–present)

Loufrani went a step further than ASCII emoticons, when he began to use the basic text designs and turned them into graphical representations. Today, they are known as graphical emoticons. His designs based on a newly reinvented 3D Smiley logo were registered at the United States Copyright Office in 1997 and appeared online as .gif files in 1998.[40][41][42] For ASCII emoticons that didn't exist to convert into graphical form, Loufrani also backward engineered new ASCII emoticons from the graphical versions he created. These were the first graphical representations of ASCII emoticons.[43] He published his Smiley icons as well as emoticons created by others, along with their ASCII versions, in an online Smiley Dictionary in 2001.[40] This dictionary included 640 different smiley icons[44][45] and was published as a book called Dico Smileys in 2002.[40][46] In 2017, British magazine The Drum referred to Loufrani as the "godfather of the emoji" for his work in the field.[47]

Fahlman has stated that he sees emojis as "the remote descendants of this thing I did."[48]

On September 23, 2021, it was announced that Scott Fahlman was holding an auction for the original emoticons he created in 1982. The auction was held in Dallas, United States, and sold the two designs as non-fungible tokens (NFT).[49] The online auction ended later that month, with the originals selling for $237,500.[50]

In some programming languages, certain operators are known informally by their emoticon-like appearance. This includes the Spaceship operator <=> (a comparison), Diamond operator <> (for type hinting) and Elvis operator ?: (a shortened ternary operator).[51]

Styles

Western

Usually, emoticons in Western style have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and the mouth. The two-character version :) which omits the nose is also very popular.

The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but each of them can be transformed by being rotated (making them tiny ambigrams), with or without a hyphen (nose). There are also some possible variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express a new feeling, or slightly change the mood of the emoticon. For example, :( equals sad and :(( equals very sad. Weeping can be written as :'(. A blush can be expressed as :">. Others include wink ;), a grin :D, smug :->, and can be used to denote a flirting or joking tone, or may be implying a second meaning in the sentence preceding it.[52] ;P, such as when blowing a raspberry. An often used combination is also <3 for a heart, and </3 for a broken heart. :O is also sometimes used to depict shock. :/ is used to depict melancholy, disappointment, or disapproval. :| is used to depict a neutral face.

A broad grin is sometimes shown with crinkled eyes to express further amusement; XD and the addition of further "D" letters can suggest laughter or extreme amusement e.g. XDDDD. The same is true for X3 but the three represents an animal's mouth. There are other variations including >:( for anger, or >:D for an evil grin, which can be, again, used in reverse, for an unhappy angry face, in the shape of D:<. =K for vampire teeth, :s for grimace, and :P tongue out, can be used to denote a flirting or joking tone, or may be implying a second meaning in the sentence preceding it.[52]

As computers offer increasing built-in support for non-Western writing systems, it has become possible to use other glyphs to build emoticons. The 'shrug' emoticon, ¯\_(ツ)_/¯, uses the glyph ツ from the Japanese katakana writing system.

An equal sign is often used for the eyes in place of the colon, seen as =), without changing the meaning of the emoticon. In these instances, the hyphen is almost always either omitted or, occasionally, replaced with an "o" as in =O). In most circles it has become acceptable to omit the hyphen, whether a colon or an equal sign is used for the eyes,[53] but in some areas of usage people still prefer the larger, more traditional emoticon :-) or :^). One linguistic study has indicated that the use of a nose in an emoticon may be related to the user's age, with younger people less likely to use a nose.[54] Similar-looking characters are commonly substituted for one another: for instance, o, O, and 0 can all be used interchangeably, sometimes for subtly different effect or, in some cases, one type of character may look better in a certain font and therefore be preferred over another. It is also common for the user to replace the rounded brackets used for the mouth with other, similar brackets, such as ] instead of ).

Some variants are also more common in certain countries due to keyboard layouts. For example, the smiley =) may occur in Scandinavia, where the keys for = and ) are placed right beside each other. However, the :) variant is without a doubt the dominant one in Scandinavia, making the =) version a rarity. Diacritical marks are sometimes used. The letters Ö and Ü can be seen as an emoticon, as the upright version of :O (meaning that one is surprised) and :D (meaning that one is very happy) respectively.

Some emoticons may be read right to left instead, and in fact, can only be written using standard ASCII keyboard characters this way round; for example D: which refers to being shocked or anxious, opposite to the large grin of :D.

In countries where the Cyrillic alphabet is used, the right parenthesis ) is used as a smiley. Multiple parentheses )))) are used to express greater happiness, amusement or laughter. It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence, replacing the full stop. The colon is omitted due to being in a lesser-known position on the ЙЦУКЕН keyboard layout.

Kaomoji (Japan ASCII movement)

Kaomoji are often seen as the Japanese development of emoticons, which was separate to the Scott Fahlman movement started in 1982. In 1986, a designer began to use brackets and other ASCII text characters to form faces.

A Kaomoji painting in Japan

Over time, these designs became much more complex than western emoticons and why the two are often differentiated from one another, despite both using ASCII characters. Kaomoji also became focused around some Japanese industries, such as anime.

2channel

Users of the Japanese discussion board 2channel, in particular, have developed a wide variety of unique emoticons using characters from various scripts, such as Kannada, as in ಠ_ಠ (for a look of disapproval, disbelief, or confusion). Similarly, the letter ರೃ has been used in emoticons to represent a monocle, while ಥ has been used to represent a tearing eye. These were quickly picked up by 4chan and spread to other Western sites soon after. Some have taken on a life of their own and become characters in their own right, like Monā.

Korean

In South Korea , emoticons use Korean Hangul letters, and the Western style is rarely used.[55] The structures of Korean and Japanese emoticons are somewhat similar, but they have some differences. Korean style contains Korean jamo (letters) instead of other characters. There are countless number of emoticons that can be formed with such combinations of Korean jamo letters. Consonant jamos ㅅ, ㅁ or ㅂ as the mouth/nose component and ㅇ, ㅎ or ㅍ for the eyes. For example: ㅇㅅㅇ, ㅇㅂㅇ, ㅇㅁㅇ and -ㅅ-. Faces such as 'ㅅ', "ㅅ", 'ㅂ' and 'ㅇ', using quotation marks " and apostrophes ' are also commonly used combinations. Vowel jamos such as ㅜ, ㅠ depict a crying face. Example: ㅜㅜ, ㅠㅠ and 뉴뉴 (same function as T in western style). Sometimes ㅡ (not an em-dash "—" but a vowel jamo), a comma or an underscore is added, and the two character sets can be mixed together, as in ㅜ.ㅜ, ㅠ.ㅜ, ㅠ.ㅡ, ㅜ_ㅠ, ㅡ^ㅜ and ㅜㅇㅡ. Also, semicolons and carets are commonly used in Korean emoticons; semicolons mean sweating (embarrassed). If they are used with ㅡ or – they depict a bad feeling. Examples: -;/, --^, ㅡㅡ;;;, -_-;; and -_^. However, ^^, ^오^ means smile (almost all people use this without distinction of sex or age). Others include: ~_~, --a, -6-, +0+.

Chinese ideographic

The character 囧 (U+56E7), which means 'bright', may be combined with posture emoticon Orz, such as 囧rz. The character existed in Oracle bone script, but its use as emoticon was documented as early as January 20, 2005.[56]

Other variants of 囧 include 崮 (king 囧), 莔 (queen 囧), 商 (囧 with hat), 囧興 (turtle), 卣 (Bomberman).

The character 槑 (U+69D1), a variant of 梅 'plum', is used to represent double of 呆 'dull', or further magnitude of dullness. In Chinese, normally full characters (as opposed to the stylistic use of 槑) might be duplicated to express emphasis.

Posture emoticons

Orz

The Japanese custom of dogeza

Orz (other forms include: Or2, on_, OTZ, OTL, STO, JTO,[57] _no, ＿冂○,[58] 囧​rz,[56]) is an emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person (the Japanese version of which is called dogeza) with the "o" being the head, the "r" being the arms and part of the body, and the "z" being part of the body and the legs. This stick figure can represent respect or kowtowing, but commonly appears along a range of responses, including "frustration, despair, sarcasm, or grudging respect".[59]

It was first used in late 2002 at the forum on Techside, a Japanese personal website. At the "Techside FAQ Forum" (TECHSIDE教えて君BBS(教えてBBS)), a poster asked about a cable cover, typing "＿|￣|○" to show a cable and its cover. Others commented that it looked like a kneeling person, and the symbol became popular.[60] These comments were soon deleted as they were considered off-topic. By 2005, Orz spawned a subculture: blogs have been devoted to the emoticon, and URL shortening services have been named after it. In Taiwan, Orz is associated with the phrase "nice guy" – that is, the concept of males being rejected for a date by females, with a phrase like "You are a nice guy."[57]

Orz should not be confused with m(   )m, which represents a standing bow directly towards the viewer as a means to say "Thank you" or as an apology.

Multimedia variations

A portmanteau of emotion and sound, an emotisound is a brief sound transmitted and played back during the viewing of a message, typically an IM message or e-mail message. The sound is intended to communicate an emotional subtext.[citation needed][61] Many instant messaging clients automatically trigger sound effects in response to specific emoticons.[citation needed]

Some services, such as MuzIcons, combine emoticons and music player in an Adobe Flash-based widget.[62]

In 2004, the Trillian chat application introduced a feature called "emotiblips", which allows Trillian users to stream files to their instant message recipients "as the voice and video equivalent of an emoticon".[63]

In 2007, MTV and Paramount Home Entertainment promoted the "emoticlip" as a form of viral marketing for the second season of the show The Hills. The emoticlips were twelve short snippets of dialogue from the show, uploaded to YouTube, which the advertisers hoped would be distributed between web users as a way of expressing feelings in a similar manner to emoticons. The emoticlip concept is credited to the Bradley & Montgomery advertising firm, which hopes they would be widely adopted as "greeting cards that just happen to be selling something".[64]

In 2008, an emotion-sequence animation tool, called FunIcons was created. The Adobe Flash and Java-based application allows users to create a short animation. Users can then email or save their own animations to use them on similar social utility applications.[65]

During the first half of the 2010s, there have been different forms of small audiovisual pieces to be sent through instant messaging systems to express one's emotion. These videos lack an established name, and there are several ways to designate them: "emoticlips" (named above), "emotivideos" or more recently "emoticon videos". These are tiny videos that can be easily transferred from one mobile phone to another. Current video compression codecs such as H.264 allow these pieces of video to be light in terms of file size and very portable. The popular computer and mobile app Skype use these in a separate keyboard or by typing the code of the "emoticon videos" between parentheses.

Emoticons and intellectual property rights

Patented drop down menu for composing phone mail text message with emoticons[66]

In 2000, Despair, Inc. obtained a U.S. trademark registration for the "frowny" emoticon :-( when used on "greeting cards, posters and art prints". In 2001, they issued a satirical press release, announcing that they would sue Internet users who typed the frowny; the joke backfired and the company received a storm of protest when its mock release was posted on technology news website Slashdot.[67]

A number of patent applications have been filed on inventions that assist in communicating with emoticons. A few of these have been issued as US patents. US 6987991,[66] for example, discloses a method developed in 2001 to send emoticons over a cell phone using a drop-down menu. The stated advantage over the prior art was that the user saved on the number of keystrokes though this may not address the obviousness criteria.

The emoticon :-) was also filed in 2006 and registered in 2008 as a European Community Trademark (CTM). In Finland , the Supreme Administrative Court ruled in 2012 that the emoticon cannot be trademarked,[68] thus repealing a 2006 administrative decision trademarking the emoticons :-), =), =(, :) and :(.[69]

In 2005, a Russian court rejected a legal claim against Siemens by a man who claimed to hold a trademark on the ;-) emoticon.[70]

In 2008, Russian entrepreneur Oleg Teterin claimed to have been granted the trademark on the ;-) emoticon. A license would not "cost that much – tens of thousands of dollars" for companies, but would be free of charge for individuals.[70]

Unicode

Main page: Emoticons (Unicode block)

A different, but related, use of the term "emoticon" is found in the Unicode Standard, referring to a subset of emoji which display facial expressions.[71] The standard explains this usage with reference to existing systems, which provided functionality for substituting certain textual emoticons with images or emoji of the expressions in question.[72]

Some smiley faces were present in Unicode since 1.1, including a white frowning face, a white smiling face, and a black smiling face. ("Black" refers to a glyph which is filled, "white" refers to a glyph which is unfilled).[73]


The Emoticons block was introduced in Unicode Standard version 6.0 (published in October 2010) and extended by 7.0. It covers Unicode range from U+1F600 to U+1F64F fully.[74]

After that block had been filled, Unicode 8.0 (2015), 9.0 (2016) and 10.0 (2017) added additional emoticons in the range from U+1F910 to U+1F9FF. Currently, U+1F90C – U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F94D – U+1F94F, U+1F96C – U+1F97F, U+1F998 – U+1F9CF (excluding U+1F9C0 which contains the 🧀 emoji) and U+1F9E7 – U+1F9FF do not contain any emoticons since Unicode 10.0.


For historic and compatibility reasons, some other heads, and figures, which mostly represent different aspects like genders, activities, and professions instead of emotions, are also found in Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs (especially U+1F466 – U+1F487) and Transport and Map Symbols. Body parts, mostly hands, are also encoded in the Dingbat and Miscellaneous Symbols blocks.

See also


Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ The transcript of the conversation, between several computer scientists including David Touretzky, Guy Steele, and Jaime Carbonell,[30] was believed lost before it was recovered 20 years later from old backup tapes.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "emoticon". http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/emoticon?a=british. 
  2. ↑ "emoticon". https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=emoticon. 
  3. ↑ "emoticon". https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/emoticon. 
  4. ↑ "emoticon - Definition of emoticon in English by Oxford Dictionaries". https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/emoticon. 
  5. ↑ Zimmerly, Arlene; Jaehne, Julie (2003). Computer Connections: Projects and Applications, Student Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-861399-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=eT4BNoGdRHcC. "Emoticon: An acronym for emotion icon, a small icon composed of punctuation characters that indicate how an e-mail message should be interpreted (that is, the writer's mood)." 
  6. ↑ "The History of Smiley Marks". http://staff.aist.go.jp/k.harigaya/doc/kao_his.html. 
  7. ↑ Yasumoto-Nicolson, Ken (September 19, 2007). "The History of Smiley Marks (English)". http://whatjapanthinks.com/2007/09/19/turns-25-but-how-old-are-japanese-emoticons/. 
  8. ↑ Williams, Alex (July 29, 2007). "(-: Just Between You and Me ;-)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/fashion/29emoticon.html. 
  9. ↑ Madrigal, Alexis C. (April 14, 2014). "The First Emoticon May have appeared in 1648". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/the-first-emoticon-may-have-appeared-in-1648/360622/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Evans, Vyvyan (2017). The Emoji Code: The Linguistics Behind Smiley Faces and Scaredy Cats. New York: Picador. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-1-250-12906-2. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Long, Tony (19 September 2008). "Sept. 19, 1982: Can't You Take a Joke? :-)". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2008/09/dayintech-0919/. "Fahlman became the acknowledged originator of the ASCII-based emoticon.". 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Giannoulis, Elena; Wilde, Lukas R. A., eds (2019). "Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji: The Transformation of Communication in the Digital Age". Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji: The Transformation of Communication in the Digital Age. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-95884-7. "The most commonly used emoticons, the 'smileys', have since become an integral part of digital communication." [page needed]
  13. ↑ Hey, Tony; Pápay, Gyuri (2014). The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-316-12322-5. 
  14. ↑ Gajadhar, Joan; Green, John (2005). "The Importance of Nonverbal Elements in Online Chat". EDUCAUSE Quarterly 28 (4): 63–64. ISSN 1528-5324. https://er.educause.edu/~/media/files/articles/2005/10/eqm05411.pdf. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Houston, Keith (28 September 2013). "Something to Smile About". The Wall Street Journal: p. C3. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304213904579093661814158946. 
  16. ↑ Lee, Jennifer (January 19, 2009). "Is That an Emoticon in 1862?". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/hfo-emoticon/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Seargeant, Philip (2019). The Emoji Revolution: How Technology is Shaping the Future of Communication. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-1-108-49664-3. "The history of emoticons conventionally begins with the computer scientist Scott Fahlman who, in 1982, combined a colon, a hyphen and a round bracket as a way of indicating that a given statement was meant as a joke." 
  18. ↑ "Polona". https://polona.pl/item/kurjer-warszawski-r-61-nr-51-5-marca-1881,MjA0ODAxODg/4/#info:metadata. 
  19. ↑ Bierce, Ambrose (1912). "For Brevity and Clarity". The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, XI: Antepenultimata. The Neale Publishing Company. pp. 386–387. https://books.google.com/books?id=3nEcAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA387. 
  20. ↑ The Harvard Lampoon, Vol. 112 No. 1, September 16, 1936, pp. 30–31. ISSN 0017-8098
  21. ↑ MAD Magazine No. 73, September 1962, pp. 36–37. ISSN 0024-9319
  22. ↑ Mikkelson, David (20 September 2007). "Fact Check: Emoticon (Smiley) Origin". http://www.snopes.com/fact-check/glyph-notes/. 
  23. ↑ Nabokov, Vladimir (1990). Strong Opinions. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-72609-8. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679726098. 
  24. ↑ Smith, Ernie (November 13, 2017). "The Greatest Computer Network You've Never Heard Of". Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/pa3vvg/the-greatest-computer-network-youve-never-heard-of. 
  25. ↑ Kalantzis, Mary; Cope, Bill (2020). Adding Sense: Context and Interest in a Grammar of Multimodal Meaning. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-108-49534-9. 
  26. ↑ Cope, Bill; Kalantzis, Mary. "A Little History of e-Learning". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351400910. 
  27. ↑ Doliashvili, Mariam; Ogawa, Michael-Brian C.; Crosby, Martha E. (2020). "Understanding Challenges Presented Using Emojis as a Form of Augmented Communication". in Schmorrow, Dylan D.; Fidopiastis, Cali M.. Augmented Cognition. Theoretical and Technological Approaches. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 12196. Springer Nature. p. 26. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50353-6_2. ISBN 978-3-030-50353-6. "Scott Fahlman, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, was credited with popularizing early text-based emoticons in 1982" 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Veszelszki, Ágnes (2017). Digilect: The Impact of Infocommunication Technology on Language. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-3-11-049911-7. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Stanton, Andrea L. (2014). "Islamic Emoticons: Pious Sociability and Community Building in Online Muslim Communities.". in Benski, Tova; Fisher, Eran. Internet and Emotions. New York: Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-415-81944-2. 
  30. ↑ Fahlman, Scott. "Original Bboard Thread in which :-) was proposed". https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Garber, Megan (June 19, 2014). ") or :-)? Some Highly Scientific Data". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/emoticon-smileys-some-highly-scientific-data/373086/. 
  32. ↑ Hitt, Tarpley (17 July 2020). "The Inventor of the Emoticon Tells All: 'I've Created a Virus'". The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-inventor-of-the-emoticon-tells-all-ive-created-a-virus. 
  33. ↑ Baron, Naomi (2009). "The myth of impoverished signal: Dispelling the spoken-language fallacy for emoticons in online communication.". in Vincent, Jane; Fortunati, Leopoldina. Electronic Emotion: The Mediation of Emotion via Information and Communication Technologies. Bern: Peter Lang. p. 112. ISBN 978-3-03911-866-3. 
  34. ↑ Morris, James (October 10, 1982). "Notes – Communications Breakthrough". Newsgroup: net.works. Retrieved December 18, 2008.[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  35. ↑ Jackson, Curtis (December 3, 1982). "How to keep from being misunderstood on the net". Newsgroup: net.news. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  36. ↑ Evans 2017, pp. 151–152.
  37. ↑ ":-) turns 25". Associated Press. September 20, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Seargeant 2019, p. 47.
  39. ↑ Evans 2017, pp. 152–154.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Mahfood, Rene (2016). "Emoji Users Are Shaping The Future Of Messaging". The Light Magazine. http://www.thelightmag.com/preferences-changes-in-social-media-marketingroberta-b-turner/. 
  41. ↑ "Avec le smiley, 'on arrive à décontracter tout le monde'" (in fr). February 4, 2016. http://www.europe1.fr/societe/avec-le-smiley-on-arrive-a-decontracter-tout-le-monde-2662759. 
  42. ↑ Quann, Jack (July 17, 2015). "A picture paints a thousand words: Today is World Emoji Day". http://www.newstalk.com/Emojis-World-Emoji-Day-history-of-emoji-Ireland-Nicolas-Loufrani-Vyv-Evans. 
  43. ↑ Das, Souvik (August 4, 2016). "Emoting Out Loud: The Origin of Emojis". http://www.digit.in/article/amp/internet/31252/emoting-out-loud-the-origin-of-emojis. 
  44. ↑ Hooks, Matheus (March 10, 2022). "The Untold Story Behind the Emoji Phenomeon". Hooks magazine. https://www.hooksmagazine.com/post/silver-screen-the-untold-story-behind-the-emoji-phenomenon. 
  45. ↑ Hervez, Marc (May 9, 2016). "Qui a inventé le Smiley ? Son histoire va vous surprendre…" (in fr). Le Parisien. http://www.leparisien.fr/economie/business/qui-a-invente-le-smiley-son-histoire-va-vous-surprendre-09-05-2016-5777881.php. 
  46. ↑ Danesi, Marcel (2016). The Semiotics of Emoji: The Rise of Visual Language in the Age of the Internet. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-8200-0. [page needed]
  47. ↑ Deighton, Katie (July 24, 2017). "Creative The Smiley Company Emoji". The Drum. https://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/07/24/smiley-s-ceo-wants-turn-the-emoji-s-godfather-licensing-biz-global-brand. 
  48. ↑ South, Julian (September 21, 2017). "A Q&A with the Carnegie Mellon professor who created the emoticon, 35 years later". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ISSN 1068-624X. https://www.post-gazette.com/business/tech-news/2017/09/21/emoji-emoticon-scott-fahlman-carnegie-mellon-university-creator-anniversary-birthday-chat-interview-emojis-emoticons/stories/201709210100. 
  49. ↑ "First smiley and frowny emoticons go under hammer in US". Daily Sabah. September 11, 2021. https://www.dailysabah.com/life/first-smiley-and-frowny-emoticons-go-under-hammer-in-us/news. 
  50. ↑ "Erstes digitales Smiley für mehr als 200.000 Dollar als NFT versteigert" (in de). 2021-09-24. https://futurezone.at/digital-life/erstes-smiley-als-nft-versteigert-237500-dollar/401746341. 
  51. ↑ Groovy Language Documentation, includes Spaceship, Elvis and Diamond operators
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Dresner & Herring (2010).
  53. ↑ "Denoser strips noses from text". SourceForge.net. February 21, 2013. http://sourceforge.net/projects/denoser/. 
  54. ↑ Schnoebelen, Tyler (2012). "Do You Smile with Your Nose? Stylistic Variation in Twitter Emoticons". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 18 (2). http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol18/iss2/14/. Retrieved January 22, 2020. 
  55. ↑ "Korean Emoticons: The Ultimate Guide" (in en-US). 2016-03-17. https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-emoticons/. 
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  58. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.dfnt.net/t/photo/your/craft_06suman.shtml. 
  59. ↑ Rodney H. Jones and Christoph A. Hafner, Understanding Digital Literacies: A Practical Introduction (London: Routledge, 2012), 126-27. ISBN:9781136212888
  60. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). http://210.136.179.189/cgi-bin/ch/log/log.html. 
  61. ↑ Tomic, MK (2013). "Emoticons". FIP: 13. 
  62. ↑ "Muzicons.com – music sharing widget". http://www.muzicons.com. 
  63. ↑ "The Creators of Trillian and Trillian Pro IM Clients". Cerulean Studios. http://www.ceruleanstudios.com/faqs/. 
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  65. ↑ "Animated Faces and Emoticons / Digital Elite Inc". Digitalelite.us.com. http://www.digitalelite.us.com/Pages/DigitalElite/FunIcons.html. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Nelson, Johnathon O., "Emoticon input method and apparatus", US patent 6987991, published 2006-01-17
  67. ↑ Schwartz, John (January 29, 2001). "Compressed Data; Don't Mind That Lawsuit, It's Just a Joke". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/29/technology/29LOGO.html. 
  68. ↑ STT (August 13, 2012). "Hymiölle ei saa tavaramerkkiä | Kotimaan uutiset". Iltalehti.fi. http://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/2012081315947358_uu.shtml. 
  69. ↑ "Tavaramerkkilehti". Tavaramerkkilehti (10): 27–28. May 31, 2006. http://tavaramerkki.prh.fi/lehti/tm/Tavaramerkkilehti10S_2006.pdf. Retrieved June 16, 2007. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Russian hopes to cash in on ;-)". BBC News. December 11, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7778767.stm. 
  71. ↑ Hern, Alex (February 6, 2015). "Don't know the difference between emoji and emoticons? Let me explain". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/06/difference-between-emoji-and-emoticons-explained. "To complicate matters, some emoji are also emoticons […] the emoji which depict emotive faces are separated out as "emoticons"." 
  72. ↑ The Unicode Standard: Core Specification, Version 13.0, 2020, p. 866, https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch22.pdf 
  73. ↑ "📖 Emoji Glossary". emojipedia.org. https://emojipedia.org/glossary/#white. 
  74. ↑ "Emoticons". https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-6.0/U60-1F600.pdf. 

Further reading

External links



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